American Samoa

This article is about the territory of the United States. For the geographical region, seeSamoan Islands.For the nation of Samoa, seeSamoa.

American Samoa Amerika Sāmoa(Samoan)
Unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory
Flag Seal
Motto: "Sāmoa, Muamua LeAtua"(Samoan)(English:"Samoa, Let God Be First")
Anthem:"Amerika Sāmoa"
Location of American Samoa (circled in red)
Sovereign state	United States
Partition of Samoa	December 2, 1899
Ratification Act	February 20, 1929
Current constitution	July 1, 1967
Capital	Pago Pago
Government seat	Fagatogo
Largest village	Tafuna
Official languages	Samoan English
Ethnic groups	83.2%Samoan 5.8% Asian 5.5% otherPacific Islander 4.4%mixed 1.1% other
Religion	98.3%Christian 1.7% other
Demonym(s)	American Samoan
Government	Devolvedpresidentialconstitutionaldependency
•President	Joe Biden(D)
•Governor	Lemanu Peleti Mauga(D)
•Lieutenant Governor	Salo Ale(D)
Legislature	Fono
•Upper house	Senate
•Lower house	House of Representatives
United States Congress
•House delegate	Amata Coleman Radewagen(R)
Area
• Total	77 sq mi (200 km2)
• Water (%)	0
Highest elevation	966.2 m (3,170 ft)
Population
• 2023 estimate	44,620(211th)
• 2020 census	49,710
• Density	670.8/sq mi (259.0/km2)
GDP(PPP)	2021 estimate
• Total	$709 million
• Per capita	$15,743
Currency	United States dollar(US$) (USD)
Time zone	UTC−11:00(SST)
Date format	mm/dd/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+1-684
USPS abbreviation	AS
ISO 3166 code	AS US-AS
Internet TLD	.as

American Samoais anunincorporated territory of the United Stateslocated in thePolynesiaregion of theSouth Pacific Ocean.Centered on14.3°S 170.7°W/-14.3; -170.7,it is 40 miles (64 km) southeast of theisland countryofSamoa,east of theInternational Date Lineand theWallis and FutunaIslands, west of theCook Islands,north ofTonga,and some 310 miles (500 km) south ofTokelau.American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States, situated 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest of the U.S. state ofHawaii,and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabitedJarvis Island.

American Samoa consists of the eastern part of theSamoan archipelago—the inhabitedvolcanic islandsofTutuila,Aunuʻu,Ofu,OlosegaandTaʻūand the uninhabitedRose Atoll—as well asSwains Island,a remote coralatollin theTokelau volcanic island group.The total land area is 77 square miles (199 km²), slightly larger thanWashington, D.C.;including itsterritorial waters,the total area is 117,500 square miles (304,000 km²), about the size of New Zealand.American Samoa has a tropical climate, with 90 percent of its land covered by rainforests. As of 2024, the population is approximately 47,400 and concentrated on Tutuila, which hosts the capital and largest settlement,Pago Pago.The vast majority of residents are indigenous ethnicSamoans,most of whom are fluent in the official languages,EnglishandSamoan.

Inhabited byPolynesianssince prehistory, American Samoa was first contacted by Europeans in the 18th century. The islands attracted missionaries, explorers, and mariners, particularly to the highly protected natural harbor of Pago Pago. The United States took possession of American Samoa in the late 19th century, developing it into a major naval outpost; the territory's strategic value was reinforced by theSecond World Warand subsequent Cold War. In 1967, American Samoa became self-governing with the adoption of a constitution; its local government isrepublicanin form, with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It remains officiallyunorganizedand is thus directly administered by the federal government. American Samoa is listed among seventeen "non-self-governing territories"but is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, including thePacific Community,Pacific Islands Forum(PIF),Alliance of Small Island States(AOSIS), andInternational Olympic Committee(IOC).

Due to its strategic location, the U.S. military has a significant presence in American Samoa and plays a major role in its economy and society. The territory is noted for having the highest rate of military enlistment of any U.S. state or territory; as of 2021, the localU.S. Armyrecruiting station inPago Pagoranked first in recruitment.Tuna products are the main exports, with the U.S. proper serving as the largest trading partner. Tourism is a nascent but underdeveloped sector, owing in part to the territory's relative geographic isolation, which also accounts for its high rate of poverty and emigration.

Residents of American Samoa arepolitically disenfranchised,with no voting representation in the U.S. Congress. American Samoa is the only permanently inhabited territory of the United States in whichcitizenshipis not granted at birth, and people born there are considered "non-citizen nationals"with limited rights. Citizenship is a controversial topic locally, as the government of American Samoa fears that it would lead to the erosion of traditional customs. It is the only U.S. territory with its own immigration system.

History

Samoa Islands

Main articles:History of Samoa,History of American Samoa,andTui Manuʻa

Traditionaloral literatureof Samoa and Manuʻa talks of a widespreadPolynesiannetwork orconfederacy(or "empire" ) that was prehistorically ruled by the successive Tui Manuʻa dynasties. Manuan genealogies and religious oral literature also suggest that the Tui Manuʻa had long been one of the most prestigious and powerfulparamountsof Samoa. Oral history suggests that the Tui Manuʻa kings governed a confederacy of far-flung islands which included Tutuila.as well as smaller western PacificchiefdomsandPolynesian outlierssuch asUvea,Futuna,Tokelau,Tuvaluand bigger islands like the Samoa in the North. Commerce and exchange routes between the western Polynesian societies are well documented and it is speculated that the Tui Manuʻa dynasty grew through its success in obtaining control and manufacturing goods such as finely woven ceremonial mats "('Ie Konga)" for the Tu'i Tonga, whaleivory"tabua"for their Fi gian masters,obsidianandbasalttools, chiefly red feathers, and seashells reserved for royalty (such as polishednautilusand the eggcowry).

18th century: First Western contact

Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. DutchmanJacob Roggeveenwas the first known European to sight theSamoan Islandsin 1722, calling them the "Baumann Islands" after one of his captains. The next explorer to visit the islands wasLouis-Antoine de Bougainville,who named them the "Îles des Navigateurs" in 1768. British explorerJames Cookrecorded the island names in 1773, but never visited.

The 1789 visit byLapérouseended inan attack,on aTutuilawater collection expedition, resulting in the deaths of his second in commandCapt. de Langleand several of his crew. La Pérouse named the island "Massacre Island", and the bay nearAasuis still called "Massacre Bay".

HMSPandora,under the command of Admiral Edward Edwards (Royal Navy officer), visited the island in 1791 during its search for theH.M.S.Bountymutineers.Von Kotzebuevisited in 1824.

19th century

German, British and American warships in Apia Harbor, Samoa, 1899

Main articles:Samoan crisis,Samoan Civil War,Second Samoan Civil War,andTripartite Convention

Mission workin the Samoas had begun in late 1830 whenJohn Williamsof theLondon Missionary Societyarrived from theCook IslandsandTahiti.By the late nineteenth century, French, British, German, and American vessels routinely stopped at Samoa, as they valuedPago Pago Harboras a refueling station for coal-fired shipping and whaling.

TheUnited States Exploring Expeditionvisited the islands in 1839.

1896 map of the Samoa Islands

In March 1889, anImperial Germannaval force entered a village in Samoa, and in doing so destroyed some American property. Three American warships then entered theApiaharbor and prepared to engage the three German warships found there. Before any shots were fired,a typhoonwrecked both the American and German ships. A compulsoryarmisticewas then called because of the lack of any warships.

20th century

Early 20th century

Tuimanuʻa Elisala Alalamua, the last official titleholder ofTui Manuʻa(1899–1909)

At the turn of the 20th century, international rivalries in the latter half of the century were settled by the 1899Tripartite Conventionin which Germany and the United States partitioned theSamoan Islandsinto two:the eastern island group became a territory of the United States (Tutuila in 1900 and officially Manuʻa in 1904)and is today known as American Samoa; the western islands, by far the greater landmass, became known asGerman Samoa,after Britain gave up all claims to Samoa and in return accepted the termination of German rights in Samoa and certain areas in theSolomon IslandsandWest Africa.Forerunners to theTripartite Conventionof 1899 were the Washington Conference of 1887, theTreaty of Berlin of 1889and the Anglo-German Agreement on Samoa of 1899.

American colonization

Rear AdmiralBenjamin Franklin Tilley,thefirstGovernor of American Samoa (1900–1901)

The following year, the U.S. formallyannexedits portion, a smaller group of eastern islands, one of which contains the noted harbor ofPago Pago.After theUnited States Navytook possession of eastern Samoa for theUnited States government,the existingcoaling stationat Pago Pago Bay was expanded into a fullnaval station,known asUnited States Naval Station Tutuilaand commanded by a commandant. The Navy secured aDeed of Cession of Tutuilain 1900 and aDeed of Cession of Manuʻain 1904 on behalf of the U.S. government. The last sovereign of Manuʻa, theTui Manuʻa Elisala,signed a Deed of Cession of Manuʻa following a series of U.S. naval trials, known as the "Trial of the Ipu", in Pago Pago, Taʻu, and aboard aPacific Squadrongunboat.The territory became known as theU.S. Naval Station Tutuila.

