Anne Spencer

For other people named Anne Spencer, seeAnne Spencer (disambiguation).

Anne Spencer
Anne Bethel Spencer in her wedding dress, 1900
Born	Annie Bethel Bannister (1882-02-06)February 6, 1882 Henry County, Virginia
Died	July 27, 1975(1975-07-27)(aged 93) Lynchburg, Virginia
Alma mater	Virginia Seminary
Genre	poetry
Literary movement	Harlem Renaissance

Anne Bethel Spencer(bornBannister;February 6, 1882 – July 27, 1975) was an American poet, teacher, civil rights activist, librarian, and gardener. She was a prominent figure of theHarlem Renaissance,also known asthe New Negro Movement,despite living inVirginiafor most of her life, far from the center of the movement inNew York.She met Edward Spencer while attendingVirginia SeminaryinLynchburg, Virginia.Following their marriage in 1901, the couple moved into a house he built at 1313 Pierce Street, where they raised a family and lived for the remainder of their lives.

Spencer is a widely anthologized poet, and was the first Virginian and one of three African American women included in the highly influentialNorton Anthology of Modern Poetry(1973). As a civil rights activist for equality and educational opportunities, she and her husband Edward, with close friendMary Rice Hayes Allenand others, revived the chapter of theNAACPinLynchburg, Virginia,which had begun in 1913. In association withJames Weldon Johnson,the branch became fully active with ninety-six members as of July, 1918.The Spencers' home became an important center and intellectual salon for guests and dignitaries such asLangston Hughes,Marian Anderson,George Washington Carver,Thurgood Marshall,Martin Luther King Jr.,James Weldon Johnson,andW. E. B. Du Bois.Anne Spencer also loved her garden and her cottage, Edankraal, which her husband Edward built for her as a writing studio in the garden behind their home. The name Edankraal combinesEdward,Anne, andkraal,the Afrikaans word for enclosure or corral.

Life

Early life

Garden at Spencer's house in Lynchburg

Anne Bethel Bannister was born inHenry County, Virginia,to Joel Cephus Bannister and Sarah Louise Scales,African Americanswho were determined to make a better life for their daughter. Her parents worked on a plantation after their marriage. Although her father Joel was born aslavein 1862, Anne's parents were part of the first generation of African Americans whose childhood followed the abolition of slavery. Looking at her previous 5 generations, they were also all enslaved.

As an only child, Anne was the center of her parents' affections, though they separated over differences in ideas about child rearing. After the separation, Anne Bannister was then known as Anne Scales, taking her mother's maiden name. Mother and daughter moved toWest Virginiaand settled inBramwell,a town whose acceptance of African Americans and immigrants was unusual for the time. Anne lodged in the home of the Dixie family while her mother worked as a cook at a local inn. William T. Dixie, a proprietor of his own barber shop, his wife, Willie Belle, and their five children, were prominent members of the African American community.

As a lodger in the Dixie household, Anne did not perform chores or attend school, although she grew up alongside the Dixie children who routinely performed household chores and attended school locally.Sarah Scales was deeply devoted to her daughter, Anne, and she believed the local schools were unsuitable for her. Without the formal structure of education, Anne had an amount of freedom for an African American child in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century. It was this freedom inBramwellthat would lead to her development as a poet, through her explorations of the natural world and her reliance on the solitude she found in the only private place available to her, the family outhouse. It was there in the outhouse, that Annie, as an illiterate child, would take theSears and Roebuckcatalog and seclude herself, turning the pages, imagining and dreaming herself as a reader.Her childhood inBramwellproved foundational to her development as a poet and an intellectual. The solitude she found in the Dixie's outhouse would resurface for her as an adult in Lynchburg, with the garden house her husband built for her, called Edankraal, a name derived from the combination of their names, "Edward" and "Anne," and the Afrikaans word for enclosure or corral, "kraal."

