Anambra Stateis aNigerianstate,located in theSouth-easternregion of the country.[5]The state was created on 27 August 1991.[6]Anambra state is bounded byDelta Stateto the west,Imo StateandRivers Stateto the south,Enugu Stateto the east andKogi Stateto the north.[7]The State's Capital isAwka,while the State’s Largest City isOnitshawhich is regarded as one of the largest metropolis area in Africa.Nnewiis the second largest commercial and industrial city in Anambra State, and also a known automobile hub withinNigeriaandAfrica.[8]
The state name was formed in 1976 from the formerEast Central State.The state is named afterOmambala River,a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the Anglicized name of theOmambala.[9][10]The State capital isAwka.The city ofOnitsha,a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state,whileNnewiis the second largest commercial and industrial city in the state.[11]
Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is thefourteenth most populous state[12]in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against asOnitsha,the state's biggest and most populous urban area was discovered to be over 8.5 million in population in 2022 by Africapolis which makesOnitshaone of the largest urban areas inNigeriaby population.[13][14][15][16]The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancientKingdom of Nri,whose capital was the historic town ofIgbo-Ukwuwithin the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarilyIgbo,[17][18]with theIgbo languageserving as alingua francathroughout the state.[19]
During theNigerian Civil War(1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionistRepublic of Biafraformed by Igbo nationalists. Anambra was severely affected by the war.[20][21]Today, Anambra State is one of the mosturbanizedstates in Nigeria.[22][23]
The name Anambra is the merging ofAnamand branch. Anam is a clan in theOmambalaregion[24]and the last Igbo speaking community the British colonialists encountered while heading up to Northern Nigeria from across the riverine areas. They usually described present day Anambra as 'Anam branch' to their colleagues up North. Reason Anam together with some neighboring clans was Anambra LGA when the state was created. It is now Anambra-West LGA with Olumbanasa.
Anambra's history stretches to the 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations atIgbo-UkwuandEzira.It has great works of art iniron,bronze,copper,andpottery.These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such asOgidiand others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries.[25][26]
Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of the Protectorate of SouthNigeria.Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties.
Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independentBiafrain 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During theNigerian/Biafranwar (1967–1970),Biafranengineers constructed a relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle" ). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off fromSao Tomeand other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population.[27]
Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll inBiafrafrom starvation, as well as the continuous harassment of the relief planes by theNigerian Airforce,Carl Gustaf von Rosenresigned as aRed Crossrelief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an Airforce of five Minicoin planesMalmö MFI-9stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective air force "Babies of Biafra"in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra.[28][29][30]
Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part ofEast Central State,and its capital wasEnugu.In 1991 a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra andEnugu.The capital of the New Anambra isAwka.[31]
Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in theFederal Republic of Nigeriaand the second-most densely populated state inNigeriaafterLagos State.The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns ofObaandAmorkacontains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages and small towns, giving the area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre.[32]
The state has a Tropical wet and dry orsavanna climatewith yearly temperature of 28.99 °C (84.18 °F) and it is -0.47% lower than Nigeria's averages. Anambra typically receives about 212.36 millimeters (8.36 inches) of precipitation and has 243.38 rainy days (66.68% of the time) annually.[33][34]
The state has been described as one of the worst places affected by theclimate changein Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa in 2022 according to the Climate Change Education and Action Programme, (CLEAP).[35]
With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.[36]
The major urban centres of Anambra State areOnitsha,Nnewi,Ekwulobia,Ihiala,AguleriandAwka,the state capital. Awka and Onitsha had developed as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre.
Onitshais a fast-growing commercial city and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending toIdemili,Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa.
In 2012 the tri-city area was dubbed the Onitsha-Nnewi-Awka (ONA) Industrial Axis, in recognition of the expanding industrial capacity.Nnewi(sometimes called theTaiwanof Nigeria)[37][38]is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence.