On July 17, 1911, the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila, which was composed of Tutuila,Aunuʻuand Manuʻa, was officially renamed American Samoa.People ofManuʻahad been unhappy since they were left out of the name "Naval Station Tutuila". In May 1911, GovernorWilliam Michael Croseauthored a letter to the Secretary of the Navy conveying the sentiments of Manuʻa. The department responded that the people should choose a name for their new territory. The traditional leaders chose "American Samoa", and, on July 7, 1911, thesolicitor general of the Navyauthorized the governor to proclaim it as the name for the new territory.

World War I and the 1918 influenza pandemic

Commander John Martin Poyerserved as the12thGovernor of American Samoa (1915–1919).

In 1918, during the final stages ofWorld War I,theGreat Influenza epidemichad taken its toll, spreading rapidly from country to country. American Samoa became one of the few places in the world (the others beingNew CaledoniaandMarajó islandin Brazil) to have proactively prevented any deaths during the pandemic through the quick response fromGovernor John Martin Poyerafter hearing news reports of the outbreak on the radio and requestingquarantine shipsfrom the U.S. mainland. The result of Poyer's quick actions earned him theNavy Crossfrom theU.S. Navy.With this distinction, American Samoans regarded Poyer as their hero for what he had done to prevent the deadly disease. The neighboring New Zealand territory at the time,Western Samoa,suffered the most of allPacific islands,with 90% of the population infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women and 10% of children died.Poyer offered assistance to help his New Zealand counterparts but was refused by the administrator of Western Samoa,Robert Logan,who became outraged after witnessing the number of quarantine ships surrounding American Samoa. Angered by this, Logan cut off communications with his American counterparts.

Interwar period

American Samoa Mau movement

After World War I, during the time of theMau movementin Western Samoa (then aLeague of Nationsmandate governed by New Zealand), there was a corresponding American Samoa Mau movement led by Samuelu Ripley, a World War I veteran who was fromLeonevillage, Tutuila. After meetings on the United States mainland, he was prevented from disembarking from the ship that brought him home to American Samoa and was not allowed to return because the American Samoa Mau movement was suppressed by the U.S. Navy. In 1930 theU.S. Congresssent a committee to investigate the status of American Samoa, led by Americans who had a part in the overthrow of theKingdom of Hawaii.

Annexation of Swains Island

Swains Island,which had been included in the list of guano islandsappertainingto the United States and bonded under theGuano Islands Act,wasannexedin 1925 by Pub. Res. 68–75,following the dissolution of theGilbert and Ellice Islands Colonyby the United Kingdom.

World War II and aftermath

DuringWorld War II,U.S. Marinesstationed in Samoa outnumbered the local population and had a huge cultural influence. Young Samoan men from age 14 and above were combat trained byU.S. military personnel.Samoans served in various capacities during World War II, including as combatants, medical personnel, code personnel, and ship repairmen.

In 1949, Organic Act 4500, aU.S. Department of Interior–sponsored attempt to incorporate American Samoa, was introduced in Congress. It was ultimately defeated, primarily through the efforts of Samoan chiefs, led by Tuiasosopo Mariota.The efforts of these chiefs led to the creation of a territorial legislature, theAmerican Samoa Fono,which meets in the village ofFagatogo.In 1950 the Department of the Interior began to administer American Samoa.

1951–1999

Locations ofPacific Oceansplashdownsof American spacecraft

By 1956, the U.S. Navy-appointed governor was replaced byPeter Tali Coleman,who was locally elected. Although technically considered "unorganized" since the U.S. Congress has not passed anOrganic Actfor the territory, American Samoa is self-governing under aconstitutionthat became effective on July 1, 1967. The U.S. Territory of American Samoa is on theUnited Nations list of non-self-governing territories,a listing which is disputed by the territorial government officials, who do consider themselves to be self-governing.

American Samoa andPago Pago International Airporthad historic significance with theApollo Program.Theastronautcrews ofApollo 10,12,13,14,and17were retrieved a few hundred miles from Pago Pago and transported by helicopter to the airport prior to being flown to Honolulu onC-141 Starliftermilitary aircraft.

While the two Samoas share language and ethnicity, their cultures have recently followed different paths, with American Samoans often emigrating toHawaiʻiand the U.S. mainland, and adopting many U.S. customs, such as the playing ofAmerican footballandbaseball.Samoanshave tended to emigrate instead toNew Zealand,whose influence has made the sports ofrugbyandcricketmore popular in the western Samoan islands. Travel writerPaul Therouxnoted that there were marked differences between the societies inSamoaand American Samoa.

On August 13, 1999, theUnited Nationsgranted American Samoa "observer seat" status. Six days later, American Samoa officially recognized bothSamoanandEnglishas its official languages.

21st century

In 2001 and 2003, the United States unsuccessfully sought to have American Samoa removed from the United Nations' decolonization list, arguing that the territory should not be considered a colony.

American Samoans have a high rate of service in theU.S. Armed Forces.Because of economic hardship, military service has been seen as an opportunity in American Samoa and otherU.S. Overseas territories.

The federalFair Minimum Wage Act of 2007started gradual adjustments to the territorial minimum wage to bring it up to the level for US states.

Notable events

Pre-20th century

Death ofFleuriot de Langlein 1787

On December 13, 1784, French navigatorJean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouselanded two exploration parties on Tutuila's north shore: one from the shipLa Boussoleat Fagasa, and the other fromL'AstrolabeatAʻasu.One of the cooks, David, died of "scorbutic dropsy". On December 11, twelve members of Lapérouse's crew (including First OfficerPaul Antoine Fleuriot de Langle) were killed by angry Samoans at Aʻasu Bay, Tutuila, thereafter known as "Massacre Bay", which Lapérouse described as "this den, more fearful from its treacherous situation and the cruelty of its inhabitants than the lair of a lion or a tiger". This incident gave Samoa a reputation for savagery that kept Europeans away until the arrival of the first Christian missionaries four decades later. On December 12, at Aʻasu Bay, Lapérouse ordered his gunners to fire one cannonball amid the attackers who had killed his men the day before and were now returning to launch another attack. He later wrote in his journal "I could have destroyed or sunk a hundred canoes, with more than 500 people in them: but I was afraid of striking the wrong victims; the call of my conscience saved their lives."

20th century

English authorW. Somerset Maughamstayed atSadie Thompson Innduring his six-week visit toPago Pagoin 1916.

On December 19, 1912, English writerWilliam Somerset Maughamarrived in Pago Pago, allegedly accompanied by a missionary and Miss Sadie Thompson. His visit inspired his short story "Rain"which later became plays and three major motion pictures. The building still stands where Maugham stayed and has been renamed theSadie Thompson Building.Today it is a prominent restaurant and inn.

On November 2, 1921, American Samoa's 13thnaval governor,CommanderWarren Jay Terhune,died by suicide with a pistol in the bathroom of the government mansion, overlooking the entrance to Pago Pago Harbor. His body was discovered by Government House's cook, SDIFirst Class Felisiano Debid Ahchica, USN. His ghost is rumored to walk about the grounds at night.

Pago Pago Harbor today and inter-island dock area

On August 17, 1924,Margaret Meadarrived in American Samoa aboard the SSSonomato begin fieldwork for her doctoral dissertation in anthropology at Columbia University, where she was a student of ProfessorFranz Boas.Her workComing of Age in Samoawas published in 1928, at the time becoming the most widely read book in the field ofanthropology.The book has sparked years of ongoing and intense debate and controversy. Mead returned to American Samoa in 1971 for the dedication of theJean P. Haydon Museum.

TheSamoan Clipper

In 1938, the noted aviatorEd Musickand his crew died on thePan American World AirwaysS-42Samoan Clipperover Pago Pago, while on a survey flight toAuckland,New Zealand.Sometime after takeoff, the aircraft experienced trouble, and Musick turned it back toward Pago Pago. While the crew dumped fuel in preparation for an emergency landing, an explosion occurred that tore the aircraft apart.

On November 24, 1939, American Samoa's last execution to date was carried out. A man named Imoa of Fagatogo was convicted of stabbing a person named Sella to death and was hanged in theCustoms House.The popular Samoan song "Faʻafofoga Samoa" is based on this, said to be the final words of Imoa.

