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Allen Dulles

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Allen Dulles
5thDirector of Central Intelligence
In office
February 26, 1953 – November 29, 1961
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
DeputyCharles P. Cabell
Preceded byWalter Bedell Smith
Succeeded byJohn A. McCone
4thDeputy Director of Central Intelligence
In office
August 23, 1951 – February 26, 1953
PresidentHarry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byWilliam H. Jackson
Succeeded byCharles P. Cabell
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Plans
In office
January 4, 1951 – August 23, 1951
PresidentHarry S. Truman
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byFrank Wisner
Personal details
Born
Allen Welsh Dulles

(1893-04-07)April 7, 1893
Watertown,New York,U.S.
DiedJanuary 29, 1969(1969-01-29)(aged 75)
Washington, D.C.,U.S.
Resting placeGreen Mount Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Martha "Clover" Todd
​
​
(m.1920)​
Children3
RelativesJohn Foster Dulles(brother)
John Welsh Dulles(grandfather)
Miron Winslow(great-grandfather)
Harriet Winslow(great-grandmother)
Avery Cardinal Dulles(nephew)
Dulles family
EducationPrinceton University(BA)
George Washington University(LLB)

Allen Welsh Dulles(/ˈdʌlɪs/DUL-iss;April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was an American lawyer who was the first civilianDirector of Central Intelligence(DCI), and its longest serving director to date. As head of theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA) during the earlyCold War,he oversaw the1953 Iranian coup d'état,the1954 Guatemalan coup d'état,theLockheed U-2aircraft program, theProject MKUltramind control program and theBay of Pigs Invasionin 1961. As a result of the failed invasion of Cuba, Dulles was fired by PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.

Dulles was a member of theWarren Commissionthat investigatedKennedy's assassination.Aconspiracy theorysuggesting that Dulles and the CIA were somehow involved in Kennedy's assassination and its potential cover up in the Warren Commission have been subject to popular debate among historians, political commentators and conspiracy theorists. In 1979, theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations(HSCA) concluded that the CIA was not involved in the assassination of Kennedy.[1]

Between his stints of government service, Dulles was a corporate lawyer and partner atSullivan & Cromwell.His older brother,John Foster Dulles,was theSecretary of Stateduring theEisenhower administrationand is the namesake ofDulles International Airport.[2]

Early life and family[edit]

Dulles was born on April 7, 1893, inWatertown, New York,[3]one of five children ofPresbyterianminister Allen Macy Dulles, and his wife, Edith (néeFoster) Dulles. He was five years younger than his brother,John Foster Dulles,Dwight D. Eisenhower'sSecretary of Stateand chairman and senior partner ofSullivan & Cromwell,and two years older than his sister, the diplomatEleanor Lansing Dulles.His maternal grandfather,John W. Foster,was Secretary of State underBenjamin Harrison,while his uncle by marriage,Robert Lansingwas Secretary of State underWoodrow Wilson.[4]Growing up in aparsonage,Dulles was made to attend church daily. As his parents distrusted public education, Dulles washomeschooledby various private tutors.[5][6]

Dulles graduated fromPrinceton University,where he participated in theAmerican Whig–Cliosophic Society.[7]He taught school inIndiabefore entering the diplomatic service in 1916.[8]In 1920, he married Martha "Clover" Todd (March 5, 1894 – April 15, 1974). They had three children: daughters Clover and Joan,[9]and son Allen Macy Dulles II (1930–2020), who was wounded and permanently disabled in theKorean Warand spent the rest of his life in and out of medical care.[10]

According to his sister, Eleanor, Dulles had "at least a hundred" extramarital affairs, including some during his tenure with the CIA.[11]

Early career[edit]

Initially assigned toVienna,he was transferred toBern,Switzerland, along with the rest of the embassy personnel shortly before the U.S. entered the First World War.[12]Later in life Dulles said he had been telephoned byVladimir Lenin,seeking a meeting with the American embassy on April 8, 1917,[12]the day before Lenin left Switzerland to travel toSaint Petersburgaboard a German train. After recovering from theSpanish fluhe was assigned to the American delegation at theParis Peace Conference,along with his elder brother Foster.[13]

In 1921, while at the US Embassy inIstanbul,he helped exposeThe Protocols of the Elders of Zionas a forgery. Dulles unsuccessfully attempted to persuade theUS State Departmentto publicly denounce the forgery.[14][15]

