Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn

In this name that followsEastern Slavic naming customs,thepatronymicisMikhailovichand thefamily nameisGolitsyn.

Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn
Governor ofSaint Petersburg Governorate
In office 1780–1783
Military career
Service/branch	Imperial Russian Army
Battles/wars	Tree list Seven Years' War Battle of Kunersdorf Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) Siege of Hotin (1769) Battle of Pășcăuți Battle of Babșîn

Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn(17 November 1718 – 8 October 1783) was a Russian prince of the House ofGolitsynandfield marshal.He was theGeneral GovernorofSaint Petersburg Governoratein 1780 to 1783.

Life

Early life

As was traditional for noble families, Golitsyn's name was inscribed as a captain on the list of theLife Guardswhile still a child. He lost his father aged 13. The family was then out of favour with empressAnna of Russiaand so Alexander could not count on high patronage, so went to spend 17 years in Austria, where he fought in the Austrian army and gained the notice ofPrince Eugene of Savoy.On his return to Russia in 1740 Alexander was sent to Constantinople in the entourage of ambassadorA. Rumyantsev,but soon received a new assignment, as Russian Minister Plenipotentiary to theElector of SaxonyatDresden.

Seven Years' War

Elizabeth of Russiacame to the throne at the end of 1741 and the Golitsyn family returned to royal favour. During her reign Alexander successfully climbed the military and diplomatic career ladder and by 1744 was already at the rank of lieutenant general. In 1757 he was appointed to a command in the army fightingPrussiain theSeven Years' War.In 1758 he distinguished himself by capturing Тorea and atKunersdorfcommanded the Russian left flank.Pyotr Saltykov's battleplan depended on deliberately drawingFrederick II of Prussia's troops to attack the Russian left flank, so that the enemy could then be attacked from the centre and the right flank. Golitsyn had a hard time and after a staunch defence his troops were ultimately unable to survive the Prussian infantry and cavalry onslaught and retreated, with Alexander himself wounded. Military historians later found an analogy between this situation andBagration's troops on the Russian left flank atBorodino,who were also the main target of the enemy assault and withdrew, with Bagration fatally wounded and unable to build on his success. At Kunersdorf, however, Saltykov's battleplan was a success and Frederick lost the battle, with Golitsyn awarded theOrder of Alexander Nevskyand the rank of general-in-chief by Elizabeth. At the end of the war with Prussia, he was appointed commander of Russian troops inLivonia.

Russo-Turkish War

OnCatherine II of Russia's accession in 1762 Golitsyn was awarded theOrder of Saint Andrewand the title of the Adjutant General. By becoming a member of the High Court Council, he used the empress's influence and his diplomatic and military knowledge. At the start of theRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774),Golitsyn was entrusted with the command of an army, with which he moved onKhotyn.Splitting 40th Corps, he did not dare assault the city and withdrew to re-supply his troops and strengthen his rearguard. In 1769 he moved on Khotyn again and began to besiege it. The arrival of fresh Turkish and Tartar troops could bolster the besieged garrison and increase Russian casualties during the final assault, so he decided to raise the siege and led the army from theDnieper,hoping to draw the enemy garrison out into open battle on ground favourable to him. In the meantime Catherine decided to replace Golitsyn as general-in-chief withPyotr Rumyantsev,who she hoped would act more decisively, but before Rumyantsev's arrival Golitsyn succeeded into drawing the Turkish forces onto favourable ground: Under the command of Supreme Vizier Moldavanchi, they attacked Golitsyn's force on 29 August and were defeated, losing up to 7,000 men, around 70 guns and all their baggage.

Without delay, Golitsyn's army began to pursue the enemy, capturing Khotyn on 9 September; its garrison and many residents fled, leaving the city half-empty. Golitsyn then handed the army over to Rumyantsev and returned toSaint Petersburg,where Catherine welcomed him and made him a field marshal on 20 October 1769. After theTreaty of Küçük KaynarcaGolitsyn was awarded with a diamond sword with an inscription that translated "For the purification ofMoldovaas far asIaşi"and the 69th Infantry Regiment was renamed after him. The military writerDmitri Bantysh-Kamenskyrecounts how Golitsyn invited Saltykov, under whom he had fought at Kunersdorf, to visit theDormition Cathedral.As they both entered the church, nobody was inside it and Saltykov said to Golitsyn "It's as empty as Khotyn".

Later career

Monument to Golitsyn byFyodor Gordeyev

After the war Golitsyn became one of the Russian statesmen who were Catherine's close confidants. In 1769 he was made a member of the board at the imperial court, in 1772 adjutant general, in December 1774 a senator, from 1775 to 1782 a member of the council for1st Cadet Corps(as commander of the 1,777 troops stationed in Livonia), from September 1778 senior director of the revisions board and from May 1779 a position on the commission for the structure of the capital and other cities. In 1780, at Golitsyn's initiative, the nobility of the province of Saint Petersburg decided to award Catherine the title "Mother of the Fatherland", but she refused it; at the refusal, Golitsyn replied "Do not purchase empty names as the subject of my reign, but that of bringing good and calm to the fatherland".

Golitsyn was governor general of Saint Petersburg in 1775 and from 1780 to 1783 and carried out several public works to beautify it. In 1775 he completed the casting of theequestrian statue of Peter Ifor the city. By decree of Catherine, on April 17, 1775, a new general school was set up in the city. He also established loans schemes and put on Dana's first Russian opera, 'Cephalus and Procris'. He reformed the city's police in 1782, dividing it into 10 police districts, opened the Obukhov insane asylum and built stone storehouses onNew Holland Island.On 7 August 1782 he inaugurated thePeter the Greatmonument onSenate Square.He was one of the eleven people awarded the ribbon of theOrder of Saint Vladimirat its establishment on 22 September 1782. He died in 1783 and was buried in theChurch of the Annunciationat theAlexander Nevsky Lavra.