On January 13, 1942, at 2:26am, a Japanese submarine surfaced off Tutuila between Southworth Point andFagasaBay and fired about 15 shells from its 5.5-inch deck gun at the U.S. Naval Station Tutuila over the next 10 minutes. The first shell struck the rear of Frank Shimasaki's store, ironically owned by one of Tutuila's few Japanese residents. The store was closed, as Mr. Shimasaki had been interned as an enemy alien. The next shell caused slight damage to the naval dispensary, the third landed on the lawn behind the naval quarters known as "Centipede Row," and the fourth struck the stone seawall outside the customs house. The other rounds fell harmlessly into the harbor. As one writer described it, "The fire was not returned, notwithstanding the eagerness of the Samoan Marines to test their skill against the enemy... No American or Samoan Marines were wounded. "Commander Edwin B. Robinson was bicycling behind Centipede Row and was wounded in the knee by a piece ofshrapnel,and "a member of the colorful native Fita Fita Guard" received minor injuries; they were the only casualties. This was the only time the Japanese attacked Tutuila duringWorld War II,although "Japanese submarines had patrolled the waters around Samoa before the war, and continued to be active there throughout the war."

On August 24, 1943, First LadyEleanor Rooseveltvisited American Samoa and inspected the Fita Fita Guard and Band and the First Samoan Battalion of U.S. Marine Corps Reserve at the U.S. Naval Station American Samoa.The fact that First Lady reviewed the troops led to further assurance that Tutuila Island was considered safe.Her presence underscored that World War II had passed by American Samoa. While the Fita Fita band played, Eleanor Roosevelt inspected the guard.

On October 18, 1966, PresidentLyndon Baines Johnsonand First LadyLady Bird Johnsonvisited American Samoa. Mrs. Johnson dedicated the "Manulele Tausala" ( "Lady Bird" ) Elementary School inNuʻuuli,which was named after her. Johnson is the only US president to have visited American Samoa, while Mrs. Johnson was the second First Lady, preceded by Eleanor Roosevelt in 1943.The territory's only hospital was renamed theLBJ Tropical Medical Centerin honor of President Johnson.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, American Samoa played a pivotal role in five of theApollo Program missions.The astronauts landed several hundred miles from Pago and were transported to the islands en route back to the mainland. PresidentRichard Nixongave threeMoon rocksto the American Samoan government, and these are on display in the Jean P. Haydon Museum, along with a flag carried to the Moon on one of the missions.

In November 1970,Pope Paul VIvisited American Samoa in a brief but lavish greeting.

On January 30, 1974,Pan Am Flight 806fromAuckland,New Zealand crashed at Pago Pago International Airport at 10:41pm, with 91 passengers aboard. 86 people were killed, including Captain Leroy A. Petersen and the entire flight crew. Four of the five surviving passengers were seriously injured, with the other only slightly injured. The airliner was destroyed by the impact and succeeding fire. The crash was attributed to poor visibility, pilot error, or wind shear since a violent storm was raging at the time.In January 2014, filmmaker Paul Crompton visited the territory to interview local residents for a documentary film about the 1974 crash.

A U.S. NavyP-3 Orionpatrol plane fromPatrol Squadron 50(VP-50) had its vertical stabilizer shorn off by the Solo Ridge-Mount Alavaaerial tramwaycable across Pago Pago harbor on April 17, 1980, during theFlag Daycelebrations, when carrying six skydivers from the U.S. Army's Hawaii-based Tropic Lightning Parachute Club. The plane crashed, demolishing a wing of theRainmaker Hoteland killing all six crew members and one civilian. The six skydivers had already left the aircraft during a demonstration jump. A memorial monument is erected on Mt. Mauga O Aliʻi to honor their memory.

On November 1, 1988, PresidentRonald Reagansigned a bill which createdAmerican Samoa National Park.

21st century

On July 22, 2010, Detective Lieutenant Lusila Brown was fatally shot outside the temporary High Court building in Fagatogo. It was the first time in more than 15 years that a police officer was killed in the line of duty. The last was Sa Fuimaono, who drowned after saving a teenager from rough seas.

On November 8, 2010,United States Secretary of Stateand formerFirst LadyHillary Clintonmade a refueling stopover at thePago Pago International Airport.She was greeted by government dignitaries and presented with gifts and a traditional kava ceremony.

Mike Pencewas the third sitting U.S. vice president to visit American Samoa (afterDan QuayleandJoe Biden)when he made a stopover in Pago Pago in April 2017.He addressed 200 soldiers here during his refueling stop.U.S. Secretary of StateRex Tillersonvisited town on June 3, 2017.

September 2009 earthquake and tsunami

Tonga Trenchsouth of the Samoa Islands and north ofNew Zealand

Main article:2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami

On September 28, 2009, at 17:48:11 UTC, an 8.1magnitudeearthquakestruck 120 miles (190 km) off the coast of American Samoa, followed by smaller aftershocks.It was thelargestearthquake of 2009. The quake occurred on theouter riseof theKermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone.This is part of thePacific Ring of Fire,wheretectonic platesin the Earth'slithospheremeet, and earthquakes and volcanic activity are common. The quake struck 11.2 miles (18.0 km) below the ocean floor and generated an onsettingtsunamithat killed more than 170 people in the Samoa Islands andTonga.Four waves with heights from 15 feet (4.6 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) high were reported to have reached up to one mile (1.6km) inland on the island of Tutuila.

TheDefense Logistics Agencyworked with theFederal Emergency Management Agencyto provide 16 ft × 16 ft (4.9 m × 4.9 m) humanitarian tents to the devastated areas of American Samoa.

Government and politics

Government

Main article:Government of American Samoa

American Samoa is classified in U.S. law as anunincorporated territory;theRatification Act of 1929vested all civil, judicial, and military powers in thePresident of the United States.In 1951, withExecutive Order10264,President Harry Truman delegated that authority to theSecretary of the Interior.On June 21, 1963Paramount Chief Tuli Leʻiato of Fagaʻituawas sworn in and installed as the first Secretary of Samoan Affairs by GovernorH. Rex Lee.On June 2, 1967, Interior SecretaryStewart Udallpromulgated the Revised Constitution of American Samoa, which took effect on July 1, 1967.

Lemanu Peleti Mauga,the58thand incumbent Governor of American Samoa (2021–present)

TheGovernor of American Samoais thehead of governmentand along with theLieutenant Governor of American Samoais elected on the sameticketbypopular votefor a four-year term.The governor's office is located inUtulei.Since American Samoa is a U.S. territory, the President of the United States serves as thehead of statebut does not play a direct role in government. The Secretary of the Interior oversees the government, retaining the power to approve constitutional amendments, overrides the governor'svetoes,and nomination of justices.

Thelegislative poweris vested in theAmerican Samoa Fono,which hastwo chambers.TheHouse of Representativeshas 21 members serving two-year terms, being 20 representatives popularly elected from various districts and one non-voting delegate fromSwains Islandelected in a public meeting. TheSenatehas 18 members, elected for four-year terms by and from thechiefs of the islands.The Fono is located inFagatogo.

Thejudiciary of American Samoais composed of theHigh Court of American Samoa,a District Court, and village courts.The High Court and District Court are located in Fagatogo, near the Fono.The High Court is led by a Chief Justice and an Associate Justice, appointed by the Secretary of the Interior.Other judges are appointed by the governor upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice and confirmed by the Senate.

Politics

Main article:Politics of American Samoa

See also:Elections in American SamoaandPolitical party strength in American Samoa

American Samoa is an unincorporated andunorganized territoryof the United States, administered by theOffice of Insular Affairs,U.S. Department of the Interior.American Samoa's constitution was ratified in 1966 and came into effect in 1967.

However, despite beingde jureunorganized as no Organic Act for it has been adopted by the U.S. Congress, instead leaving power vested in the U.S. president, American Samoa isde factoorganized, with its politics taking place in the framework of apresidentialrepresentative democraticdependency,whereby theGovernoris thehead of government,and of apluriformmulti-party system.

Executive poweris exercised by the governor.Legislative poweris vested in the two chambers of the legislature. TheAmerican political parties(RepublicanandDemocratic) exist in American Samoa, but few politicians are aligned with the parties. Thejudiciaryis independent of theexecutiveand thelegislature.

There is also the traditional village politics of the Samoa Islands, the "faʻamatai"and the"faʻa Sāmoa",which continues in American Samoa and independent Samoa, and which interacts across these current boundaries. The faʻa Sāmoa is the language and customs, and the faʻamatai are the protocols of the" fono "(council) and the chief system. The faʻamatai and the fono take place at all levels of the Samoan body politic, from the family to the village, to the region, to national matters.