Anambra houses the first Nigerian vehicle manufacturer,Innoson,an automobile manufacturer, located inNnewi.[39][40][41]
People all overWest Africatravel toOnitshaandNnewito trade, which boost the internal revenue of the state. Onitsha is among the top commercial cities in Africa.[42][43]
Agriculture is an important economic sector in Anambra.Oil palms,maize,rice,yamsandcassavaare among the crops grown.Fishingis also part of the economic mainstay of Anambra State more especially for communities along the riverine areas.
Anambra is a home of innovation, inventions and creativity. There have been several innovations in Anambra, due to its appreciation of education, which has added to the state's GDP. One of those was in 2018, when two brothers, Atikpo Chukwuebuka and Ubaka Chukwuebuka, were the first to invent a machine, that could wash off the bitterness from bitter leaf (a highly nutritious vegetable).[44]This machine will greatly improve the productivity of vegetable farming in the state.
Theexportof agricultural items is a continual boost to Anambra Internal Generated Revenue, as in 2017, $5 million was generated from the export of washed bitter leaf.[44]
There is a huge deposit of oil and gas in Nigeria, with theAnambra Basinhaving a great potential of 1000 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves untapped. Having more than 13 oil wells situated in Anambra, Anambra state has the capacity to produce more than 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with indigenous companies like Orient Petroleum, and Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO), already leading the way.[45]
Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated forpasturingandanimal husbandry.
In the year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery,Orient Petroleum Refinery(OPR), was made atAguleriarea.[47]The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL), owner of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of 55,000 barrels per day (~7,500 t/d).
In 2012, following the efforts of GovernorPeter Obiand other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in theAnambra Riverbasin.[48]
On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in itsAgulerioil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish agas plantat Umueje inAyamelumLocal Government Area to support economic activities in the oil and gas industry in the state.[49]
Following the attrbution of eleven (11) oil wells by theRevenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission(RMAFC) in August 2021, Anambra State joined the league of oil producing States in Nigeria.[50][51][52]The process to amend the law that set up theNiger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) through which infrastructure is provided to oil producing States has started. The purpose is to include Anambra State in the list of oil producing States as stated in the NDDC law through the amendment of Section 2(1)(b) of the NDDC Establishment ACT CAP N 86 LFN 2004.[53]
Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, theAPGA-led state government ofWillie Obiano,signed a memorandum of understanding withGalwaymodular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state.[54]
Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding.[55]
The government of Peter Obi, with the assistance of theUN-HABITAT,produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State:Onitsha,NnewiandAwka– the Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future.
The plans contain policies and proposals for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn the cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents.[56]
Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt structural plans for its cities.[5]With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria, and West Africa.
The process ofurbanizationis fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in the growth of villages into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in the production of yam, cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population inurban areas.
To upgrade the state capital and improve traffic,Awka,GovernorWillie Obianosigned off on construction of three flyovers between theAmawbiaand Arroma end of the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city.[57]Anambra International Cargo Airport,Umueri,opened on 7 December 2021.[58]
Ogbunike Caves,listed byUNESCO[60]as aWorld Heritage Site,[61]is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age).[62]TheOwerre Ezukalacaves and waterfalls are great tourist attractions in the state.[63]Largely unexplored, the caves are said to be the largest in West Africa.[64][65]
The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are theIgbo(99% of the population) and a small population of people who are bilingual[66]
Igbo Ukwu 9th century bronzes monuments
Igbo UkwuMuseum:[67]Igbo Ukwuis an ancient town known for its astonishing metal crafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated byThurstan Shaw(an English archaeologist). They have been dated to the 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance.[68]
Other places of interest in the state includes:
Ogba Waterfalls; considered to be one of the largest cave in West Africa, which will take upwards to two hours to explore. It is located in Owerre Ezeukala, that borders three other states: Abia, Enugu and Imo.
Agulu Lake; it is very wide and lengthy with a beautiful surface area. It habitats several marine species the most famous of them being the crocodile and water turtle which on estimate, they were about three hundred. Fishing is prohibited there.
Rojenny Tourist Village; located in Oba and has small games reserves that are populated with a variety of animals such as Baboons, Chimpanzees, Alligators etc. It also has African bar-restaurant, children's park, Olympic size swimming pool, etc.
