Alcântara Space Center
Abbreviation | CEA |
---|---|
Formation | 1982 |
Type | Spaceport |
Location | |
Coordinates | 02°20′22″S44°25′03″W/ 2.33944°S 44.41750°W |
Official language | Portuguese English |
Owner | Aerospace Operations Command Brazilian Air Force Brazilian Space Agency |
Director | Col.Marcello Correa De Souza |
Website | fab |
Formerly called | Alcântara Launch Center |
[1][2] |
TheAlcântara Space Center(Portuguese:Centro Espacial de Alcântara,CEA), former known asAlcântara Launch Center(Portuguese:Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara,[3]) is aspace centerand launching facility of theBrazilian Space Agencyin the city ofAlcântara,located onBrazil's northern Atlantic coast, in the state ofMaranhão.[4]It is operated by theBrazilian Air Force(Comando da Aeronáutica). The CEA is the closest launching base to theequator.This gives the launch site a significant advantage in launchinggeosynchronous satellites,an attribute shared by theGuiana Space Centre.
Construction of the base began in 1982. The first launch occurred on February 21, 1990, when thesounding rocketSonda 2XV-53 was launched.[5]On August 22, 2003, theexplosion of the third VLS-1(XV-03) killed 21 people.[6]
The facility is in a strong position for launching satellites into geosynchronous orbits, according to British astrophysicist,Jonathan McDowell.[7]As such, there are plans to launch several international rockets from Alcântara. In 2003 contracts were signed to launch UkrainianTsyklon-4[8]and IsraeliShavit[9]rockets, thought these may have later been launched from their home countries in Ukraine[10]and Israel.[11]In addition there are further plans to launch the RussianProton rocket.[12]
In the beginning of 2018, Brazilian government offered the possibility to use the spaceport to several U.S. companies.[13]The companyVirgin Orbit,was selected to fly theirLauncherOnerocket from Alcântara in the first half of 2023.[14][15]
Construction
[edit]Construction of the Alcântara Space Center began in 1982, as the Brazilian Space Agency's existing rocket range atBarreira do Inferno Launch Centerwas being overtaxed by growing demand for launch capacity.[16]In 2020, the government of Brazil announced their plan to expand the base by more than 12,000 hectares.[17]
Controversies
[edit]The construction of the space center was controversial, as the site for the center was located on severalquilombos,settlements inhabited largely by descendants of escaped slaves in Brazil. In 1980,Brazil's military governmentforcibly relocated more than 300 families to inland villages away from the coast to make way for the center. This heavily disrupted their traditional livelihood of fishing and led to multiple cases of malnutrition among the residents.[18]
Human rights concerns over the displacement of locals were reported on during the center's planned expansions in 2001[18]and 2021, with residents and activists lobbying the government to halt expansions to prevent more communities from being displaced.[17]In 2023, the Brazilian government issued a public apology to thequilombolasand offered reparations.[19]
Public-private partnership
[edit]Companies based in Alcântara as of 2021, with the objective of orbital and sub-orbital launches, for commercial purposes or in partnership with the Brazilian government:[20][21]
As of August 2021, the Brazilian government established Ordinance No. 698, a regulation that follows the FAA 14 CFR part 450 standard, which deals with launch and re-entry licenses in order to follow the world standard in space activities.[23]
Agreement between Brazil and the U.S.
[edit]In 2019, Brazil and the U.S. signed an agreement, with the objective of preventing unauthorized access or transfer of U.S. technologies related to the launches from Alcântara.[24]
Structures
[edit]- Engine preparation facilities (Preparação de Propulsores - PPP)
- Payload preparation facilities (Preparação de Carga Útil - PPCU)
- Liquid-fuel loading facilities (Preparação de Carregamento de Propelentes - PCPL)
- Universal launch tower
- Mobile Integration Tower (TMI - Torre Móvel de Integração): 33x10x13m, 380tons. Used for assembly of the VLS rockets.
- Control center (Prédio de Controle Avançado - CASAMATA).