Theʻaigais the family unit of Samoan society, which differs from the Western sense of a familyin that it consists of an "extended family" based on the culture's communalsocio-politicalorganization. The head of the ʻaiga is the matai. The matai (chiefs) are elected by consensus within the fono of the extended family and village(s) concerned. The matai and the fono, which are themselves made of matai, decide on the distribution of family exchanges and tenancy of communal lands. The majority of lands in American Samoa and independent Samoa arecommunal.A matai can represent a small family group or a great extended family that reaches across islands and to both American Samoa and independent Samoa.

In 2010, voters rejected apackage of amendmentsto the territorial constitution, which would have, among other things, allowed U.S. citizens to be legislators only if they had Samoan ancestry.

In 2012, both the Governor and American Samoa's delegate to the U.S. CongressEni Faleomavaegacalled for the populace to consider a move toward autonomy if not independence, with a mixed response.

Nationality

Further information:Tuaua v. United States

Message in the passport of an American Samoan stating that the passport holder is a national, not citizen, of the U.S

According to theImmigration and Nationality Act(INA), the people born in American Samoa—including those born onSwains Island—are "nationalsbut notcitizens of the United Statesat birth ".If a child is born on any of these islands to any U.S. citizen, then that child is considered a national and a citizen of the United States at birth.All U.S. nationals have statutory rights to reside in all parts of the United States, and may apply for citizenship bynaturalizationafter three months of residency by paying a fee, passing a test in English and civics, and taking an oath of allegiance to the United States.All U.S. nationals also have the right to work in the United States, except in certain government jobs that specifically require U.S. citizenship.

The question of whether American Samoans should be granted citizenship is controversial in American Samoa, and the government of American Samoa is currently opposed to it.Those against citizenship worry that it would lead to federal judges overturning American Samoa's unique political system and land ownership customs, in which one must be at least 50% of Samoan ancestry to acquire land and land ownership is controlled by local families andmatai.Those in favor of citizenship claim the law discriminates against them unfairly, restricting their voting rights and their ability to serve in many public sector professions.

In 2012, a group of American Samoans sued the federal government seeking recognition of birthright citizenship for American Samoans in the caseTuaua v. United States.In anamicus curiaebrief filed in federal court, American Samoan Congressman Faleomavaega supported the legal interpretation that theCitizenship Clauseof theFourteenth Amendmentdoes not extendbirthright citizenshipto United States nationals born in unincorporated territories.In June 2015, theU.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbiaaffirmed that Fourteenth Amendment citizenship guarantees did not apply to persons born in unincorporated territories and a year later the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the lower court's decision.

In December 2019, U.S. District JudgeClark Waddoupsstruck down8 U.S.C.§ 1408(1)as facially unconstitutional, holding that "Persons born in American Samoa are citizens of the United States by the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment",but theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuitreversed the district court's judgment and found the statute constitutional.On July 20, 2021, the Legislature of American Samoa unanimously passed a resolution in support of the 10th Circuit Court's decision to reverse.

Voting rights

As U.S. nationals, American Samoans can vote in local elections in the territory; however, if they live in other parts of the United States, they arenot allowed to votein federal, state or the vast majority of local elections unless they become U.S. citizens. The only federal office American Samoans elect directly is anon-voting delegateto theUnited States House of Representatives.Since thedelegate's officewas created in 1978, three people have held the seat:DemocratFofō Iosefa Fiti Sunia(1981–1988); DemocratEni Faleomavaega(1989–2015); andRepublicanAumua Amata Radewagen(2015–)American Samoans also participate in partisanpresidential primaries,as well as send delegates to theDemocraticandRepublicanNational Conventions.

Immigration

Unique among U.S. territories, American Samoa has its own immigration law, separate from thelaws that applyin other parts of the United States. U.S. nationals may freely reside in American Samoa.The American Samoan government, via its Immigration Office, controls the migration of foreign nationals to the islands.Special application forms exist for migration to American Samoa based on family or employment sponsorship.

Unlike all other permanently inhabited U.S. jurisdictions (states,District of Columbia,Puerto Rico,U.S. Virgin Islands,GuamandNorthern Mariana Islands), American Samoa is not considered a U.S. state for the purposes of the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act.As a result, there is no path for immigrants to American Samoa to apply for U.S. citizenship, or U.S. nationality at all, without permanent residence in another U.S. jurisdiction.In addition, foreign nationals who do havelawful permanent residence in the United Statesmay be considered to have abandoned it if they have moved to live in American Samoa, and time spent there does not count in the required period of U.S. presence for naturalization.

U.S. nationals without U.S. citizenship (the status of most American Samoans) have the right to reside in all parts of the United States without immigration restrictions. They also have the same rights as lawful permanent residents to sponsor foreign family members to immigrate to the United States (they may sponsor spouses and unmarried children), but not the same rights as U.S. citizens (who may also sponsor parents, married children, and siblings).

Land ownership

Under American Samoan law, land ownership is subject to racial restrictions.Since 1900, there have been three main categories of land ownership: native, individual, and freehold. Native land, which makes up over 90% of all land in the territory, is land under the communal ownership of anʻaiga,as opposed to the private ownership of an individual. Freehold land, which makes up only about 2% of the total, is land which was granted to foreigners before the U.S. took possession of the territory in 1900 and whose owners have not chosen to revert to native or individual land status.

The American Samoa Code (Annotated) prohibits the transfer of ownership (whether by sale or otherwise) of any land other than freehold land to any person who has less than one-half native Samoan blood, which in this context includes both American and Western Samoa.In addition, it is prohibited to transfer ownership of any native (communal) land to any person who is not a full-blooded native Samoan: this includes any person who has any non-native blood whatsoever, even if they are more than one-half native Samoan.

InCraddick v. Territorial Registrar,1 Am. Samoa 2d. 10, 14 (1980), the Appellate Division of the High Court of American Samoa held that while these laws created a classification based on race, they did not violate the guarantees of equal protection and due process contained in the U.S. Constitution and the Revised American Samoan Constitution. Given the cruciality of land ownership and the communal ownership structure to American Samoan culture, and the American Samoan government's vital and demonstrated interest in preserving Samoan land and culture, the Court found that the laws in question pursued a proper purpose rather than a discriminatory one, and, being necessary to achieve that purpose, were sufficiently justified and thus constitutional.

Official protest to naming of neighboring Samoa

The U.S. Embassy in Samoa notes that: "In July 1997 the Constitution was amended to change the country's name from Western Samoa to Samoa. Samoa had been known simply as Samoa in the United Nations since joining the organization in 1976. The neighboring U.S. territory of American Samoa protested the move, feeling that the change diminished its own Samoan identity. American Samoans still use the terms Western Samoa and Western Samoans."

Administrative divisions

Swains Island Rose Atoll Saʻole Ofu Olosega Taʻū Faleasao Fitiuta Vaifanua Sua ╱ ╲ Maʻoputasi Ituʻau Tualauta Leasina Lealataua Fofo Tualatai Western District Eastern District Manuʻa District Pacific Ocean Tutuila Aunuʻu Ofu-Olosega Taʻū Islands,atolls,districtsand counties of American Samoa

Main article:Administrative divisions of American Samoa

American Samoa is administratively divided into threedistricts–Western,EasternandManuʻa– and two "unorganized" atolls,Swains Islandand the uninhabitedRose Atoll.The districts are subdivided into counties and villages.Pago Pago,often cited as the capital of American Samoa,is one of the largest villages and is located on the central part of Tutuila island inMaʻoputasi County.

Geography

Map of American Samoa

American Samoa, located within the geographical region ofOceania,is one of only two possessions of the United States in theSouthern Hemisphere,the other beingJarvis Island.Its total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km²)—slightly larger thanWashington, D.C.—consisting of five rugged,volcanic islandsand two coralatolls.

Cockscomb Point onPola Islandis seen jutting into the ocean.

The five volcanic islands areTutuila,Aunuʻu,Ofu,Olosega,andTaʻū.The coral atolls areSwainsandRose Atoll.Of the seven islands, Rose Atoll is the onlyuninhabitedone; it is aMarine National Monument.American Samoa is the southernmost reach of the United States at fourteen degrees below theequator.

A view of American Samoa's Ofu Beach onOfu Islandin theManuʻa Islands

Due to its positioning in the SouthPacific Ocean,it is frequently hit bytropical cyclonesbetween November and April. Rose Atoll is the easternmost point of the territory. American Samoa'sRose Atollis thesouthernmost point of the United States.American Samoa is home to theNational Park of American Samoa.

The highest mountains are:Lata Mountain(Taʻū), 3,170 ft (970 m);Matafao Peak,2,141 ft (653 m); Piumafua (Olosega), 2,095 ft (639 m); and Tumutumu (Ofu), 1,621 ft (494 m).Mount Pioa,nicknamed the Rainmaker, is 1,718 ft (524 m).American Samoa is also home to some of the world's highest sea cliffs at 3,000 ft (910 m).

