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Androphagi

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This article is about the Androphagi. Not to be confused withAnthropophagi.

TheAndrophagiwere an ancientScythiantribe whose existence was recorded by ancientGreco-Romanauthors.

The Androphagi were closely related to theMelanchlaeniand theBudini.[1]

Name[edit]

The nameAndrophagiis a Latinisation of the ancient Greek nameAndrophagoi(Ancient Greek:Ἀνδροφάγοι), which meant "Man-Eaters." This name is a descriptive one based on this tribe's practice ofcannibalism,and their own tribal name is unknown.[2]

Location[edit]

The location of the Androphagi nearScythia.

The Androphagi lived in the region to the east of the middleDniproriver, especially in the valley of theSulaand some smaller rivers.[3]

The neighbours of the Androphagi were theNeurito the west and theScythiansto the south.[3]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes ofCentral Asia,possibly around the 9th century BC,[4]as a section of the population of theSrubnaya culture[5]containing a significant element originating from the SiberianAndronovo culture.[6]The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first trulynomadic pastoralistgroups, who themselves emerged in theCentral AsianandSiberiansteppesduring the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions.[7]

During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of theEurasian Steppestarted when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either theMassagetae[8]or theIssedones,[9]migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across theAraxesriver,[10]following which some Scythian tribes had migrated westwards into the steppe adjacent to the shores of the Black Sea, which they occupied along with theCimmerians,who were also a nomadic Iranic people closely related to the Scythians.[5]

Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region,[8]where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory,[5]with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles,[11]after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and theLake Maeotis.[10][12][5][8][13]The section of the Scythians from whom the Androphagi originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia aroundc. 800 BC.[2]

From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to theDanuberiver, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards,[4][8][4][14][15]with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC.[16]

Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC.[17]The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture.[18]

Migration towards the forest steppe[edit]

From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of theCaspian Seaand arrived in theCiscaucasiansteppes, from where they settled in easternTranscaucasiauntil the early 6th century BC.[19][20][21][5][22][23][24]

The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in thec. 600s BC,[25]after which, beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into thePontic Steppe,which became the centre of Scythian power.[26][27][8]

The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into the region of Donets-Kramatorsk, where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of the Scythian culture,[28]of which the Donets group corresponded to theMelanchlaeni,the Sula group to the Androphagi,[3]and the Vorskla group to theBudini,[29]with all of these groups remaining independent from theScythians proper.[3]This splinter group arrived in the forest-steppe region in part from the Kuban region, but for the most from northern Ciscaucasia.[2]

Of these groups, the Androphagi and the Melanchlaeni were closely related tribes.[30]

The Persian invasion[edit]

When thePersianAchaemenidkingDarius Iattacked the Scythiansin 513 BC, the Scythian kingIdanthyrsussummoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of theBudini,Gelonians,andSarmatiansaccepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of theAgathyrsi,Androphagi,Melanchlaeni,Neuri,andTaurirefused to support the Scythians.[31]

During the campaign, the Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing the Scythians to return toScythiawith the Persians pursuing them.[32][31]

Society and culture[edit]

The ancient Greek authorHerodotus of Halicarnassusdescribed the Androphagi as wearing Scythian-type clothing, and speaking a "peculiar language."[3]

Lifestyle[edit]

The Androphagi were largely engaged in agriculture and farming, and hunting was of lesser importance among them.[2]

Language[edit]

The "peculiar language" of the Androphagi might have been a dialect ofIranic languagedifferent from that of the Pontic Scythians. The Sula group of the Scythian culture which corresponded to the Androphagi was part of an area of Iranic toponymy and hydronymy.[3]

Ritual cannibalism[edit]

Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Androphagi were the only ones who practised cannibalism among the peoples living near Scythia, which seems to be confirmed by the intact and unbroken human bones of seventeen individuals which were found along with cut and broken animal bones in the kitchen refuse of seven Androphagi earthworks. However, traces of similar ritual cannibalism are recorded from seven earthworks of the Melanchlaeni and Budini, as well as in the Smiela kurgan 15, which was one of the earliest burials of the Tiasmyn group of the Scythian culture.[30][2]

TheSauromatianswho lived in the Urals and the lower Volga, andMassagetaeandIssedonesto the east of the Urals, practised similar ritual cannibalism, suggesting that the early Scythic peoples of the Central Asian steppe had customs and beliefs connected to ritual cannibalism.[30]

Trade[edit]

Trade relations between the Androphagi and theancient Greekcolonieson the northern shores of theBlack Seahad been established in the 6th century BC.[2]

Archaeology[edit]

Main article:Scythian culture § The Sula group

The Androphagi archaeologically belonged to theScythian culture,and they corresponded to its Sula group, which was the largest Scythian culture group of the eastern European forest steppe zone.[3]

The Donets, Sula and Vorskla groups of the Scythian culture, respectively corresponding to theMelanchlaeni,Androphagi, andBudini,are sometimes grouped the Zolnichnaya (that is "Ash-Mounds" ) culture because of the presence of severalzolnyk(зольник), that is ash mounds containing containing refuse from kitchens and other sources, near dwellings.[1]The three groups of the Zolnichnaya culture were closely related to each other, with the Vorskla group nevertheless exhibiting enough significant differences from the Sula and Donets groups that the latter two are sometimes grouped together as a Sula-Donets group distinct from the Vorskla group.[1]

The earliest Scythians had belonged to theSrubnaya cultureculture,[33]and, like the Donets group of the Scythian culture which corresponds to theMelanchlaeni,the Sula group of the Scythian culture contained an important element of theSrubnaya culturein its substratum, although there were some differences between the Donets and Sula groups.[29]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcSulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 586.
  2. ^abcdefSulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 587.
  3. ^abcdefgSulimirski 1985,p. 185.
  4. ^abcBatty 2007,p. 204-214.
  5. ^abcdeMelyukova 1990,pp. 97–110.
  6. ^Sulimirski 1985,pp. 168–169.
  7. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 552.
  8. ^abcdeOlbrycht 2000b.
  9. ^Olbrycht 2000a.
  10. ^abSulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 553.
  11. ^Bouzek 2001,p. 44.
  12. ^Harmatta 1996.
  13. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 560-590.
  14. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 558.
  15. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 576.
  16. ^Melyukova 1990,pp. 98.
  17. ^Sulimirski 1985,pp. 173–174.
  18. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 561.
  19. ^Sulimirski 1954,p. 282.
  20. ^Ivantchik 1993a,p. 127-154.
  21. ^Diakonoff 1985,p. 89-109.
  22. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 560-564.
  23. ^Phillips 1972.
  24. ^Barnett 1991,pp. 333–356.
  25. ^Jacobson 1995,p. 38.
  26. ^Sulimirski 1985,pp. 169–171.
  27. ^Sulimirski & Taylor 1991,p. 564-568.
  28. ^Sulimirski 1985,pp. 179.
  29. ^abSulimirski 1985,p. 187.
  30. ^abcSulimirski 1985,p. 186.
  31. ^abHerodotus & Godolphin 1973.
  32. ^Fol & Hammond 1988,p. 241.
  33. ^Sulimirski 1985,p. 168-169.

Sources[edit]


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