Odinani Museum Nri; located in Anaocha Local Government, it houses lots of archaeological discoveries, cultural and traditional religious artifacts.
Ikenga Virgin Forest; the only virgin forest in Nigeria as the trees have never been deforested nor its land cultivated. It is home to species of animals that have gone extinct in other parts of the country.
Anambra also has diverse delicacies; onugbu soup, a famous dish from the state. Nsala soup, Oha Soup, Egusi soup,Palm oilStew, Nkwobi, Isi ewu, Abacha, Ukwa, and Akidi are some of the most common foods in Anambra.[70][71]
Festivals
Onitsha Ofala Festival;celebrated once a year in October, to mark the climax of the New Yam.
Igu Aro Festival; annual festival celebrated in Enugu Ukwu to flag off the annual planting season.
Dance is one of the best ways of self-expression in the Igboland. The most popular dance from the state is Mkpokiti dance. Some of the most popular dances in Anambra include:Atilogwu Dance,Egedege dance, Igbo Ndi Eze, etc.[73]
Masquerades
Masquerades are mostly active during the festive seasons.Ijele Masqueradeis the most popular masquerade from Anambra. Others include: Izaga, Ulaga, Agaba and Aji Busuu.
Anambra State Universal Education Board, (ASUBEB) is responsible for the coordination and organization of educational activities, promotion of effective teaching and learning in Anambra State Schools.
Education is compulsory from ages six to fifteen. It is required that any parents and guardians must ensure that their child is enrolled in and regularly attends private, public or a combination of schools for the academic session.
Anambra is known to be leading in basic education in Nigeria, especially in science and technology. In 2018, five students fromRegina Pacis Model Secondary School,[79]Onitsha,won gold medals at the World Technovation Challenge, held inSilicon Valley,San Francisco.[80]In 2019, Anambra State representatives fromSt. John's Science & Technical College Alor,won bronze at the International Festival of Engineering, Science and Technology I-FEST, held inTunisia.In 2021, Seven students from Queen of the Rosary College, Onitsha defeated over five thousand other teams from around the world to win the Global Prize Award at Diamond Challenge Global Summit. Anambra students have also won series of International and National debate.[81]
Anambra state is a home to number of public and private tertiary institutions. Their activities are overseen by the Anambra state and Federal Ministry of Education.
TheNnamdi Azikiwe University(UNIZIK), Awka, which runs a modern teaching hospital inNnewiwith facilities also at Umunya,[83]and Ukpo. There are also a faculty of pharmaceutical sciences atAgulu,a School of Preliminary studies at Mbaukwu, and a College of Agriculture.
TheAnambra State University(Officially known as Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, formerly known as Anambra State University of Science and Technology (ASUTECH), with two campuses, one in Uli, and another at Igbariam[84][85][86]
The literacy rate in the state is comparatively high compared to other states. Anambra State students have won laurels, nationally and internationally in recent times. This is a pointer to the literacy rate of the state, when compared to others.[101][102][103][104]Primary and secondary school enrollment in the state is one of the highest in the country.[105]Consequently, Anambra state has the highest number ofJAMBcandidates going after the limited number of spaces in Nigeria's tertiary colleges.[106]From 2011/2012 to 2014, its students had the best results in both WAEC and NECO-conducted senior secondary school examinations.[107][108]
Anambra State has some of the best boarding and day secondary schools in Nigeria. The state places a high standard on secondary education.[109][110]
The successive government of the state had established Anambra State Health Insurance Scheme, to enable people pay a little amount of money for quality healthcare services noting that it is a way of strengthening the health sector and making health services accessible to the people of the State irrespective of their level of income.[111]
The State has a three-tier administrative structure: State, Local and Autonomous community levels. The three arms at state level are theExecutive,theLegislativeand theJudiciary.The executive arm is headed by an elected governor, who is assisted by a deputy governor, commissioners and executive advisers.
