Alpinia rafflesiana
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| Alpinia rafflesiana | |
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Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Zingiberaceae |
| Genus: | Alpinia |
| Species: | A. rafflesiana
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| Binomial name | |
| Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker
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Alpinia rafflesiana,commonly known inMalaysiaastepus telor,is aperennial herbbelonging to the familyZingiberaceae.[1]It is native to peninsular Malaysia.[2]
Description
[edit]The herb typically grows 0.5 meters (1.5 ft) to 2 meters (6 ft) tall.[3]The leaves are hairless and smooth on the upper surface and have light velvety hairs on the lower surface and margins in an alternating arrangement.[2]It has an indeterminate inflorescence and is monoecious, with the female flower having 5 carpels and 5 stigmas and the male flowers having 5 anthers.[4][5]Flowers are bright orange colored, measure between 4 and 4 ½ cm long with dark orange bracts and boat-shaped lobes; they lack petals and have a lily-like fragrance.[citation needed]The fruits are small, round, green, fleshy and contain one seed.[3]
Ecology
[edit]Alpinia rafflesianais found in thesecondary forestand tends to grow from sea level to 1,200 meters.[1]This plant tends to grow best in environments with full to partial sunlight, and moist and fertile soil.[1]TheA. rafflesianaspecies is dispersed by wind and water, and the species ispollinatedby birds, bees and bats.[6][7]
Cultivation and uses
[edit]Alpinia rafflesianais mainly cultivated as a medicinal crop,[citation needed]growing the best in an environment containing moist and nutritious soil with either partial or full sunlight.[1]The fruit of theA. rafflesianaplant is used as an anti-inflammatory and alternative cancer treatment by isolating cardamonin, a chemical that inhibits major signaling pathways found in inflammation and cancer.[8][failed verification]In neuroinflammatory disorders, the isolated cardamonin has been used to block the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators.[9]Cardamonin isolated fromA. rafflesianahas shown to be successful in treating ulcers, nausea and vomiting, bacterial infections, fungal infections, low blood sugar, indigestion, and anxiety.[10]The leaves, pseudo-stems,rhizomes,and fruit of the plant are used to produceessential oilswithantimicrobialproperties.[11]The leaves ofA. rafflesianaare commonly used to shrink and drain boils through poultice application.[1]
References
[edit]- ^abcde"Useful Tropical Plants".tropical.theferns.info.Retrieved2020-12-12.
- ^ab"Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Online - Newsletter subscription page".tfbc.frim.gov.my.Retrieved2020-12-12.
- ^ab"Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved2020-12-12.
- ^"Alpinia rafflesiana".tfbc.frim.gov.my.Retrieved2020-12-12.
- ^Barrett, Spencer C. H. (2010-02-12)."Darwin's legacy: the forms, function and sexual diversity of flowers".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.365(1539): 351–368.doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0212.ISSN0962-8436.PMC2838255.PMID20047864.
- ^Benedict, John C.; Smith, Selena Y.; Collinson, Margaret E.; Leong-Škorničková, Jana; Specht, Chelsea D.; Marone, Federica; Xiao, Xianghui; Parkinson, Dilworth Y. (2015-10-29)."Seed morphology and anatomy and its utility in recognizing subfamilies and tribes of Zingiberaceae".American Journal of Botany.102(11): 1814–1841.doi:10.3732/ajb.1500300.hdl:2027.42/142322.ISSN0002-9122.PMID26507111.
- ^Kress, W. John; Liu, Ai-Zhong; Newman, Mark; Li, Qing-Jun (January 2005). "The molecular phylogeny of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): a complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers".American Journal of Botany.92(1): 167–178.doi:10.3732/ajb.92.1.167.PMID21652395.
- ^Ghosh, S.; Rangan, L. (June 2013)."Alpinia: the gold mine of future therapeutics".3 Biotech.3(3): 173–185.doi:10.1007/s13205-012-0089-x.ISSN2190-572X.PMC3646104.PMID28324376.
- ^Chow, Yuh-Lit; Lee, Ka-Heng; Vidyadaran, Sharmili; Lajis, Nordin Haji; Akhtar, M. Nadeem; Israf, Daud Ahmad; Syahida, Ahmad (April 2012)."Cardamonin from Alpinia rafflesiana inhibits inflammatory responses in IFN-γ/LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia via NF-κB signalling pathway".Immunopharmacology.12(4): 657–665.doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2012.01.009.PMID22306767.
- ^Ma, Xiao-Ni; Xie, Chun-Lan; Miao, Zi; Yang, Quan; Yang, Xian-Wen (2017)."An overview of chemical constituents from Alpinia species in the last six decades".RSC Advances.7(23): 14114–14144.Bibcode:2017RSCAd...714114M.doi:10.1039/C6RA27830B.ISSN2046-2069.
- ^Jusoh, Shariha; Sirat, Hasnah Mohd; Ahmad, Farediah (September 2013)."Essential Oils of Alpinia Rafflesiana and Their Antimicrobial Activities".Natural Product Communications.8(9): 1934578X1300800.doi:10.1177/1934578X1300800933.ISSN1934-578X.