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Almon W. Babbitt

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Almon W. Babbitt

Almon Whiting Babbitt[1](9 October 1812[2]– c. 7 September 1856) was an early leader in theLatter Day Saint movement,aMormon pioneer,and the firstsecretaryandtreasurerof theTerritory of Utah.He was killed in a raid byCheyenneNative Americans inNebraska Territorywhile travelling on government business between Utah and Washington, D.C.

Early life and church service

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Babbitt was born inCheshire, Massachusetts[3]to Ira and Nancy Babbitt.[4]He graduated fromOhio State UniversityatCincinnatiand became licensed to practice law in six states.[5]He married Julia Ann Johnson on 23 November 1833[6]and is thought to have joined theLatter Day Saint churchsometime in 1833.[3]In 1834, he was a member ofZion's Camp,and on 28 February 1835 he was ordained as one of the firstseventiesin the church byJoseph Smith, Jr.[3]Babbitt later became ahigh priestin the church.

In 1837 and 1838, Babbitt was a missionary for the church inUpper Canada.He attempted to move toMissouriin 1838 but was among the Latter Day Saints who were driven out by unfriendly residents, eventually settling inNauvoo, Illinois.At a conference of the church in May 1839, Babbitt,Robert B. Thompson,andErastus Snowwere appointed to be a traveling committee that was charged with "gather[ing] up and obtain[ing] all the libelous reports and publications which had been circulated against the Church."[7]

In 1841, Babbitt was appointed as the president of the church'sKirtlandStake,[4]where he was charged with shepherding the Latter Day Saints who did not have the financial resources to move to Nauvoo. In 1843, Babbitt's tenure ended in Kirtland and he began actively practicing law in Nauvoo; he was frequently employed to defend Latter Day Saints in legal disputes. While in Nauvoo, Babbitt was also selected by Joseph Smith, Jr. to become a member of two select groups: theAnointed QuorumandCouncil of Fifty.

In 1844, Babbitt was elected to theIllinois House of Representatives.In February 1846, Babbitt,Joseph L. HeywoodandJohn S. Fullmerwere together given charge over the affairs of the church in Nauvoo after the departure of the churchapostles.After theBattle of Nauvooin September 1846, Babbitt and the two other men signed the treaty that "surrendered" the city of Nauvoo's charter.

Utah political leader

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In 1848, Babbitt emigrated toUtah Territoryto join the gathering ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church), led byBrigham Young.In Utah, Babbitt, aDemocrat,became involved in politics. In 1849, he was selected by the provisional General Assembly of theState of Deseretto travel to Washington, D.C., and petition for statehood on behalf of the Assembly.[8]Instead, the federal government created theTerritory of Utahand in 1853 Babbitt was appointed secretary and treasurer of the territory.[4]In this position, Babbitt had frequent clashes withBrigham Young,theterritorial governorand thepresident of the LDS Church.[9]These clashes have been attributed in part to Babbitt's tendency to view himself as a representative of the United States federal government rather than an enabler of Young's pro-LDS Church policies.[9]

Babbitt led a company ofMormon pioneersto Utah in 1851.[10]

Conflict with Latter Day Saint leaders

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In addition to his clashes with Brigham Young, Babbitt was involved in a number of conflicts with Latter Day Saint leaders from his early days in the church. On 27 December 1833, Babbitt and his wife were summoned before adisciplinary councilon an unspecified complaint; however, when the accusers failed to appear at the council, the charges were dismissed.[3]On 19 August 1835, Babbitt brought before the church'shigh councilon charges that included "not keeping the Word of Wisdom."[11]Babbitt admitted the offence of breaking theWord of Wisdomand stated "that he had taken the liberty to break the Word of Wisdom, from the example of President Joseph Smith, Jun., and others, but acknowledged that it was wrong."[11]The council "reproved" him and "instructed him to observe the Word of Wisdom, and commandments of the Lord in all things".[11]

On 28 December 1835,Joseph Smith, Jr.submitted a complaint before the church'shigh councilthat Babbitt had been "misrepresenting" him to a number of Latter Day Saints.[12]Babbitt claimed that Smith was angry with him because he had bested him in a debate.[12]The council decided that Babbitt had spoken falsehoods against Smith; Babbitt confessed that he had "done wrong", but refused to confess that he had lied, and the matter was closed.[12]

Later, Babbitt was disfellowshipped from the church four separate times, in 1839, 1841, 1843, and 1851, but each time was restored to fellowship shortly thereafter.[13]In an 1841revelationto Joseph Smith, Babbit is singled out for reproof for "aspir[ing] to establish his counsel... [and] sett[ing] up a golden calf for the worship of my people."[14]This was likely a result of Babbitt encouraging Latter Day Saints to settle and remain in the old church headquarters of Kirtland, where he was stake president, as opposed to encouraging Saints to move to Nauvoo, which had been designated by Smith as the new gathering place.[3][15]

The day beforeJoseph Smith, Jr. was killedinCarthage Jail,Smith instructed his uncleJohn Smithto "tell Almon W. Babbitt I want him to come and assist me as an attorney at my expected trial".[16]Upon delivering the message a few hours later, Babbitt told John Smith that "You are too late, I am already engaged on the other side."[17]