From 1922 to 1926, Dulles served as chief of theNear Eastdivision of theDepartment of State.He then earned a law degree fromGeorge Washington University Law Schooland took a job atSullivan & Cromwell,the New York firm where his brother, John Foster Dulles, was a partner. He became a director of theCouncil on Foreign Relationsin 1927, the first new director since the Council's founding in 1921. He was the Council's secretary from 1933 to 1944 and its president from 1946 to 1950.[16]

During the late 1920s and the early 1930s, he served as legal adviser to the delegations on arms limitation at theLeague of Nations.He met withAdolf Hitler,Benito Mussolini,Soviet Foreign MinisterMaxim Litvinov,and the prime ministers of Britain and France.[17]In April 1933, Dulles andNorman Davismet with Hitler in Berlin onState Departmentduty. After the meeting, Dulles wrote to his brother Foster and reassured him that conditions under Hitler's regime "are not quite as bad" as an alarmist friend had indicated. Dulles rarely spoke about his meeting with Hitler, andfuture CIA director Richard Helmshad not even heard of their encounter until decades after the death of Dulles and expressed shock that his former Boss had never told him about it. After meeting with German Information MinisterJoseph Goebbels,Dulles stated he was impressed with him and cited his "sincerity and frankness" during their interaction.[18]

In 1935, Dulles returned from a business trip to Germany concerned by theNazitreatment ofGerman Jewsand, despite his brother's objections, led a movement within the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell to close their Berlin office.[19][20]The effort was successful, and the firm ceased to conduct business in Nazi Germany.[21]

As theRepublican Partybegan to divide intoisolationistandinterventionistfactions, Dulles became an outspoken interventionist, running unsuccessfully in 1938 for the Republican nomination in New York'sSixteenth Congressional Districton a platform calling for the strengthening of U.S. defenses.[21]Dulles collaborated withHamilton Fish Armstrong,the editor ofForeign Affairsmagazine, on two books,Can We Be Neutral?(1936), andCan America Stay Neutral?(1939). They concluded that diplomatic, military, and economic isolation, in a traditional sense, were no longer possible in an increasingly interdependent international system.[22][page needed]Dulles helped some German Jews, such as the banker Paul Kemper, escape to the United States from Nazi Germany.[23]

World War II and OSS career[edit]

Dulles was recruited into theOffice of Strategic ServicesbyWilliam J. Donovanin October 1941, after the outbreak of the World War II in Europe, and on November 12, 1942, he moved to Bern, Switzerland, where he lived atHerrengasse 23for the duration of World War II.[24]As Swiss Director of theOSS,[3]Dulles worked on intelligence about German plans and activities, and established wide contacts with German émigrés, resistance figures, and anti-Nazi intelligence officers. He was assisted in intelligence-gathering activities byGero von Schulze-Gaevernitz,a German emigrant. Dulles also received valuable information fromFritz Kolbe,a German diplomat, one whom he described as the best spy of the war. Kolbe supplied secret documents about active German spies and plans for theMesserschmitt Me 262jet fighter.

Allen Dulles used information fromHeinrich Maier's resistance group for the very importantOperation Crossbow.

Dulles was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around the priestHeinrich Maier,who collected information through many different contacts with scientists and the military. From 1943 onward, he received very important information from this resistance group aboutV-1,V-2 rockets,Tiger tanks,Messerschmitt Bf 109,Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet,and other aircraft and the related factories. This helped Allied bombers to target war-decisive armaments factories. In particular, Dulles then had crucial information forOperation CrossbowandOperation Hydra.The group reported to him about the mass murder in Auschwitz. Through the Maier Group and Kurt Grimm, Dulles also received information about the economic situation in the Nazi sphere of influence. After the resistance group was uncovered by the Gestapo, Dulles sent American agents to Austria to contact any surviving members.[25][26][27][28][29]

Although Washington barred Dulles from making firm commitments to the plotters of the July 20, 1944attempt to assassinate Hitler,the conspirators nonetheless gave him reports on developments in Germany, including sketchy but accurate warnings of plans for Hitler'sV-1andV-2missiles.[30]

Dulles was involved inOperation Sunrise,secret negotiations in March 1945 to arrange a local surrender of German forces in northern Italy. His actions in Operation Sunrise have been criticized by historians for offering German SS GeneralKarl Wolffprotection from prosecution at the Nuremberg trial, and creating a diplomatic rift between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. After the war in Europe, Dulles served for six months as theOSSBerlin station chief and later as station chief in Bern.[31]The Office of Strategic Services was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments.