Coastline of American Samoa (inVatia)

TheVailuluʻuseamount, anactive submerged volcano,lies 28 miles (45 km) east ofTaʻūin American Samoa. It was discovered in 1975 and has since been studied by an international team of scientists, contributing towards understanding of the Earth's fundamental processes.Growing inside thesummit craterof Vailuluʻu is an active underwatervolcanic cone,named after Samoa's goddess of war,Nafanua.

In American Samoaforest coveris around 86% of the total land area, equivalent to 17,130 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 18,070 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 17,130 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 0 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 1% was reported to beprimary forest(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 0% of the forest area was reported to be underpublic ownership,100%private ownershipand 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.

American Samoa lies within two terrestrial ecoregions:Samoan tropical moist forestsandWestern Polynesian tropical moist forests.

Climate

Climate chart for Pago Pago

American Samoa has atropical climateall year round with two distinctseasons,thewetanddry season.The wet season is usually between December and March and the dry season is from April through to September with the average daily temperature around 81–83 °F (27–28 °C) all year round.

The climate is warm, tropical, and humid, averaging around 80 °F or 26.7 °C, with a variation of about 15 °F or 8 °C during the year. The southern hemisphere winter, from June to September, is the coolest time of the year. The summer months of December to March bring hotter temperatures, while the months from April to November are considered the "dry" season. Throughout the year, however, rain follows clouds blown in by the trade winds that rise from the east almost daily. The mountains of thePago Pagoarea, standing overPago Pago Harbor,catch these clouds, bringing an average of 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters of rainfall per year.

Climate data forPago Pago International Airport,Pago Pago (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	95 (35)	99 (37)	95 (35)	95 (35)	93 (34)	95 (35)	91 (33)	92 (33)	92 (33)	94 (34)	95 (35)	94 (34)	99 (37)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	91.0 (32.8)	91.3 (32.9)	91.3 (32.9)	90.7 (32.6)	89.6 (32.0)	88.0 (31.1)	87.7 (30.9)	88.0 (31.1)	88.9 (31.6)	89.6 (32.0)	90.4 (32.4)	90.7 (32.6)	92.4 (33.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	87.8 (31.0)	88.1 (31.2)	88.4 (31.3)	87.8 (31.0)	86.5 (30.3)	85.3 (29.6)	84.6 (29.2)	84.8 (29.3)	85.7 (29.8)	86.4 (30.2)	87.0 (30.6)	87.6 (30.9)	86.7 (30.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)	83.0 (28.3)	83.2 (28.4)	83.3 (28.5)	83.0 (28.3)	82.2 (27.9)	81.5 (27.5)	80.9 (27.2)	80.9 (27.2)	81.6 (27.6)	82.1 (27.8)	82.5 (28.1)	82.9 (28.3)	82.3 (27.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	78.2 (25.7)	78.3 (25.7)	78.2 (25.7)	78.1 (25.6)	77.9 (25.5)	77.8 (25.4)	77.2 (25.1)	77.0 (25.0)	77.5 (25.3)	77.7 (25.4)	78.0 (25.6)	78.2 (25.7)	77.8 (25.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	75.1 (23.9)	75.2 (24.0)	75.0 (23.9)	74.7 (23.7)	73.6 (23.1)	73.4 (23.0)	72.4 (22.4)	72.6 (22.6)	73.3 (22.9)	73.7 (23.2)	73.9 (23.3)	74.7 (23.7)	70.7 (21.5)
Record low °F (°C)	67 (19)	65 (18)	63 (17)	68 (20)	65 (18)	61 (16)	62 (17)	60 (16)	62 (17)	59 (15)	60 (16)	65 (18)	59 (15)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm)	15.25 (387)	13.70 (348)	10.95 (278)	11.27 (286)	11.73 (298)	6.37 (162)	7.51 (191)	6.93 (176)	7.99 (203)	10.24 (260)	12.05 (306)	14.35 (364)	128.34 (3,260)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in)	24.3	22.0	23.8	22.2	20.8	18.8	20.0	19.0	18.4	21.1	21.3	23.8	255.5
Averagerelative humidity(%)	82.8	83.3	83.2	84.0	83.6	82.0	80.4	79.8	80.2	81.5	82.3	82.1	82.1
Mean monthlysunshine hours	165.3	150.3	179.2	132.2	123.3	113.7	148.0	168.0	196.0	159.6	156.7	156.8	1,849.1
Percentpossible sunshine	41	43	48	37	35	34	42	47	54	41	41	39	42
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)

Climate change

This section is an excerpt fromClimate change in American Samoa.[edit]

Locations of the Samoan Islands, including American Samoa

Climate change in American Samoaencompasses the effects ofclimate change,attributed to man-made increases in atmosphericcarbon dioxide,in the U.S. territory of American Samoa. The American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) notes that the territory "has a fragile ecosystem" which is "directly and immediately impacted by global climate change".

The Human Rights Measurement Initiativefinds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions in American Samoa slightly (2.3 out of 6).Human rights experts provided that the climate crisis has affected shores, fishers and resource availability, and that only a small group of people are able to connect the climate crisis with existing human rights conditions.

Economy

Main article:Economy of American Samoa

Tuna boats in the port ofPago Pago

The economic health of American Samoa reflects the trends in other populated U.S. territories, which are in turn dependent on federal appropriations. Federal dollars enter the economy through congressional appropriations, categorical grants,Social Securitypayments, and payments to Samoans retired from themilitary.Tuna canning is the backbone of the American Samoa economy. Cannery employment and local auxiliary businesses provide additional revenues for the territorial government. In the mid-1960s, efforts began to develop a tourism industry in American Samoa. Efforts were delayed due to issues with inconsistent airline service, insufficient high-quality accommodations, and the lack of well-trained workers in the hospitality and tourism industries. Agriculture and fishing still provide sustenance for local families.

Breadfruitandtarofrom Pago Pago

Employment on the island falls into three relatively equal-sized categories of approximately 5,000 workers each: thepublic sector,the single remainingtunacannery,and the rest of theprivate sector.

There are only a fewfederalemployees in American Samoa and a fewactive dutymilitary personnel, except members of theU.S. Coast Guard,military recruiters, and some Full-Time Support staff at the Pele Army Reserve unit that maintains the facility and provides cadre, training, and logistics support. The Pele US Army Reserve Center is inTafuna,and aU.S. ArmyandUnited States Marine Corpsrecruiting station is inNuʻuuli.

There are six Army Reserve units at Pele:

• Bravo Company, 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
• Charlie Company, 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
• 411th Forward Support Company (Engineer)
• USAR Theater Support Group Detachment American Samoa
• 1st Evacuation/Mortuary Platoon, 2nd Platoon, 962nd Quartermaster Company
• 127th Chaplain Detachment

Mascot "Charlie the Tuna"at theStarKistcannery inAtuʻu

The overwhelming majority of public sector employees work for the American Samoa territorial government. One tuna cannery isStarKist,which exports several hundred million dollars worth of canned tuna to the United States each year. In early 2007, the Samoan economy was highlighted in theCongressat the request ofEni Faleomavaega,the Samoan delegate to theUnited States House of Representatives,as it was not mentioned in theminimum wagebill. It was given no exemption from the coming increases, which he protested as unfair to the Samoan economy. House SpeakerNancy Pelosiinitially granted his request for an exemption, but backed down after being accused of serving special interests, since tuna packing companyChicken of the Seawas based in her district. Samoa Packing, aChicken of the Seasubsidiaryclosed in 2009, citing bothminimum wageincreases and increasing foreign competition, with the latter as the "main reason". Minimum wage in Samoa has been the topic of much debate, with the Samoan government and Chamber of Commerce strongly opposed, while businesses and workers hold nuanced views.

From 2002 to 2007,real GDPof American Samoa increased at an average annual rate of 0.4 percent. The annual growth rates of real GDP ranged from −2.9 percent to +2.1 percent. The volatility in the growth rates of real GDP was primarily accounted for by changes in the exports of canned tuna. The tuna canning industry was the largest private employer in American Samoa during this period. In 2017, GDP in American Samoa decreased by 5.8%, but in 2018 it increased by 2.2%.

Summary statistics for American Samoa

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2002–2007 AAGRA
GDPB	536	527	553	550	548	532	−0.1%
Real GDPC	527	535	539	550	534	537	0.4%
PopulationD	60,800	62,600	64,100	65,500	66,900	68,200	2.3%
Real GDP per capita	8,668	8,546	8,409	8,397	7,982	7,874	−1.9%

• ^AAverage annual growth rate.
• ^BIn millions of dollars.
• ^CIn millions of 2005chained dollars.
• ^DSource: 2008 American Samoa Statistical Yearbook.