Murder victim

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In April 1856, Babbitt leftSalt Lake Cityfor Washington, D.C., on his twenty-second trip on government business from Utah to the capital. On August 31, 1856, Babbitt set out from Florence, inNebraska Territory,for Salt Lake City. When he arrived at Ft. Kearny (not to be confused with present-day Ft. Kearny), Babbitt learned that his freight train of personal property had been attacked and looted byCheyenneNative Americans;[18][19]two wagon drivers and a child were killed in the raid, and a Mrs. Wilson was taken hostage. Mrs. Wilson was killed almost immediately after being taken hostage because she was unable to ride horseback and keep up with her captors. Babbitt "stopped a week to gather up what could be found of the scattered property, purchased other teams, obtained drivers and start[ed] the train again".[20]

Babbitt traveled ahead of the team in a carriage with "two attendants", Frank Roland and a Mr. Sutherland. About 120 miles west of Ft. Kearny—at Ash Hollow on theOregon Trail—the three men were attacked on about August 10.[21]On August 4, 1856, and 12 miles east of Ash Hollow near Pawnee Swamp and Rattlesnake Creek, a group of defecting Latter-day Saints—the Margettses and Cowdys—had also been attacked and murdered by Cheyenne. Zelphia Noble Sheffield Margetts was taken hostage and never redeemed. The Cheyenne claimed that they did not kill her, rather she escaped with a nearby government mapping party.[20]Babbitt's obituary in the newspaper he had founded—theCouncil Bluffs Bugle—described how he was killed by a blow to the head by a tomahawk swung by a Cheyenne Indian. Because all three of Babbitt's party were killed, the information regarding his death came only from the Cheyenne Peace Chiefs who visited Indian AgentThomas Twissseveral times at Dripp's Trading Post after the series of Platte River Road raids in September 1856.[22]Although rumors blamed Brigham Young, there is no shadow of any doubt that the Cheyenne killed Babbitt and his traveling companions.[23]Upon hearing of his death,Brigham Youngcommented that Babbitt had "lived like a fool and died like a fool", causing some to suspect that Young or theMormonDaniteswere somehow responsible for Babbitt's death.[18][24][25]However, it is possible that Young was simply continuing to express his long-standing dislike of Babbitt: in December 1856, Young told the Utah Territorial Legislature, "If Almon Babbitt were here—thank God he is not—he would have found fault with everything."[9]

Family

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Babbitt and his wife Julia were the parents of six children, four of which survived to adulthood.[19]Babbitt also practicedplural marriage.

Notes

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  1. ^First name also found as "Alman";surname also found as"Babbit".
  2. ^Birth date also found as 1 October; birth year also found as 1813.
  3. ^abcdeA. Gary Anderson, "Almon W. Babbitt and the Golden Calf" in H. Dean Garrett (ed.) (1995).Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint Church History: Illinois(Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University,ISBN0-8425-2330-8) pp. 35–54.
  4. ^abcMcCune, George M. (1991).Personalities in the Doctrine and Covenants and Joseph Smith–History.Salt Lake City, Utah: Hawkes Publishing. pp. 13–14.ISBN9780890365182.
  5. ^Susan Easton Black,"The Choice",speech atBrigham Young University–IdahoinRexburg, Idaho,2 November 2004.
  6. ^Johnson was the older sister of prominent Latter Day SaintBenjamin F. Johnson.
  7. ^Joseph Smith (1902,B. H. Robertsed.)History of the Church,vol. 3, p. 345.
  8. ^Milton R. Hunter(1946).Brigham Young the Colonizer(2004 reprint, Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing,ISBN1-4179-6846-X) p. 126.
  9. ^abcLeonard J. Arrington(1986).Brigham Young: American Moses(Urbana: University of Illinois Press,ISBN0-252-01296-8) p. 234–235.
  10. ^Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel, 1847–1868: Almon W. Babbitt Company (1851),churchofjesuschrist.org, accessed 2008-12-17.
  11. ^abcJoseph Smith (1902,B. H. Robertsed.).History of the Church,vol. 2, p. 252.
  12. ^abc"Minutes of December 28, 1835",Kirtland High Council Minutes (December 1832 – November 1837).
  13. ^"Biographical Registers: BABBIT, Alman (Almon)"Archived2009-02-14 at theWayback Machine,BYU Studies,byu.edu, accessed 2008-12-17.
  14. ^Doctrine and Covenants124:84(LDS Church ed.).
  15. ^Robert Bruce Flanders (1965).Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi(Urbana: University of Illinois Press,ISBN0-252-00561-9) pp. 249–253.
  16. ^Joseph Smith (1902,B. H. Robertsed.).History of the Church,vol. 6, p. 598.
  17. ^Joseph Smith (1902,B. H. Robertsed.).History of the Church,vol. 6, p. 600.
  18. ^ab"Utah War Chronology"Archived2008-07-05 at theWayback Machine,utahwar.org, accessed 2008-12-17.
  19. ^ab"Almon Whiting Babbitt (1812–1856)",babbitt.info, accessed 2008-12-17.[dead link]
  20. ^abThomas Twiss qtd. in George W. Manypenny, Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs: Accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1856 (Wash. DC, 1857), p. 99.
  21. ^Manypenny, George W (1857).Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs: Accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1856.Washington DC: AOP Nicholson. p. 99.
  22. ^Manypenny, George W. (1857).Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs: Accompanying the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1856.Washington DC: AOP Nicholson. p. 99.
  23. ^Fielding, Robert K, Unsolicited Chronicler (1993), p. 335.
  24. ^Norman F. Furniss (2005).The Mormon Conflict: 1850–1859(New Haven: Yale University Press,ISBN0-300-11307-2) pp. 41, 53.
  25. ^Stuart Martin (1920).Mystery of Mormonism(2003 reprint, Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing,ISBN0-7661-3936-0) p. 106.
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