In 1947, Dulles served as a senior staffer on theHerter Committee.[32]

CIA career[edit]

(from l. to r.)C.I.A. DirectorAllen Dulles with C.I.A.Counter-insurgencyexpert ColonelEdward Lansdale,United States Air Force Chief of StaffGeneralNathan F. Twining,andC.I.A. Deputy DirectorLieutenant GeneralCharles P. Cabellat the Pentagon in 1955.

In the1948 Presidential election,Dulles was, together with his brother, an advisor to Republican nomineeThomas E. Dewey.The Dulles brothers andJames Forrestalhelped form theOffice of Policy Coordination.During 1949 he co-authored theDulles–Jackson–Correa Report,which was sharply critical of the Central Intelligence Agency, which had been established by theNational Security Act of 1947.Partly as a result of the report, Truman named a new Director of Central Intelligence, Lieutenant GeneralWalter Bedell Smith.

Smith recruited Dulles into theCIAto oversee the agency's covert operations asDeputy Director for Plans,a position he held from January 4, 1951. On August 23, 1951, Dulles was promoted to deputy director of Central Intelligence, second in the intelligence hierarchy. In this capacity, in 1952–53 he was one of five members of theState Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmamentduring the last year of theTruman administration.[33]

After the election of Dwight Eisenhower in 1952, Bedell Smith shifted to the Department of State and Dulles became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence. Dulles played a role in convincing Eisenhower to follow one of the conclusions of the State Department Panel report, that the American public deserved to be informed of the perils of possible nuclear war with the Soviet Union, because even though America held numerical nuclear superiority, the Soviets would still have enough nuclear weapons to severely damage American society regardless of how many more such bombs the United States might possess or how badly those U.S. weapons could destroy the Soviets.[33]

The Agency's covert operations were an important part of theEisenhower administration's newCold Warnational securitypolicy known as the "New Look".

At Dulles's request, President Eisenhower demanded thatSenatorJoseph McCarthydiscontinue issuingsubpoenasagainst the CIA. In March 1950, McCarthy had initiated a series of investigations into potentialcommunistsubversion of the Agency. Although none of the investigations revealed any wrongdoing, the hearings were potentially damaging, not only to the CIA's reputation but also to the security of sensitive information. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles's orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him, in order to stop his investigation of alleged communist infiltration of the CIA.[34]

CIA ID card of Allen Dulles

In the early 1950s, theUnited States Air Forceconducted a competition for a new photo reconnaissance aircraft.Lockheed Aircraft Corporation'sSkunk Workssubmitted a design number called the CL-282, which married sailplane-like wings to the body of a supersonic interceptor. This aircraft was rejected by the Air Force, but several of the civilians on the review board took notice, andEdwin Landpresented a proposal for the aircraft to Dulles. The aircraft became what is known as theU-2'spy plane', and it was initially operated by CIA pilots. Its introduction into operational service in 1957 greatly enhanced the CIA's ability to monitorSovietactivity through overhead photo surveillance. The aircraft eventually entered service with the Air Force.[35]The Soviet Unionshot down and captured a U-2in 1960 during Dulles's term as CIA chief.[3]

Dulles is considered one of the essential creators of the modern United States intelligence system and was an indispensable guide to clandestine operations during the Cold War. He established intelligence networks worldwide to check and counter Soviet and eastern European communist advances as well as international communist movements.[36][23][37][page needed]

Coup in Iran[edit]

In 1953, Dulles was involved, along withFrank Wisner,[38][page needed]inOperation Ajax,the covert operation that led to the removal of democratically elected prime minister ofIran,Mohammad Mossadegh,[39]and his replacement withMohammad Reza Pahlavi,Shah of Iran. Rumors of a Soviet takeover of the country had surfaced due to the nationalization of theAnglo-Iranian Oil Company.[40]By coincidence, on August 18, 1953, Dulles was taking a vacation in Rome while the Shah fled there after a setback in the coup, and the two met while checking in to theHotel Excelsior.The meeting turned out to be fortuitous for the United States and the coup. CIA and independent historians say that the meeting was happenstance, but conspiracy theories abound.[41]