Anambra's political history can be described as varied. Until the early 21st century, it was marked by considerable unrest. Having a long list of "firsts" in Nigerian history, it has been known by the sobriquet as, "The Light of The Nation". On 29 May 1999,Chinwoke Mbadinujuwas sworn in as civilian governor of Anambra state, after many years of military rule. His administration was plagued by deep problems: the most notable was withholding of teachers' salaries in the school. The teachers finally conducted a ten-month strike in all the government secondary schools in the state.[113]
Before Mbadinuju's rule, secondary education had been free of charge. His administration imposed a tuition fee of 3,000Nairaper term, for all secondary schools, which led to an unprecedented massive demonstration by secondary school students from all over the state. Many people attribute Mbadinuju's failure to political godfathers; his successor also struggled. On 26 May 2003,Chris Ngigewas sworn in as the new governor of the state, but he was removed in March 2006 after Peter Obi of APGA filed charges against him of electoral malpractice. The Court of Appeal in Enugu asserted that Ngige's apparent victory in the 2003 election was fraudulent and ordered him to leave the seat.[114]
Obi was ousted by a faction of theAnambra State House of Assemblyon 2 November 2006 and replaced byVirginia Etiaba,his deputy.[115]On 9 February 2007, Etiaba handed power back to Obi after the Court of Appeal had nullified Obi's removal.[116]
On 14 April 2007,Andy Ubaof PDP was "elected" as the new governor of the state and, on 29 May, was sworn in.[117]Reported to be massively rigged, the election was widely criticised. On 14 June 2007 theSupreme Court of Nigeriaruled that Peter Obi's tenure had not ended; therefore, there was no vacancy in the governorship. It removed Andy Uba from office and replaced him with his predecessor Obi.[118]
On 6 February 2010, Peter Obi was re-elected governor for a second term of four years, after a hot contest withChris Ngige,a former governor of the state; Prof.Charles Soludo,a former governor of theCentral Bank of Nigeria;andAndy Uba,who was a strong voice in the state's politics.[119][120]Other contenders included MrsUche Ekwunife,Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu, and many others. Twenty-five contestants ran for the office. Obi was affirmed as the winner of the election, having more than 30% votes above the immediate runner-up. ChiefWillie Obianowas sworn in on 17 March 2014 after winning the 16 November 2013 election. GovernorWillie Obianoof All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) was sworn in for a second term in office on 17 March 2018 after the victory at 18 November 2017 elections.[121]He handed over to Charles Soludo, winner of the 9 November 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra state on 17 March 2022.[122][123]
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.[126]
ProfessorHumphrey Nwobu Nwosu– professor of political science; formerNEC chairman;conducted the freest, fairest and most credible election so far in Nigeria[143]
ChiefWillie Obiano- Former governor of Anambra State.
ProfessorCharles Chukwuma Soludo–economist who spearheaded Nigerian economic reform from 1999 to 2008; ex-head of the Central Bank of Nigeria[145][146]
ProfessorChinua Achebe– native ofOgidiand best known for the classic,Things Fall Apart;first African writer whose books are standard curricula in schools and universities across the world[153][154]
Chimamanda Adichie– writer, won the Orange Prize for Fiction (2007) and a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (2008). She is one of 21st century most influential author[155]
Prof. Chukwuemeka IkeChukwuemeka Ike– writer of many books includingToads for Supper,Bottled Leopard,andExpo 77;[157]hails from Ndikelionwu in Anambra State; was the traditional ruler Ikelionwu XI; first registrar of theWest African Examination Council
Chioma Chukwuka- actress and movie producer, winner of theAfrica Movie Academy AwardforBest Actress in a leading role,winner of the Afro Hollywood award forBest actress in a lead role.
ProfessorChike Obi– mathematician famous for his work on non-differential equations; won the 1985 ICTP Prize[166]and developed a special solution for Fermat's last theorem;[167]
Fabian Udekwu(1928–2006) – professor of surgery and trailblazer of open heart surgery in Africa[168]
Pius Okigbo,CON[169]– world-renowned economist; first economic advisor to the Federal government of Nigeria (1960–1962); first Nigerian Ambassador to the European Community; renowned for bringing to light to over $12 billion missing in oil windfall receipts from the Central Bank of Nigeria during the first Gulf War.
Bennet Omalu- physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
^Nweke, Anselem (3 October 2019). "Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study".SSRN3463832.
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