Although separated, Anne's parents, Joel and Sarah, continued contact concerning their daughter's well-being. When Joel learned that Anne was not in school, he sent Sarah an ultimatum that Anne must attend school or he would take her back to live with him. Although Sarah believed the local schools were unsuitable for Anne, she learned of theVirginia Seminaryat a church meeting. With Joel's ultimatum in mind, Anne was sent to Lynchburg to be enrolled in theVirginia University of Lynchburg(then known as Virginia Seminary) in 1893 when she was 11 years old.Despite her largely illiterate childhood, Anne excelled at the seminary, delivering the valedictory address at her graduation in 1899.Anne would return toBramwellduring breaks and over the summer. After receiving an education at theNormal Schoolof theVirginia Seminary,Anne returned to Bramwell after graduation and taught school inElkhornandMaybeury,West Virginia from 1899 to 1901.

Into adulthood

While at the Virginia Seminary Anne met fellow student Charles Edward Spencer, whom she married on May 15, 1901, at the Dixie's home in Bramwell. In 1903, the Spencers moved permanently to Lynchburg and built a home at 1313 Pierce Street where they raised three children together, two daughters, Bethel and Alroy, and a son, Chauncey Spencer. Chauncey continued his mother's legacy of activism, playing a prominent role of military service during World War II. Chauncey's actions and determination led to the formation of theTuskegee Airmenand he became a noted member of the group during a time when African Americans were refused military service as pilots.

In the early years of Anne's writing career, she worked at an all Black high school known as the Paul Laurence Dunbar High School for extra income when her children began attending college.At the school, she worked as a librarian from 1923 to 1945.The library consisted of a rather small collection of books, which resulted in Spencer bringing books from her own collection to add to the library.

Literary life

Anne Spencer poet Lynchburg

Anne Spencer's literary life began while she was a student at the Virginia Seminary where she wrote her first poem, "The Skeptic," which is now lost. She continued to write poetry throughout her life, using any scrap of paper or garden catalogue page that was handy to record her thoughts. Spencer's poems spoke of race, nature, and the harsh realities of the world that she lived in.Her work would go on to be widely anthologized. Spencer's career as a poet began in 1919, when she planned to open anNAACPchapter in Lynchburg. Anne Spencer hostedJames Weldon Johnson,a traveling representative for the NAACP. It was during this visit in 1919 that Johnson discovered Anne's poetry, and working through H.L. Mencken, Johnson's own editor, Anne's first poem, "Before the Feast at Shushan," was published in the February 1920 issue ofThe Crisis.She was 40 years old at the time her first poem was published.

The majority of Spencer's work was published during the 1920s, during theHarlem Renaissance.Her work was highly respected and through her poems she was able to touch on topics of race and nature, as well as themes of feminism.For instance, critics interpret her poem "White Things" to be a comparison of the subjugation of the Black race to the despoliation of nature.Her work was notably featured in Alain Locke's famous anthologyThe New Negro: An Interpretation,which connected her to the lifeline of the Harlem Renaissance, despite the fact that she lived in Virginia, far from New York.In addition, her poems were included inThe Book of American Negro Poetry,which was edited by another figure of the Harlem Renaissance,James Weldon Johnson.During her lifetime, Spencer was able to publish over 30 poems. She earned herself a place in the esteemedNorton Anthology of American Poetry,making her the second African American to be featured in this work.After her death in 1975, much of her work was published inTime’s Unfading Garden: Anne Spencer’s Life and Poetry.She was also later featured inShadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance.In the later half of the twentieth century, much of Spencer's lost work was found and published by other poets.

Legacy

Spencer House Lynchburg Nov 08

Anne Spencer died at the age of 93 on July 27, 1975, and is buried in a family plot at Forest Hills Cemetery, Lynchburg alongside her husband Edward, who died in 1964. In 2016, the Library of Virginia and Dominion Power honored her as one of the Strong Men and Women in Virginia History.

The Lynchburg home in which Anne Spencer lived and worked is now a museum,the Anne Spencer Houseand Garden Museum. TheAnne Spencer Houseand Garden Museum is dedicated to preserving her legacy and connection to theHarlem Renaissance.A celebrated gardener during her lifetime, Anne's garden was inextricably woven into her life and provided inspiration for much of her poetry. A garden house, the one-room retreat, called Edankraal, where Anne did much of her writing, is also part of the property. Anne Spencer's papers, related family papers, and books from her personal library all reside at theAlbert and Shirley Small Special Collections Libraryat theUniversity of Virginia.Some of Anne Spencer's personal correspondence withJames Weldon Johnson,specifically selected by her, are part of the James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection at the Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscripts Library atYale University.