Coup in Guatemala[edit]

PresidentJacobo Arbenz GuzmanofGuatemalawas removed in 1954 in aCIA-led coupcarried out under the code name Operation PBSuccess.[42]

Eduardo Galeanodescribed Dulles as a former member of theUnited Fruit Company's Board of Directors.[43]However, in a detailed examination of the connections between the United Fruit Company and the Eisenhower Administration, Immerman makes no mention of Dulles being part of the United Fruit Company's Board, although he does note that Sullivan & Cromwell had represented the company.[44]

Bay of Pigs[edit]

Several failed assassination plots utilizing CIA-recruited operatives and anti-Castro Cubans directly against Castro undermined the CIA's credibility. The reputation of the agency and its director declined drastically after theBay of Pigs Invasionfiasco of 1961. President Kennedy reportedly said he wanted to "splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the winds." However, following a "rigorous inquiry into the agency's affairs, methods, and problems... [Kennedy] did not 'splinter' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision. Instead, President Kennedy transferred the CIA to the Department of Defense under the close supervision and control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff which would also report on CIA plans and operations to the President."[45]

Dismissal[edit]

Kennedy presents the National Security Medal to Dulles, November 28, 1961.

During theKennedyAdministration, Dulles faced increasing criticism.[3]In autumn 1961, following theBay of Pigs incidentand theAlgiers putschagainstCharles de Gaulle,Dulles and his entourage, includingDeputy Director for PlansRichard M. Bissell Jr.and Deputy DirectorCharles Cabell,were forced to resign. On November 28, 1961, Kennedy presented Dulles with theNational Security Medalat the CIA Headquarters inLangley, Virginia.[46]The next day, November 29, the White House released a resignation letter signed by Dulles.[47]He was replaced byJohn McCone.

Later life[edit]

Later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, on November 29, 1963, PresidentLyndon B. Johnsonappointed Dulles as one of seven commissioners of theWarren Commissionto investigate theassassination of the U.S. President John F. Kennedy.Some historians later criticized the appointment, noting that Kennedy fired him. Therefore, he was unlikely to be impartial in passing the judgments charged to the Warren Commission. In the view of journalist and authorStephen Kinzer,Johnson appointed Dulles primarily so that Dulles could "coach" the Commission on how to interview CIA witnesses and what questions to ask because Johnson and Dulles were both anxious to ensure that the Commission did not discover Kennedy's secret involvement in the administration's illegal plans to assassinate Castro and other foreign leaders.[48][49]Robert F. Kennedyalso urgedLyndon Johnsonto put Allen Dulles on the Warren Commission most likely fearing revelation of Kennedy's clandestine involvement in Cuba.[50]

In 1966,Princeton University'sAmerican Whig-Cliosophic Societyawarded Dulles theJames Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.[51]

Dulles published the bookThe Craft of Intelligencein 1963,[52]and editedGreat True Spy Storiesin 1968.

He died on January 29, 1969, ofinfluenza,complicated bypneumonia,at the age of 75, inGeorgetown, D.C.[2][3]He was buried inGreen Mount CemeteryinBaltimore, Maryland.[53]

Fictional portrayals[edit]

Publications[edit]

Articles[edit]

  • "The Power of the President Over Foreign Affairs."Michigan Law Review,vol. 14, no. 6 (April 1, 1916), pp. 470–478.University of Michigan Law School.doi:10.2307/1275947.JSTOR1275947.
  • "New Uses for the Machinery for the Settlement of International Disputes: Discussion."Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science,vol. 13, no. 2 (1929), pp. 100–104.doi:10.2307/1172785.JSTOR1172785.
  • Dulles, Allen Welsh (April 1, 1927).Coolidge, Archibald Cary(ed.). "Some misconceptions about disarmament".Foreign Affairs.Vol. 5, no. 3. New York, NY:Council on Foreign Relations(CFR). pp. 413–424.doi:10.2307/20028543.ISSN0015-7120.JSTOR20028543.
  • Dulles, Allen Welsh (October 1, 1932).Armstrong, Hamilton Fish(ed.). "Progress toward Disarmament".Foreign Affairs.Vol. 11, no. 1. New York, NY:Council on Foreign Relations(CFR). pp. 54–65.doi:10.2307/20030483.ISSN0015-7120.JSTOR20030483.
  • Dulles, Allen Welsh (April 1, 1925).Coolidge, Archibald Cary(ed.). "Alternatives for Germany".Foreign Affairs.Vol. 25, no. 3. New York, NY:Council on Foreign Relations(CFR). pp. 421–432.doi:10.2307/20030052.ISSN0015-7120.JSTOR20030052.
  • Dulles, Allen Welsh (May 10, 1965).Boudin, Michael;Breyer, Stephen (eds.). "Review: [Untitled]: Reviewed work: Communism and Revolution: The Strategic Use of Political Violence by Cyril E. Black, Thomas P. Thornton".Harvard Law Review.Vol. 78, no. 7. Cambridge, MA: The Harvard Law Review Association (Harvard Law School). pp. 1500–1502.doi:10.2307/1338919.ISSN0017-811X.JSTOR1338919.LCCN12032979.OCLC46968396.