From 2002 to 2007, the population of American Samoa increased at an average annual rate of 2.3 percent, and real GDP per capita decreased at an average annual rate of 1.9 percent.

Agricultural production serves as a cover for domestic needs and only a small share of fruits and vegetables are exported. According to figures as of 2013, the ratio between import and export is almost balanced. Many residents rely on transfer payments from relatives living on the mainland or from federal subsidies.

Tisa's Barefoot Bar & Grill

TheFair Labor Standards Act of 1938has contained special provisions for American Samoa since its inception, citing its limited economy.American Samoan wages are based on the recommendations of a Special Industry Committee meeting bi-annually.Originally, the act contained provisions for other territories, provisions which were phased out as those territories developed more diverse economies.

In 2007, theFair Minimum Wage Act of 2007was passed, increasing the minimum wage in American Samoa by 50¢ per hour in 2007 and another 50¢ per hour each year thereafter until the minimum wage in American Samoa equals thefederal minimum wageof $7.25 per hour in the United States.In response to the minimum wage increase, theChicken of the Seatuna canning plant was shut down in 2009, and 2,041 employees were laid off in the process.The other major tuna canning plant in American Samoa isStarKist,which began laying off workers in August 2010, with plans to lay off a total of 800 workers due to the minimum wage increases and other rising operation costs.American Samoa GovernorTogiola Tulafonosuggested that, rather than laying off minimum wage workers, the companies could reduce salaries and bonuses of top-tier employees.

Theunemployment ratewas 29.8% in 2005 but improved to 23.8% as of 2010.In 2020, American Samoa's GDP was $709million.Its GDP per capita (PPP) was $11,200 as of 2016.

Some aspects oftelecommunications in American Samoaare, like otherU.S. territories,inferior to that of the mainland United States; a recent estimate showed that American Samoa's Internet speed is slower than that of severalEastern Europeancountries.

Taxation

As in other U.S. territories, the U.S. federal government imposespayroll taxesand the equivalent self-employment taxon income from work in American Samoa, but not thefederal income taxon income generated in American Samoa by its residents (except from work as U.S. government employees).Instead, the government of American Samoa itself taxes the worldwide income of its residents, as well as the income generated there by nonresidents, largely under the same rules and rates as the U.S. tax code in effect in 2000,with certain modifications such as a minimum tax rate of 4%.A similar situation applies to corporations.In 1983, the use of citizenship in taxation by American Samoa (due to its incorporation of the U.S. tax code) was ruled unconstitutional.

The U.S. federal government does not imposeestateorgift taxeson property not located in the United States (states andDistrict of Columbia) owned by residents of a U.S. territory (including American Samoa) who are not U.S. citizens or who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth or naturalization in that same U.S. territory.However, these taxes still apply to residents of a U.S. territory who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth or naturalization in a different part of the U.S. or by descent.It has been argued that this distinction based on place of birth, and not only residence or citizenship, is a rare case of unconstitutional tax discrimination, but it has never been challenged in court.The government of American Samoa itself does not impose estate or gift taxes.

Unlike U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals without U.S. citizenship (the status of most American Samoans) who do not reside in the United States or any U.S. territory enjoy the unique combination of maintaining aU.S. passportand the right of return to the U.S. while not being subject to U.S. federal income tax on their non-U.S. income,or to U.S. federal estate or gift taxes on their non-U.S. property.U.S. citizens (or anyone) cannot acquire this status after birth.

American Samoa does not impose a sales tax, but it imposes a general import tax of 8%.American Samoa is an independentcustoms territory,whose importation rules and taxes differ from those applicable to other parts of the United States.

Telecommunications

In 2012 Michael Calabrese, Daniel Calarco, and Colin Richardson stated that American Samoa had the most expensive internet of any U.S. territory and that the speeds were only slightly superior to those ofdial-up internetin the U.S. Mainland in the 1990s. They also stated that many American Samoans are too poor to afford "high-speed internet".

Transportation

The currentterritorial license platedesign, introduced in 2011

American Samoa Route Marker – Main Road

American Samoa has 150 miles (240km) ofhighways(estimated in 2008).The maximum speed limit is 30 miles per hour.PortsandharborsincludeAunuʻu,Auasi,Faleasao,OfuandPago Pago.American Samoa has no railways.The territory has threeairports,all of which have pavedrunways.The main airport isPago Pago International Airport,on the island of Tutuila. The Manuʻa group has two airports:Ofu Airporton the island of Ofu, andFitiuta Airporton the island of Taʻū. According to a 1999 estimate, the territory has nomerchant marine.

On June 8, 1922, the first bus service on Tutuila began its operations.Theʻaigabus system travels across the island ofTutuila.

Demographics

Main article:Demographics of American Samoa

As of 2022, the population of American Samoa is estimated around 45,443 people.The2020 censuscounted 49,710 people, 97.5% of whom lived on the largest island,Tutuila.About 57.6% of the population were born in American Samoa, 28.6% in independentSamoa,6.1% in other parts of the United States, 4.5% inAsia,2.9% in other parts ofOceania,and 0.2% elsewhere. At least 69% of the population had a parent born outside American Samoa.

American Samoa is small enough to have just oneZIP code,96799, and uses theU.S. Postal Service(state code "AS" ) for mail delivery.

Ethnicity and language

In the 2020 census, 89.4% of the population reported at least partialSamoanethnicity, 83.2% only Samoan, 5.8% Asian, 5.5% otherPacific island ethnicities,4.4%mixed,and 1.1% other ethnicities.TheSamoan languagewas spoken at home by 87.9% of the population, while 6.1% spoke otherPacific island languages,3.3% spokeEnglish,2.1% spoke anAsian language,and 0.5% spoke other languages; 47.2% of the population spoke English at home or "very well".In 2022, Samoan and English were designated as official languages of the territory.At least some of thedeafpopulation useSamoan Sign Language.

Religion

Zion Church inLeone

MajorChristian denominationson the island include theCongregational Christian Church in American Samoa,theCatholic Church,TheChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,and the Methodist Church of Samoa. Collectively, these churches account for the vast majority of the population.

J. Gordon Meltonin his book claims thatMethodists,Congregationalistswith theLondon Missionary Society,andCatholicsled the first Christian missions to the islands. Other denominations arrived later, beginning in 1895 with theSeventh-day Adventists,variousPentecostals(including theAssemblies of God),Church of the Nazarene,Jehovah's Witnessesand The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

One of many churches in Samoa

CIA Factbook2010 estimate shows the religious affiliations of American Samoa as 98.3%Christian,other 1%, unaffiliated 0.7%.World Christian Database 2010 estimate shows the religious affiliations of American Samoa as 98.3% Christian, 0.7%agnostic,0.4%Chinese Universalist,0.3%Buddhistand 0.3% followers of theBaháʼí Faith.

According toPew Research Center,98.3% of the total population is Christian. Among Christians, 59.5% areProtestant,19.7% areCatholicand 19.2% areother Christians.A major Protestant church on the island, gathering a substantial part of the local Protestant population, is theCongregational Christian Church in American Samoa,aReformeddenomination in theCongregationalist tradition.As of April 2023,The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintswebsite claims a membership of 16,512 (nearly 30% of American Samoa's entire population), with 43 congregations and five family history centers.Jehovah's Witnessesclaim 210 "ministers of the word" and three congregations.

TheCatholic Churchhas at least 18 churches in the territoryand 29 parishesunder the Diocese of Samoa-Pago (Diœcesis Samoa-Pagopagensis)which was created in 1982 byPopeJohn Paul IIthrough the bullStudiose quidemand constitutes asuffragan seeof the Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia. The bishop has his see in theCathedral of the Holy Familyin Tafuna and in theCo-cathedral of St. Joseph the Workerin Fagatogo.

Education

American Samoa Community College

The island contains 23primary schools.Of the tensecondary schools,five are operated by theAmerican Samoa Department of Education;the other five are either administered byreligious denominationsor areprivately owned.American Samoa Community College,founded in 1970, providespost-secondary educationon the islands.

Leone High School

American Samoa was home to one high school as of 1961, which existed due to the matai's pressure on the naval governor to transform the old Marine barracks atUtuleiinto a school. The teenagers of well-off and more politically connected families attended the school, which would later be known asSamoana High School.With a median age of 15, the demand for more high schools was increasing, and three new high schools were established by 1968. Another two soon followed, and by 1979, 2,800 high school students were attending six public and private high schools in American Samoa. Looking for a cost-effective way for educational reformation, GovernorH. Rex Leeintroduced the public television system in 1964.

When TV was introduced, there were 6,000 educational programs produced annually; by 1981, only one series comprising 40-minute lessons inEnglish languageskills was still aired. One of the side effects ofadvertisingin popular programming from the U.S. was an increase in sales ofover-the-counter drugssuch asPepto BismolandSominex,with television being directly blamed for the decline of village life.