Much of her poetry was deeply connected to her garden. She used her garden and the plants she grew there symbolically in many of her poems, among them, "Grapes, Still Life." One of her most influential works was "White Things", though it was not republished in her lifetime after its initial appearance inThe Crisis.Nevertheless, its impact was such that Keith Clark, inNotable Black American Women,referred to it as "the quintessential 'protest' poem."Still poetically active up to her death in 1975, Anne Spencer wrote one of her most evocative poems, titled for that same year, "1975."

In 2019, theUnited States Postal Serviceannounced that Spencer would be featured on a 2020Forever stamphonoring figures of the Harlem Renaissance. Others in the quartet include writerAlain Locke;novelistNella Larsen;and historianArturo Alfonso Schomburg.

Further reading

• Greene, J. Lee.Times Unfading Garden: Anne Spencer’s Life and Poetry.Louisiana State University Press. (1977).
• Afro-American Women Writers 1746-1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide(1989) Shockley, Ann Allen, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian BooksISBN0-452-00981-2
• With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman,Thurman, Howard.Chicago:Harvest/HBJ Book, 1981.ISBN0-15-697648-X
• Anne Spencer: Ah, how poets sing and die!,Spencer, Anne. Ed. Nina V. Salmon. Lynchburg: Warwick House Publishing, 2001
• Shadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance,Rutgers; 2 Rev Exp edition (October 25, 2006).ISBN0-8135-3886-6
• Marranca, Bonnie, editor.American Garden Writing: An Anthology.Expanded edition. Includes chapter on the restoration of Anne Spencer's garden. Lanham, MD.: Taylor Trade Pub., 2003.
• Echoes from the Garden: The Anne Spencer Story. Washington DC: Byron Studios, 1980. (Documentary Film)
• White, Jame Baber. Lessons learned from a Poet's Garden: The Restoration of the Historic Garden of Harlem Renaissance Poet Anne Spencer. Lynchburg, VA, Blackwell Press, 2011.
• Sacred Spaces: The Home of Anne Spencer. Introduction by poet Jeffrey Beam. Photos by John M. Hall. Captions provided by Anne's granddaughter Shaun Spencer-Hester and Jeffrey Beam in collaboration with Dr. J. Lee Greene, the biographer of Anne Spencer. The book accompanied an exhibit of Anne Spencer held at UNC-Chapel Hill February 2015 and are on exhibit through May 2015.
• Frischkorn, Rebecca T. and Reuben M. Rainey.Half my World: The Garden of Anne Spencer, a History and Guide.Lynchburg, Va:Warwick House, 2003.
• Packert, Beth, editor.Anne Spencer Revisited: A Companion to the Film by Keith Lee.Poems by Anne Spencer, edited and with notes by Beth Packert; illustrated with photographs by Susan Saandholland. Lynchburg, VA: Blackwell Press, 2008.
• Anne Spencer Revisited: A Film by Keith Lee.Dance Theatre of Lynchburg, 2008.
• Salmon, N. Anne Spencer (1882–1975). (2015, October 27). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved fromhttp:// EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Spencer_Anne_1882-1975.
• Hyest, Jenny.Anne Spencer’s Feminist Modernist Poetics.Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 38, no. 3, 2015, pp. 129–47. JSTOR,https://doi.org/10.2979/jmodelite.38.3.129.

External links

• Entry at Modern American Poetry
• In Depth Informational Websiteat theWayback Machine(archived October 2, 2007)
• Anne Spencer House and Garden, Lynchburg
• Works by or about Anne Spencerat theInternet Archive
• Works by Anne SpenceratLibriVox(public domain audiobooks)
• Anne SpenceratFind a Grave
• Anne Spencer's Papers at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library
• Anne Spencer biography and poems at the Academy of American Poets
• Anne Spencer page from The Poetry Foundation