Almuñécar
Almuñécar | |
|---|---|
 Almuñécar | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
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  Almuñécar Location in Spain | |
| Coordinates:36°44′N3°41′W/ 36.733°N 3.683°W | |
| Country |  Spain |
| Autonomous community |  Andalusia |
| Province | Granada |
| Comarca | Costa Granadina |
| Judicial district | Almuñécar |
| Founded | ~800BC |
| Government | |
| •Alcalde | Juan José Ruiz Joya (2022) (PP) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 83.36 km2(32.19 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 87 m (285 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2018)[1] | |
| • Total | 26,377 |
| • Density | 320/km2(820/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Sexitano, -na o almuñequero, -ra |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | |
| Website | Official website |
Almuñécar(Spanish pronunciation:[almuˈɲekaɾ])[2]is a Spanish city andmunicipalitylocated in the southwestern part of thecomarcaof theCosta Granadina,in theprovince of Granada.It is located on the shores of theMediterraneansea and borders the Granadin municipalities ofOtívar,Jete,ÍtraboandSalobreña,and with the Malagueño municipality ofNerja.The Verde river runs through itsterritory.The municipality of sexitano includes the population centers of Almuñécar —municipal capital—,La Herradura,Velilla-Taramay, Torrecuevas, Río Seco, El Rescate and El Cerval.
Since 1975, the town has become one of the most important tourist towns in Granada province and on the Costa Granadina; it has good transport connections and a football (soccer) stadium.
Almuñécar is an important setting inLaurie Lee's account of the outbreak of theSpanish Civil WarinAs I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning,and referred to as "Castillo" to disguise people's identities.
Almuñécar's coat of arms, which shows the turbaned heads of three Barbary pirates floating in the sea, was granted to the town by KingCarlos Iin 1526 for its having destroyed a Berber raiding force.
Politics[edit]
Trinidad Herrera is the first woman to be elected mayor of Almuñecar. The city council elected Herrera, local leader of thePeople's Party(Partido Popular), on 11 June 2011.
History[edit]
Almuñécar began as aPhoeniciancolony namedSexi,and even today, some of its inhabitants still call themselvesSexitanos.Under theMoors,Almuñécar blossomed as the fishing town ofal-Munakkab(Arabic:المُنَكَّب) orḤiṣn-al-Munakkab(حصن المنكب). Although the Phoenician and Roman history of the district was known from Greek and Roman sources it was not until the 1950s that significant archaeological evidence was discovered.
Antiquity[edit]
Phoenician[edit]
ThePhoeniciansfirst established a colony in Almuñécar in about 800 BC and this developed for six hundred years into an important port and town with the name ofExorSexiand with a large fish salting and curing industry that was a major supplier of Greece and Rome. They also supplied a prized fish paste calledgarummade from the intestines of small fishes by a process of fermentation.[3][4]Archaeological evidence comes chiefly from Phoenician cemeteries, the earlier Laurita necropolis on the hillside at Cerro San Cristobal and the later necropolis at Punte de Noy. An extensive collection of Phoenician grave goods and other artifacts is on display in the town museum located at the Castle of San Miguel and in the 'Cueva de Siete Palacios'.
Roman[edit]
The Romans came to southern Spain at the time of theSecond Punic Warbetween Rome andCarthagein 218 BC as part of their campaign to subdue the Phoenician settlements along the coast. During 700 years of Roman colonial rule the town and its industry prospered, and in 49 BC the municipality (one of 20 cities in Spain honoured at that time) was given the titleFirmium Julium Sexiin recognition of the town's loyalty to Rome.
Major evidence of the fish salting and curing industry was uncovered during excavations in the 1970s and 1980s in the extensive Majuelo Botanical Gardens. These revealed the great extent of the rebuilding and modernising of the industry under Roman influence. A segment of the site has been carefully conserved, giving some idea of the size of the industry. This industry required not only large quantities of fish and sea salt, produced in many places along the coast, but also a constant supply of fresh running water.
To meet this demand the Romans built in the 1st century AD four miles of water conduit in the valleys of the Rio Seco and the Rio Verde, including five significantaqueducts.All, remarkably, are still standing and four of them are still in use after 2,000 years – adapted by the Moors over the centuries to serve the needs of crop irrigation. The Roman water supply also served the town and recent excavations in the town centre have uncovered the fifth aqueduct and the Roman baths.