- 2600m runway
List of launchpads
[edit]The Alcântara launch pads include:
- VLS Pad (with Mobile Integration Tower - TMI)2°19′04″S44°22′04″W/ 02.31770°S 44.36779°W
- MRL Pad (general sounding rocket pad)2°18′58″S44°22′02″W/ 02.31608°S 44.36730°W
- "Universal" pad for rockets up to 10 tons2°18′58″S44°22′04″W/ 02.31599°S 44.36782°W
- A newly built pad to support Innospace's launches2°19′01″S44°22′07″W/ 02.31698°S 44.36873°W
Launch list
[edit]The list of flights conducted and planned from Alcântara:
Alcântara Space Center (from 2021)
[edit]Date | Vehicle | Type | Operator | Mission | Payload | Orbit | Result | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 December 2021 | 14-X(XSVSB-30 V32) | Hypersonic glide vehicle | FAB | Qualification flight | — | Suborbital | Success | [25] |
23 October 2022 | VSB-30 | Two-stage suborbital launcher | AEB | Santa Branca Operation | PSM | Suborbital | Success | [26] |
19 March 2023 | HANBIT-TLV | Single-stage suborbital launcher | Innospace | Astrolábio Operation (test flight) | SISNAV | Suborbital | Success | [22] |
NET August 2023 | VS-50 | Two-stage suborbital launcher | AEB | Qualification of VLM-1 subsystems | TBA | Suborbital | Planned | [27] |
NET June 2025 | VLM-1 | Three-stage orbital launcher | AEB | VLM-1 Maiden Flight (fully operational) | TBA | Low Earth | Planned | [27] |
Alcântara Launch Center (1982-2022)
[edit]Date | Vehicle | Mission | Result | Altitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 December 1985 | VLS-R1 | VLS test launch | Failure | Failure in flight, apogee of 10 km |
18 May 1989 | VLS-R2 | VLS test launch | Success | 50 km |
21 February 1990 | Sonda 2XV-53 | Alcântara Ionosphere | Success | 101 km |
26 November 1990 | Sonda 2XV-54 | Manival Ionosphere | Success | 91 km |
9 December 1991 | Sonda 2XV-55 | Aguas Belas Ionosphere | Success | 88 km |
1 June 1992 | Sonda 3XV-24 | Aeronomy | Success | 282 km |
31 October 1992 | Sonda 2XV-56 | Ponta de Areia Ionosphere | Success | 32 km |
22 March 1993 | Sonda 2XV-57 | Maruda Ionosphere | Success | 102 km |
2 April 1993 | VS-40PT-01 | VS-40 Test | Success | 950 km |
19 August 1994 | Nike Orion | MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere | Success | 140 km |
20 August 1994 | Nike Orion | MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere | Success | 140 km |
24 August 1994 | Nike Orion | MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere | Success | 140 km |
25 August 1994 | Nike Orion | MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere | Success | 140 km |
9 September 1994 | Black Brant | Ionosphere | Success | 250 km |
21 September 1994 | Black Brant | Ionosphere | Success | 250 km |
23 September 1994 | Nike Tomahawk | Ionosphere | Success | 270 km |
23 September 1994 | Nike Tomahawk | Ionosphere | Success | 270 km |
24 September 1994 | Nike Tomahawk | Ionosphere | Success | 270 km |
24 September 1994 | Nike Tomahawk | Ionosphere | Success | 270 km |
6 October 1994 | Black Brant | Ionosphere | Failure | 250 km |
14 October 1994 | Black Brant | Guará H.Alt Spread F Ionosphere | Success | 956 km |
15 October 1994 | Black Brant | Ionosphere | Success | 250 km |
28 April 1997 | VS-30XV-01 | VS-30 Test | Success | 128 km |
2 November 1997 | VLS-1 V01 | VLS-1 | Failure | Destroyed during launch |
21 March 1998 | VS-40 | VS-40 Test | Success | 900 km |
15 March 1999 | VS-30XV-04 | Operação San Marcos | Success | 128 km |
11 December 1999 | VLS-1 V02 | SACI-2 | Failure | 10 km (Destroyed by range safety) |