Culture

See also:Culture of Samoa

Jean P. Haydon MuseuminPago Pago

The Samoan culture has developed over 3,500 years and largely withstood interaction with European cultures. It was adapted well to the teachings ofChristianity.The Samoan language is still in use in daily exchange; however, English is widely used and also the legal official language. BesidesSamoan languageclasses and cultural courses, all instructions in public schools are in English. The basic unit of the American Samoa culture is theʻaiga(family). It consists of both immediate and extended family.

Thematai,or chief, is the head of the ʻaiga. The chief is the custodian of all ʻaiga properties. A village (nuʻu) is made up of several or many ʻaiga with a common or shared interest. Each ʻaiga is represented by their chief in the village councils.

Music

This section is an excerpt fromMusic of Samoa.[edit]

SamoanTalipalaulog drums at Piula Theological College, distant ancestor of the Fi gianLalidrums

TheMusic of Samoais a complex mix of cultures and traditions, with pre- and post-European contact histories. Since American colonization, popular traditions such asrapandhip hophave been integrated into Samoan music.

Traditional Samoanmusical instrumentsincludes several different distinctive instruments, including afala,which is a rolled-up mat beaten with sticks and several types ofslit drum.

Sports

See also:Sports in American Samoa

American Samoa at theSouth Pacific Games

The main sports played in American Samoa arefootball,Samoan cricket,canoeing,yachting,basketball,golf,netball,tennis,rugby,table tennis,bo xing,bowling,volleyball,and fishing tournaments. Some current and former sports clubs are the American Samoa Tennis Association, Rugby Unions, Lavalava Golf Club, and Gamefish Association. Leagues improved and organized better after the completion of theVeterans Memorial Stadium.

The1997 South Pacific Mini Gameswere the biggest international event ever to take place in American Samoa. The bid to host the games for the 23 participating countries was approved in May 1993. In January 1994, GovernorA. P. Lutaliappointed Fuga Teleso to head the task force charged with game preparations, including the construction of a stadium. Groundbreaking was in January 1994. The Governor later handed the task force on preparations to Lieutenant Governor Togiola. The task force merged with the American Samoa National Olympics Committee to better coordinate and facilitate preparations. V.P. Willis Construction built the 1,500-seat stands. TheDepartment of Public Safetytrained its force for special games security. The opening ceremony became extravagant where theU.S. Army Reservecarried the torch fromTulaandLeone.

About 2,000 athletes, coaches, and sponsors attended from 19 countries and competed in 11 sports at the game. American Samoa fielded a team of 248 athletes. The team won 48 medals, 22 of which were gold medals, and American Samoa came in fourth overall in the ratings.American Samoa Rotary Clubhonored Fuga Tolani Teleso with the community's top award, the Paul Harris Fellowship Award, for his work on constructing theVeterans Memorial Stadium.

In 1982, yachters competed in the Hobie World Championship held inTahiti.American Samoa beat theApiateam by half a point and won the Samoa Cup. In 1983, a team coached by Adele Satele-Galeai brought home the winning trophy from the Regional women's volleyball tournament inHawaii.Also in 1983, theSouth Pacific Gameswere held in Apia. American Samoa received 13 medals: four gold, four silver, and five bronze. That same year, three junior golfers made the cut out of 1,000 players to attend the World Junior Golf Tournament inSan Diego, California.

In 1987, American Samoa became the 167th member of theInternational Olympic Committee.The first South Pacific Junior Tennis Tournament was held at theTafunacourts in January 1990.

Tony Solaitawas the first American Samoan to play inMajor League Baseball.There are thirty players from American Samoa in the National Football League (NFL) as of 2015 and over 200 play Div. INCAA Football.Some American Samoan NFL football players areShalom Luani,Junior Siavii,Jonathan Fanene,Mosi Tatupu,Shaun Nua,Isaac Sopoaga,andDaniel Teʻo-Nesheim.

AfterWorld War II,a Welfare and Recreation Department was created. This department arranged bowling, softball, badminton tournaments, basketball, and volleyball at various Tutuila locations. Bo xing matches and dancing also became popular activities.

American football

Main article:American football in American Samoa

High school football game

About 30 ethnic Samoans, all from American Samoa, currently play in theNational Football League,and more than 200 playNCAADivision Icollege football.In recent years, it has been estimated that a Samoan male (either an American Samoan, or a Samoan living in the mainland United States) is anywhere from 40to 56 timesmore likely to play in the NFL than a non-Samoan American, giving American Samoa the nickname "Football Islands".Samoans are the most disproportionately overrepresented ethnic group in the National Football League.

Six-timeAll-ProJunior Seauwas one of the most famous Americans of Samoan heritage ever to play in the NFL, having been elected to theNFL 1990s All-Decade TeamandPro Football Hall of Fame.Pittsburgh SteelerssafetyTroy Polamalu,though born and raised in the mainland United States, is another famous American of Samoan heritage to have played in the NFL, not having his hair cut since 2000 (and only because aUSCcoach told him he had to) and wearing it down during games in honor of his heritage. The football culture was featured on60 Minuteson January 17, 2010.

At the2016 Republican National Convention,American Samoa's delegation said American Samoa is "the greatest exporter of NFL players".

Association football

TheAmerican Samoa national football teamis one of the newest teams in the world and is also noted for being the world's weakest. They lost toAustralia31–0in aFIFA World Cupqualifying match on April 11, 2001, but on November 22, 2011, they finally won their first ever game, beatingTonga2–1 in aFIFA World Cupqualifier.The appearance of American Samoa'sJaiyah Saeluain the contest "apparently became the first transgender player to compete on a World Cup stage". The American Samoan national team features in the highly rated 2014 British filmNext Goal Wins.The film documents the team's2014 FIFA World Cup qualifyingcampaign, in which they achieved their first-ever international win. Saelua andNicky Salapu,the man famous for being thegoalkeeperduring the team's 31–0 loss to Australia in 2001, feature prominently in the film.Afeature film adaptationof the documentary was released in 2023 and was directed byTaika Waititi.

Rugby league

TheAmerican Samoa national rugby league teamrepresents the country in internationalrugby league.The team competed in the 1988, 1992, 1998 and 2004Pacific Cupcompetitions. The team has also competed in the 2003 and 2004World Sevensqualifiers in the 2005 World Sevens. America Samoa's first match in the international Rugby League was in the 1988Pacific CupagainstTonga,Tongawon the match 38–14 which is still the biggest loss by an American Samoan side. American Samoa's biggest win was in 2004 againstNew Caledoniawith a final score of 62–6.

American Samoa gets broadcasts of theNational Rugby Leaguein Australia onfree-to-air television.

There is also a new movement that aims to set up a four-team domestic competition in American Samoa.

Rugby union

Rugby unionis a growing sport in American Samoa. The first rugby game recorded in American Samoa was in 1924, since then the development of the game had been heavily overshadowed by the influence ofAmerican Footballduring the 1970s. The highest governing body of rugby in American Samoa is theAmerican Samoa Rugby Unionwhich was founded in 1990 and was not affiliated with theIRBuntil 2012. Internationally, two American Samoans have played for theNew Zealandnational rugby union team, known as theAll Blacks.Frank Solomon(born inPago Pago) became the first American national of Samoan descent to play for a New Zealand team. Considered a pacific pioneer in New Zealand rugby,Solomon scored a try againstAustraliain the inauguralBledisloe Cupmatch in 1932, which New Zealand won 21–13.

The second American Samoan to play for the All Blacks isJerome Kaino(born inFagaʻalu). A native ofLeone,Kaino moved to New Zealand when he was four. In 2004, at age 21, he played his first match for New Zealand against theBarbarianswhere he scored his first try, contributing to New Zealand's 47–19 victory that resulted in him becoming a man of the match.He also played a crucial role in theRugby World Cup 2011playing every match in the tournament. He scored four tries in the event which led to New Zealand winning the final againstFrance8–7. Kaino was also a key member of the2015 Rugby World Cupsquad, where he played every match including a try he scored in the quarterfinals againstFrancewhich New Zealand won 62–13. He scored again in the semifinals againstSouth Africa,which New Zealand won 20–18. He played in the World Cup final againstAustraliawhere New Zealand won again 34–17 to become world champions for a record three times (1987, 2011, and 2015). Kaino is one of twenty New Zealand rugby players to have won theRugby World Cuptwice, back to back in 2011 and 2015. In August 2015, the American Samoa Rugby Union Board selected Leota Toma Patu from the village of Leone as the coach for the Talavalu 15 men's team that represented American Samoa at the Ocean Cup 2015 in Papua New Guinea.