The Romans were probably the first to fortify the Castle of Saint Miguel, although frequent rebuilding has obliterated most of the very extensive Roman fortifications. These included a bridge from the castle to the 'Peñon del Santo' with a massive 100 foot (30 m) high arch that survived until at least 1800.
Just below the castle on the landward side is the 'Cueva de Siete Palacios', which translates as 'Cave of the Seven Palaces'. However, it is not actually a cave, rather it is the largest remnant of a Roman palace yet found in Almuñécar, having survived for hundreds of years as 'social housing' until the 'cave dwellers' were re-housed in the 1970s. Only then did its true origins become apparent. It now houses the town museum.
Other important Roman remains in the district include a Roman bridge at Cotobro and Roman tombs in several locations.
Middle Ages[edit]
Visigoths[edit]
With the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, Germanic peoples, including theVisigoths,crossed the Pyrenees mountain range into the Iberian peninsula. By 456 the Visigoths emerged as the dominant power, and expanded their territory onto the southwestern Mediterranean coast. However, Hispania remained relatively Romanized under their rule. The Visigoths adopted Roman culture and language, and maintained many of the old Roman institutions,[5]although much of the economic structure collapsed, and at Almuñécar the fish curing industry declined rapidly. The Catholic bishops were the rivals of Visigothic power and culture until the end of the 6th and beginning of the 7th century—the period of transition from Arianism to Catholicism in theVisigothic kingdom.
Muslims[edit]
In 755UmayyadAbd ar-Rahman Iof Damascus, the founder of the Emirate of Cordoba, arrived from North Africa to establish his kingdom. The castle remained the stronghold of the city and the seat of government and its walls were strengthened. Extensive dungeons were built for those out of favour with local rulers, but also baths for the use of the social elite during theal-Andaluscenturies.
The cross onPeñon del Santo,the rock at the old harbour entrance, marks the defeat of the Arabs, their surrender at Almuñécar, and the annexation to theKingdom of Castillein 1489. The Arabic nameالمُنَكَّب(al-Munakkab,surrounded by mountains) gave origin to present-day Almuñécar.[6]
Modern Era and Present[edit]
Following the restoration of Christian rule, new architectural statements were made – for example the construction of a new church was started in 1557 and completed to the latest design in 1600, the first Baroque-style church in the province of Granada. The old town was also Christianised (or perhaps paganised – by the Goddess of fertility herself), as in the building of the water fountain on the Calle Real (Royal Street), dated to 1559 and with the royal cypher above, but at that time using the existing Roman water supply from Las Angosturas first installed 1500 years earlier.
The castle was again extensively rebuilt and placed under the patronage of San Miguel. It was rebuilt and heavily fortified by the Christian KingCharles IIIand last defended (by the French) in theNapoleonic Wars.Just one tower was partly destroyed but also most of the internal buildings. This was the work of the crew of the British vessel,HMS Hyacinth,acting in collaboration with Spanish partisans fromNerjaon 27 May 1812. They caused the French garrison to flee and then attempted to render the castle unusable but with little success – owing to the gunpowder being damp. However, the Castle was finished as a military stronghold and following a cholera outbreak in 1830 the castle became the town cemetery, from which use it was cleared in 1986, to permit the restoration which is still in progress.
In 1562,a Spanish fleet sank in a stormin La Herradura Bay.
At the beginning of theSpanish Civil Warit was where English poet and writerLaurie Leewas rescued by the Royal Navy in the summer of 1936. The story featured in his book,As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning
The town's economy benefited from the raise of national and international tourism since the 1970s as well as neighbourMotril.
Gastronomy[edit]
Almuñécar's gastronomy focuses mainly on fresh fish and subtropical fruit. Monkfish(rape),red sea bream(besugo),squids(calamares),grouper(mero),croaker(corvina),and shellfishpaellaare typical examples of local seafood. There are several restaurants next to the beach where meals featuring these can be eatenal fresco(at tables outside) in the sea breezes. Pub crawls with stops at several bars to try differenttapasare also popular.