6 February 2000 | VS-30XV-05 | Lençóis Maranhenses | Success | 148 km |
21 August 2000 | VS-30/OrionXV-01 | Baronesa | Success | 315 km |
23 November 2002 | VS-30/OrionXV-02 | Piraperna Ionosphere | Success | 434 km |
1 December 2002 | VS-30XV-06 | Cumã | Failure | 145 km |
22 August 2003 | VLS-1XV-03 | SATEC | Failure | Exploded on ground (2003 Alcântara VLS accident) |
23 October 2004 | VSB-30XV-01 | Cajuana Test | Success | 100 km |
23 October 2004 | VSB-30V01 | VSB-30 Flight Test | Success | 259 km |
19 July 2007 | VSB-30V04 | Cumã II | Success | 242 km |
29 May 2009[28] | Orion | Maracati 1 | Success | 93 km |
10 August 2009 | FTB | FogTrein I | Success | [29] |
12 December 2010[30] | VSB-30V07 | Maracati 2 | Success | 242 km (payload recovered) |
8 December 2012 | VS-30/OrionV.10 | Iguaiba | Success | 52 km[31] |
9 August 2013 | FTB | Operação Falcão | Success | 32 km[32] |
9 May 2014 | FTB | Operação Águia I | Success | [33] |
21 August 2014 | FTI | Operação Águia II | Success | [34] |
1 September 2014 | VS-30V.13 | Operação Raposa | Success | L-5 liquid engine test[35] |
12 September 2018 | VS-30V.14 | Operação MUTITI | Success | 120 km[36] |
22 May 2019 | FTB | Operação Águia I/2019 | Success | 2 launchers[37] |
25 June 2020 | FTB | Operação Falcão I/2020 | Success | 30 km[38] |
23 November 2021 | FTI | Operação Águia III | Success | ~60 km[39] |
14 December 2021 | 14-XS | Operação Cruzeiro | Success | 280 km[40] |
01 June 2022 | FTB | Operação Falcon I/2022 | Success | 30 km[41] |
23 October 2022 | VSB-30V.29 | Operação Santa Branca | Success | 227 km[42] |
Source: Astronautix (Until 2010)[43] |
See also
[edit]- Aerospace Operations CommandBrazilian space command
- Rocket Launch Sites Worldwide
References
[edit]- ^"FAB CEA".Brazilian Air Force.RetrievedApril 30,2021.
- ^"CEA Airport Info".RetrievedApril 30,2021.
- ^"Empresas dos EUA e do Canadá vão atuar no Centro Espacial de Alcântara",EBC,April 28, 2021,retrievedApril 30,2021
- ^Brazil, Ukraine to launch rocket together in 2010,UNIAN(December 3, 2009)
- ^"SONDA II".AEB.RetrievedNovember 20,2019.
- ^"Maior acidente do Programa Espacial Brasileiro completa 13 anos".G1.RetrievedNovember 20,2019.
- ^Sheetz, Michael (March 19, 2018)."The key to cheaper US rocket launches may sit in Brazil's jungle".CNBC.RetrievedDecember 16,2023.
- ^President of Ukraine signs Decree on measures to ensure realization of Ukrainian-Brazilian project of creating space rocket complex "Cyclone - 4"
- ^"Launchers" by Tim Furniss, 26 August 2003,Flight International
- ^"Ukraine's little-known space feats – DW – 03/04/2022".dw.RetrievedDecember 16,2023.
- ^Gough, Evan; Today, Universe."Israeli Shavit rocket delivers malfunctioning spy satellite into orbit".phys.org.RetrievedDecember 16,2023.
- ^Interfax: Russia & CIS Defense Industry Weekly, 21 May 2010
- ^Reuters: U.S. space companies aim to help Brazil rocket base lift off
- ^"Virgin Orbit Selected to Bring Orbital Launch Capabilities to Brazil".Virgin Orbit(Press release). April 28, 2021.RetrievedApril 29,2021.
- ^"Business Interest Grows in Brazil's Alcântara Spaceport as Virgin Orbit Deal Announced".AEB(Press release). April 28, 2021.RetrievedApril 29,2021– via Parabolic Arc.
- ^Melo, Ajax B. (October 26, 1982).Alcântara Space Center.6th Sounding Rocket Conference. Orlando, Fl.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.doi:10.2514/6.1982-1751.82-1751.
- ^abBarros, Ingrid."A story of slavery — and space".Washington Post.RetrievedNovember 2,2023.