Other sports

• Bo xing:Maselino Masoe,who represented American Samoa in three consecutiveOlympicsfrom 1988 to 1996, wasWBAmiddleweight championfrom 2004 to 2006.
• Professional wrestling:Several American Samoan athletes have been very visible inprofessional wrestling.TheAnoaʻi familyin particular has had many of its members employed byWWE.
• Sumo wrestling:Some SamoanSumowrestlers, most famouslyMusashimaruandKonishiki,have reached the highest ranks ofōzekiandyokozuna.
• Track and field:Hammer throwerLisa Misipekaattracted international attention by winning a bronze medal in the1999 World Championships in Athletics.

Recreation

Pola Island

Aunuʻu Island

A team from theBureau of Outdoor Recreationconducted a parks survey on American Samoa in the 1960s. Their team recommended sites atCape Taputapu,LeʻalaatVailoatai,Aʻoloau(the plateau), Matautuloa Point,Nuʻuuli,Matafao Peak,Pago Pago,Vaiʻava Strait,Anasosopo,ʻAoa,Cape Matautuloa, andAunuʻu Island.After an initial objection, Secretary Leʻiato gave his support and was appointed Chairman of the Territorial Parks and Recreation Committee. The first field meeting for a parkland acquisition was held between Judge Morrow on behalf of the government and the village council ofVatiato make thePola Islandarea a public park. The dredgePalolowas hired fromUpoluin January 1966 in order to dredge sand forUtulei Beach.A specialist in beach developments, Ala Varone of the Army, directed the project. The centerpiece of the park was to be at the head ofPago Pago Harbor,where it proposed a 13-acre site created by the dredge. The park would have facilities for sports and recreation as well as facilities for boats and the growing number of Asian immigrants arriving from Korea, Japan, and China.

The Department of Parks and Recreation was created by law in 1980 and the Parks Commission was also established.In 1981, GovernorPeter Tali Colemanappointed Fuga Tolani Teleso as Director of Parks and Recreation. On May 25, 1984, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the Onesosopo reclamation to initiate work on the first park in theEastern District.

At the urging of Paul Cox, High Chief Nafanua ofFalealupo,and the Bat Preservers Association, CongressmanFofō Iosefa Fiti Suniaintroduced a bill in 1984 which would enter American Samoa into the Federal Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act. The purpose of the bill was to protect the ancientpaleotropicalrainforests and theFlying foxmegabat.The signing marked the beginning of American Samoa's entry into the U.S.National Park System.In July 1987, the National Park Service began establishing a federal park, theNational Park of American Samoa.An initial appropriation of $400,000 was made in 1989. It contains one of the world's most remarkable rainforest and coastal reef ecologies and spreads across three islands. One of the most popular sites onTutuila Islandinclude Pola Rock, a rise of sheer rock formations that protrudes over 400feet (120m) above the ocean's surface. It is located off the shores ofVatia.On September 19, 1991, GovernorPeter Tali ColemanandDepartment of the InteriorsecretaryManuel Lujansigned leases formalizing the establishment of the fiftieth U.S. National Park.

National Natural Landmarks

The ASG Parks and Recreation oversees the maintenance of all public parks, including theAmanaveMini Park, Lions Park inTafuna,Onesosopo Park inAua,Malaloa Mini Park,FagaʻaluPark,Tia Seu Lupehistorical site atFatuoaiga,Pago Pago Park, Pago Pago Tennis Courts, the Little League Softball Field, Tony Solaʻita Baseball Field, Solo Ridge at the Utulei Tramway, Utulei Beach Park and Suʻigaulaoleatuvasa inUtulei.

Matafao PeakNational Natural Landmark

American Samoa has seven areas designated as National Natural Landmarks on Tutuila Island. This program is administrated by the U.S. National Park Service and the areas contain unique ecological or geological features. ExceptVaiʻava Strait,none of the areas are within the National Park of American Samoa.American Samoa's sevenNational Natural Landmarks(NNL) were designated in 1972:

• Cape Taputapu
• Fogamaʻa Crater
• Matafao Peak
• Leʻala Shoreline
• Rainmaker Mountain
• Vaiʻava Strait
• Aunuʻu Island

Wildlife

Notable terrestrial species include thePacific tree boaand theSamoa flying fox,which has a three-foot wingspread.Two snake species can be found in American Samoa: TheBrahminy blind snakeis found on Tutuila, while the Pacific tree boa occurs on Taʻū. The islands are home to five species of geckos:Pacific slender-toed gecko,Oceanic gecko,Mourning gecko,Stump-toed gecko,andHouse gecko.

Turtles include the threatenedGreen sea turtleand the endangeredHawksbill sea turtle.Hawksbill sea turtles tend to nest on Tutuila beaches, while the Green sea turtle is most common onRose Atoll.Tutuila has the highest number of nesting turtles, consisting of around fifty nesting females per year.

American Samoa is home to one species of amphibian: theCane toad.Biologists estimate that there are over two million toads on Tutuila.

915 nearshore fish species have been recorded in American Samoa, compared to only 460 nearshore fish species inHawaii.With over 950 species of native fish and 250 coral species, American Samoa has the greatestmarine biodiversityin the United States.

Fruit bats

TheSamoa flying foxis only found in Fiji and the Samoan Islands.

Megabatsare the only native mammal in American Samoa. The islands are home to two species of fruit bats:Pacific flying foxandSamoa flying fox.TheSheath-tailed batis another species found here, which is a smaller insect-eating bat. In 1992, the American Samoa Government banned the hunting of fruit bats to help their populations recover.The Samoa flying fox is only found inFijiand the Samoan Islands.

From 1995 to 2000, the population of Samoa flying fox remained stable at about 900 animals on Tutuila, and 100 in theManuʻa Islands.As of the year 2000, scientists from the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resource estimated that there are fewer than 5,500 Pacific flying foxes in American Samoa, and an estimated 900 or fewer Samoa flying foxes.The best and biggest knownrooston Tutuila Island for the Sheath-tailed bat is in the Anapeʻape Cove nearĀfono.

Amalau Valleyon Tutuila's north coast offers great roadside views of many bird species and both species of fruit bat.The valley has been called a prime bird- and bat-watching area.

Avifauna

TheBlue-crowned lorikeetis the only parrot found in American Samoa.

Sixteen of the Samoan Islands' 34 bird species are found nowhere else on Earth. This includes the critically endangeredtooth-billed pigeon.Four species of birds are only found in the Manuʻa Islands and not on Tutuila. These include American Samoa's only parrot, theblue-crowned Lory.Other special birds to Manuʻa are thelesser shrikebilland thefriendly ground-dove.Thespotless crakehas only been observed on Taʻū Island.

There are more species of birds than all species of reptiles, mammals and amphibians combined. Native land birds include two honeyeaters:cardinal honeyeaterandwattled honeyeater.Cardinal honeyeaters only occur on Tutuila Island. The only endemic land bird to American Samoa is theSamoan starling.Four pigeons are native to American Samoa:Pacific imperial pigeon,many-colored fruit dove,white-capped fruit dove,andshy ground dove.The local government banned all pigeon hunting in 1992.

The many-colored fruit dove is one of the rarest birds that nest on Tutuila. Studies in the 1980s estimated their population size at Tutuila to be only around 80 birds.Amalau Valleyhas been described as the best place in American Samoa to observe the many-colored fruit dove.

The offshore islet ofPola IslandnearVatiais a nesting site for many seabird species and an excellent area to observe seabirds.The Pola region of Vatia andRose Atollare the only places in American Samoa where there are breeding colonies ofred-footed boobies.

Birds that depend on freshwater habitat include thePacific reef heronandPacific black duck,the Samoan Islands' only species of duck. The largest wetland areas are the pala lagoons inNuʻuuliandLeoneas well as Pala Lake onAunuʻuIsland.

See also

• Index of American Samoa-related articles
• List of lakes in American Samoa
• List of National Natural Landmarks in American Samoa
• List of people from American Samoa
• National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa
• Outline of American Samoa
• Polynesia

Further reading

See also:Bibliography of American Samoa

• Ellison, Joseph (1938).Opening and Penetration of Foreign Influence in Samoa to 1880.Corvallis: Oregon State College.
• Sunia, Fofo (1988).The Story of the Legislature of American Samoa.Pago Pago: American Samoa Legislature.
• Meti, Lauofo (2002).Samoa: The Making of the Constitution.Apia: Government of Samoa.

External links

• AmericanSamoa.gov– official government website
• Samoan BiosArchivedMay 22, 2019, at theWayback Machine
• American SamoaatCurlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of American Samoa
• NOAA's National Weather Service – American Samoa

Country data

• American Samoa.The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency.
• American Samoa,national profile from theAssociation of Religion Data Archives.