The soil in the area is very fertile, and due to the semi-tropical climate, tropical fruits can be grown here. The most notable are mangos, avocados, loquats, andcherimoyas,but it is also easy to find papayas, guavas,lychees,kiwis, figs and even prickly pears, the fruit of theOpuntia ficus-indicacactus, which are used to make ice cream and jams sold in several local coffee shops.
Until the 1960s, Almuñécar had an important role as a sugar cane producer.
Some typical dessert cakes still made locally include:
- Cazuela Mohína:an almond-based cake made with brown sugar, sesame and aniseed.
- Torta de Alhajú:an almond cake wrapped in wafers and honey.
- Merengazo:a sponge cake topped with egg whitemeringue.
How to get to Almuñécar[edit]
By road:Almuñécar can be reached via the coastal highway A7, with connections from Almería to the East and from Malaga to the West. From the North, you can access Almuñécar via the A-44 highway, also known as Autovía de Sierra Nevada-Costa Tropical.
By train:Unfortunately, there are no nearby train connections to reach Almuñécar.
By sea:Almuñécar has a small marina inMarina del Este,accessible by private boats. Alternatively, you can access Almuñécar via the Port of Motril, located less than 20 kilometers away, which offers ferry services and even commercial cruises.
By air:Almuñécar does not have its own airport, but there are two airports within a 90-kilometer radius: Federico Garcia Lorca Airport in Granada-Jaen (GRX) andMalaga - Costa del Sol Airport (AGP).Both airports offer intercity bus services connecting to their respective cities. But the most common airport to reach Almuñécar is Malaga Airport because it has the best air connections, being the third most important airport in Spain, whereas Granada Airport is much smaller and receives very few international flights. From there, you can take a direct bus to Almuñécar from either the bus station in Malaga. The taxi rank is located at the arrivals terminal, which is Terminal 3. Typically, the price of a taxi service from Malaga Airport to Almuñécar ranges from around 130 euros to 150 euros approximately, depending on the day, time, and traffic conditions. Furthermore, there are severalcar rental companiesoffering both local and international brands, as well as pre-booked privatetransfer services from Malaga Airport.Unfortunately, there is no shared shuttle service available.
Gallery[edit]
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Excavated ruins of the Phoenician fish salting factory within the Majuelo Park -
TheRoman aqueductat Torrecuevas near the source of the Rio Verde about 4 km (2 mi) north of Almuñécar -
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The statue of Abd-ar-Rahman I -
In the old town of Almuñécar -
The Royal fountain in Calle Real built in 1559 but using the existing Roman water supply -
The church of the Incarnation in Almuñécar -
La Herradura Bay as seen from Cerro Gordo, at sunset -
Almuñécar beach in winter—La Playa en Invierno
International relations[edit]
Twin towns — Sister cities[edit]
Almuñécar istwinnedwith:
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Citations[edit]
- ^Municipal Register of Spain 2018.National Statistics Institute.
- ^"Toponimia de la provincia y el Valle de Lecrín".
- ^Richard Hosking (2006).Authenticity in the Kitchen: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2005.Oxford Symposium.ISBN978-1-903018-47-7.Retrieved23 June2013.
- ^Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski; Frederick G. Meyer (19 September 2002).The Natural History of Pompeii.Cambridge University Press. p. 274.ISBN978-0-521-80054-9.Retrieved23 June2013.
- ^Roger Collins (1998).Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide.Oxford University Press. pp. 19–20.ISBN978-0-19-285300-4.Retrieved23 June2013.
Once prevalent interpretations of the late Visigothic kingdom as being decadent and demoralized are now discounted.
- ^Rodríguez-Gómez, María Dolores (January 2020)."ganadería nazarí compraventa árabe".En F. Toro Ceballos (Coord.), Estudios de Frontera. 11. La Realidad Bifronte de la Frontera. Homenaje a Carmen Argente del Castillo Ocaña, Jaén: Diputación Provincial, Pp. 475-491. ISBN: 978-84-121301-7-1.
External links[edit]
Media related toAlmuñécarat Wikimedia Commons
Almuñécartravel guide from Wikivoyage- Almuñécar Official Site
- Official website of the tourist office of Almuñécar
- Tourist & Expat Info in English for Almuñécar and La Herradura
- Photographic Guide to Almuñécar
- Initial information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
- Olivier de Busschère; The Guide to Almuñécar and La Herradura, Costa XXI.
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