- ^abFaiola, Anthony (October 6, 2001)."Brazil's Spaceport Displaces Villagers".Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedNovember 2,2023.
- ^"Brazil apologizes for removal of Afro-Brazilian families to build spaceport".Reuters.April 27, 2023.RetrievedNovember 2,2023.
- ^"AS PRIMEIRAS EMPRESAS A FIRMAREM CONTRATO COM A BASE DE ALCÂNTARA".Época.April 28, 2021.
- ^"Governo seleciona quatro empresas para lançamento de satélites na base de Alcântara".Gazeta do Povo.April 28, 2021.
- ^ab"Set the Launch Window from December 14 to 21 for the Frist Test Flight of the Suborbital Rocket".Innospace(Press release). December 9, 2022.
- ^El gobierno regula los lanzamientos de sistemas espaciales privados en Brasil. Date: September, 5, 2021.
- ^"Bolsonaro promulga acordo de salvaguardas tecnológicas com EUA na base de Alcântara".Valor.February 6, 2020.
- ^"FAB realiza primeiro teste de voo do motor aeronáutico hipersônico 14-X".Brazilian Air Force(in Portuguese). December 16, 2021. Archived fromthe originalon December 16, 2021.RetrievedDecember 16,2021.
- ^"Foguete VSB-30 é lançado com sucesso da Centro Espacial de Alcântara".Agência Brasil(in Brazilian Portuguese). October 25, 2022.RetrievedOctober 25,2022.
- ^ab"Lançamento ainda distante".revistapesquisa.fapesp.br(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedApril 29,2022.
- ^Xinhua: Brazil launches rocket to test launching baseXinhua. Retrieved on 2009-05-30.
- ^"CLA dá início à Operação FogTrein I - Tribuna do Maranhão".Archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2014.RetrievedApril 26,2014.
- ^Brazil launches mid-sized rocketArchivedDecember 15, 2010, at theWayback MachineFoxNews. Retrieved on 2010-12-15.
- ^"BRAZILIAN SPACE|Operação Iguaíba".brazilianspace.blogspot.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^"Operação Falcão II. Mais um foguete lançado em Alcântara".Poder Aéreo - Aviação Militar, Indústria Aeronáutica e de Defesa(in Brazilian Portuguese). August 9, 2013.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^MA, Do G1 (August 29, 2014)."Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lançará foguete de sondagem VS-30".Maranhão(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedMay 15,2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^MA, Do G1 (August 29, 2014)."Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lançará foguete de sondagem VS-30".Maranhão(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedMay 15,2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^"Operação Raposa é iniciada no CLA - CLA".www2.fab.mil.br.Archived fromthe originalon April 11, 2021.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^Aeroflap (December 1, 2018)."CLA realiza o primeiro lançamento previsto para a Operação MUTITI".AEROFLAP(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^"Operação Águia é realizada no CLA - CLA".www2.fab.mil.br.Archived fromthe originalon April 11, 2021.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^"Foguete é lançado da Base de Alcântara como parte de treinamento operacional".Canaltech(in Brazilian Portuguese). June 26, 2020.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
- ^"Operação Águia – CLA realiza lançamento de foguete de treinamento".Tecnologia & Defesa(in Brazilian Portuguese). November 24, 2021.RetrievedNovember 24,2021.
- ^"FAB realiza primeiro teste de voo do motor aeronáutico hipersônico 14-X - Força Aérea Brasileira".fab.mil.br.RetrievedApril 15,2022.
- ^"Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lança foguete em operação de treinamento".br.noticias.yahoo(in Brazilian Portuguese).RetrievedJune 11,2022.
- ^"Lançamento do foguete VSB-30 é realizado com sucesso durante a Operação Santa Branca"[Launch of the VSB-30 rocket is successfully carried out during Operation Santa Branca] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Agência Espacial Brasileira. October 24, 2022.
- ^"Astronautix: Alcantara Chronology and Launch Log".
External links
[edit]- Official siteArchivedJuly 18, 2013, at theWayback Machine(in Portuguese).
- Encyclopedia Astronautica about Alcantara,with maps, chronology and launch log.
- About the Alcantara Launch Centerat globalsecurity.org.
- Space Today - Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports.
- Brazil spaceport threat to villages(BBC article).
- Alcântara Cyclone Space