Book reviews[edit]

Books[edit]

Books edited[edit]

Book contributions[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Table of Contents".National Archives.August 15, 2016.RetrievedApril 2,2024.
  2. ^abSulzberger, Arthur Ochs,ed. (January 31, 1969)."Allen W. Dulles, C.I.A. Director From 1953 to 1961, Dies at 75; Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence From 1953 to 1961, Is Dead at 75".Main section.The New York Times.Vol. CIIXX, no. 23.New York City,New York,USA. p. 1.ISSN0362-4331.OCLC1645522.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021.
  3. ^abcde"Obituaries 1969",Britannica Book of the Year 1970,Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1970, p.580,ISBN0-85229-144-2
  4. ^"Allen Welsh Dulles – CIA director".CNN. Archived fromthe originalon January 7, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 16,2011.
  5. ^"Q&A with Stephen Kinzer | C-SPAN.org".c-span.org.RetrievedMarch 17,2024.
  6. ^Blake, Henry (March 14, 2024)."Meet the Kleptocrats: How Two Brothers Undermined Democracy in America and the World".Medium.RetrievedMarch 17,2024.
  7. ^McLean, R. (March 31, 1911). Scribner, Charles; Halsey, Frank D.; Jones, Spencer L.; Belknap, C.; Thomas, E.W. (eds.)."Twelve Freshman Debates Chosen From Whig Hall".The Daily Princetonian.Vol. 36, no. 29.Princeton, New Jersey,USA: The Daily Princetonian Publishing CompanyPrinceton University Press.p. 457.ISSN0885-7601.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021– via Princeton University Library.
  8. ^says, Mark Patrick (December 15, 2023)."OSS Spymaster Allen Dulles".Warfare History Network.RetrievedMarch 17,2024.
  9. ^"FRITZ MOLDEN DIVORCED; Former Joan Dulles Charges Cruelty -- Will Be Wed Again".The New York Times.February 4, 1954.RetrievedApril 4,2022.
  10. ^Grose 1994,pp. 457.
  11. ^"When a C.I.A. Director Had Scores of Affairs".The New York Times.November 10, 2012.RetrievedNovember 5,2014.
  12. ^abGrose 1994,pp. 26.
  13. ^Grose 1994,pp. 36, 46.
  14. ^Richard Breitmanet al. (2005). OSS Knowledge of the Holocaust. In: U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. pp. 11–44. [Online]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Onlinedoi:10.1017/CBO9780511618178.006[Accessed April 20, 2016]. page 25
  15. ^Grose 1994,pp. 65, 80–81.
  16. ^Historical Roster of Directors and Officers,Council on Foreign Relations
  17. ^Grose 1994,pp. 100, 112.
  18. ^Grose 1994,pp. 111–116.
  19. ^Mosley 1978,pp. 91–92.
  20. ^Grose 1994,pp. 121–122.
  21. ^abSrodes 1999,pp. 189–190.
  22. ^Dulles & Armstrong 1936a.
  23. ^abGrose 1994,p. 121.
  24. ^Dulles & Petersen 1996,p. 563,Notes.
  25. ^Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, January 5, 1996.
  26. ^Fritz Molden "Fires In The Night: The Sacrifices And Significance Of The Austrian Resistance" ((2019).
  27. ^Helga Thoma "Mahner-Helfer-Patrioten: Porträts aus dem österreichischen Widerstand" (2004), pp 150.
  28. ^Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.Vienna 2018,ISBN978-3902494832,pp. 299–305.
  29. ^Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 187.
  30. ^Grose 1994,pp. 214.
  31. ^Talbot, David (2015). The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government. HarperCollins.ISBN978-0062276216
  32. ^United States Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)(October 1, 1947). "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid (PART I. Studies undertake prior to and in preparation for implementation of the Marshall Plan)". In McDonald Jr., John W. (ed.).Certain Reports and Proposals on Foreign Aid(PDF).United States International Cooperation Administration (ICA)(Report).Washington, D.C.,USA:United States Department of State/Executive Office of the Presidentof the United States (EOP). p. 1.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021– via Marshall Foundation.
  33. ^abBernstein, Barton J. (October 1, 1989). Miller, Steven E. (ed.)."Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb?".International Security.Vol. 14, no. 2.Cambridge, Massachusetts,USA:MIT Press/Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs(Harvard University). pp. 132–160.doi:10.2307/2538857.ISSN1531-4804.JSTOR2538857.OCLC44911437.S2CID154778522.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021– viaProject MUSE.
  34. ^Weiner 2007,pp. 105–106.
  35. ^Powers, Francis (2004).Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident.Potomac Books, Inc. p. 324.ISBN978-1-57488-422-7.
  36. ^Srodes 1999,p. 22.
  37. ^Dulles & Armstrong 1939a.
  38. ^Trento 2001.
  39. ^Loretta Capeheart and Dragan Milovanovic,Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements(Rutgers University Press, 2007;ISBN0813540380), p. 186.
  40. ^"With Sten guns and sovereigns Britain and US saved Iran's throne for".The Independent.March 15, 1997.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2021.RetrievedApril 4,2022.
  41. ^"CIA declassifies more of" Zendebad, Shah! "– internal study of 1953 Iran coup".National Security Archive.
  42. ^Immerman 1982,pp. 133–160.
  43. ^Galeano, Eduardo (1991).Open Veins of Latin America.NYU Press. p. 113.ISBN1-58367-311-3.RetrievedJune 26,2018.
  44. ^Immerman 1982,pp. 124.
  45. ^Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs,ed. (April 25, 1966)."C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?: Survey Finds Widely Feared Agency Is Tightly Controlled The C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool? Agency Raises Questions Around World SURVEY DISCLOSES STRICT CONTROLS But Reputation of Agency Is Found to Make It a Burden on U.S. Action".Main news.The New York Times.Vol. CXV, no. 82.New York City,New York,USA. p. 1.ISSN0362-4331.OCLC1645522.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021.
  46. ^John F. Kennedy.Remarks Upon Presenting an Award to Allen W. DullesArchivedOctober 17, 2016, at theWayback Machine,November 28, 1961 (Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project).
  47. ^"Dulles, Allen W., June 1959-November 1962".Jfklibrary.org.RetrievedNovember 5,2014.
  48. ^"The Dulles brothers and their secret wars".Radio National.December 6, 2013.RetrievedNovember 5,2014.
  49. ^Shenon, Philip (October 6, 2015)."Yes, the CIA Director Was Part of the JFK Assassination Cover-Up".Politico.RetrievedApril 4,2022.
  50. ^Shenon, Philip (October 6, 2015)."Yes, the CIA Director Was Part of the JFK Assassination Cover-Up".POLITICO Magazine.RetrievedFebruary 9,2023.
  51. ^Lim, Xiuhiu (November 1, 2002). Written atPrinceton, New Jersey,USA."Letter from Xiuhiu Lim to Kofi Annan"(PDF).American Whig-Cliosophic Society/UN Office of the Secretary-General.Letter toKofi Annan.New York City,New York,USA:Princeton University/United Nations.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 26, 2012.
  52. ^Dulles 1963.
  53. ^Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs,ed. (February 2, 1969)."Dignitaries attend funeral for Dulles".National news.The New York Times.Vol. CIIXX, no. 10.New York City,New York,USA. p. 72.ISSN0362-4331.OCLC1645522.RetrievedSeptember 27,2021.
  54. ^"Arcade Publishing".Arcadepub. September 1, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon November 10, 2013.RetrievedJune 22,2014.
  55. ^Emily VanDerWerff (February 16, 2012)."AV Club".AV Club.RetrievedJuly 27,2019.

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Works available online

Archival materials

Government offices
New office Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Plans
1951 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
1951–1953 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Director of Central Intelligence
1953–1961 		Succeeded by
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