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Anti-LGBT rhetoric

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This article is about themes, catchphrases, and slogans used against LGBT people. For organized opposition, seeLGBT rights opposition.

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Anti-LGBT rhetoriccomprises themes,catchphrases,andslogansthat have been used in order to demeanlesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgender(LGBT) people. They range from the demeaning and the pejorative to expressions of hostility towardshomosexuality which are based on religious,medical, or moral grounds. It is widely considered a form ofhate speech,[1]which is illegal in countries such as theNetherlands,[2]Norway,[3]andSweden.[4]

Anti-LGBT rhetoric often consists ofmoral panicandconspiracy theories.InEastern Europe,these conspiracy theories are based on earlierantisemitic conspiracy theoriesand posit that the LGBT movement is an instrument of foreign control and domination.[5][6][7]

As a foreign conspiracy

[edit]

In 1969, theGreek juntaexited theCouncil of Europeafter being found in violation of theEuropean Convention of Human Rights,judging that theEuropean Commission of Human Rightswas "a conspiracy of homosexuals and communists against Hellenic values".[8]

This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges thatLGBT rights movementsare controlled by foreign forces (such as theEuropean Union) and are a threat to national independence and western civilization.[9][10][11][12]Anti-government protests in Russia and theEuromaidanhave also been portrayed by the Russian government as the work of an LGBT conspiracy.[12]Furthermore, although Russia considers itself to be a European country, its government also considers its values as entirely different from those commonly seen within the European Union. More specifically, Russia used to protest against the common European Values in support of LGBT rights, however rather than complaining about these values, Russia has now chosen to openly express their own values, which are entirely against any support for LGBT rights.[13]

As an ideology

[edit]
See also:Anti-gender movement
LGBT-free zonestickers distributed by theGazeta Polskanewspaper, 2019

In 2013, the conservative blogAmerican Thinkerpublished several articles using the phrase "LGBT ideology".[14]The Italian Catholic philosopherRoberto Marchesini[it]used the phrase in a 2015 article, equating it with the earlier concept of "gender ideology".In his article he does not define either" LGBT ideology "or" gender ideology ".[14][15]In 2017, several conservative Islamic politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia attacked "LGBT ideology".[14][16]

During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Polish ArchbishopMarek Jędraszewskicalled "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague" and compared it to the "Red Plague"ofCommunism.[17][18]Following this, the Czech cardinalDominik Dukaalso commented on "LGBT ideology". However, becauseCzech society is secularand the Catholic Church has little influence on Czech politics, his comments had little impact.[14]In September 2019, Stanley Bill, a lecturer atCambridge Universitywho studies Poland, stated "Scaremongering about 'LGBT ideology' has almost become official policy in Poland with often nasty insinuations from members of the government and public media now the norm".[19]

In June 2020, Polish PresidentAndrzej Dudadrew international attention when he calledLGBTan "ideology"and a form of" Neo-Bolshevism ".[20][21]Agreement PartyMPJacek Żalekstated in an interview that the LGBT community "are not people" and "it's an ideology", which led to the journalistKatarzyna Kolenda-Zaleska[pl]asking him to leave the studio; the row caused controversy.[22]The next day, Duda said at a rally in Silesia: "They are trying to convince us that [LGBT] is people, but it is just an ideology."[23]He promised to "ban the propagation of LGBT ideology in public institutions", including schools, similar to theRussian gay propaganda law.[24]On the same day, PiS MPPrzemysław Czarneksaid on aTVP Infotalk show, regarding a photo of a naked person in a gay bar, "Let's defend ourselves against LGBT ideology and stop listening to those idiocies about human rights or equality. These people are not equal to normal people."[24][25]

In July 2020, theEuropean Unionannounced that it will not provide funding to six Polish towns that have declared themselves "LGBT-free zones",after nearly 100 local governments, a third of Poland's territory, declared themselves" free from LGBT ideology. "[26]On 1 August 2020, the anniversary of theWarsaw Uprising,ultranationalistRobert Winnickicompared LGBT to communist and Nazi ideology. He stated, "Every plague passes at some point. The German plague passed, which was consuming Poland for six years, the red plague passed, the rainbow plague is also going to pass."[27]In August 2020, Justice MinisterZbigniew Ziobroannounced a new program for "counteracting crimes related to the violation of freedom of conscience committed under the influence of LGBT ideology". From a government fund intended to help victims of crime, PLN 613,698 was awarded to a foundation to combat the alleged crimes of "LGBT ideology".[28][29][30]The project, among other things, explores a supposed connection between LGBT ideology and theFrankfurt School.[31]At the 16 August "Stop LGBT aggression"rally that year,Krzysztof Bosaksaid that even irreligious people are among opponents of "LGBT ideology" because it is "contrary to common sense and rational thinking". He also said that the LGBT community is "a lower form of social life".[32]

Criticism

[edit]

According toKrakow Post,a Polish newspaper, "LGBT is not an ideology... The phrase 'LGBT ideology' makes about as much sense as 'redhead ideology' or 'left-handed ideology.'"While the support of manyLGBT peopleandtheir alliesimprovedLGBT rights,they have differing political views.[20]According to Notes from Poland, "attacks on 'LGBT ideology' – which often rely on exaggerated, distorted or invented claims – result in the marginalisation and demonisation of such people."[33]Center-right presidential candidateSzymon Hołownia,who is a practicing Catholic, stated, "there is no such thing as LGBT ideology, there are [LGBT] people". He said that anti-LGBT rhetoric from politicians could lead vulnerable people to suicide.[33]In protest at the comments made by the president and Żalek, LGBT people have held pickets in various towns and cities in Poland, opposing the idea that LGBT is an ideology.[34][35][36][37]Activists also created a film, "Ludzie, nie ideologia" (People, not ideology) showcasing the families of LGBT people.[38]

An article inOKO.presscompared the anti-LGBT campaign to the1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign:during the anti-Zionist campaign, people said that they were targetingZionismas an ideology, but ended up targeting Jews as people. Many Jews were forced out of the country in 1968, and LGBT people are emigrating from Poland in 2020.[24]According to Polish historianAdam Leszczyński,"LGBT ideology" is

a bag into which the right wing throws societal changes that do not suit it (eg. calls for equal rights for same-sex couples, which have been implemented in many countries, from theUnited StatestoSouth Africa). In the language of right-wing propaganda... 'LGBT ideology' serves to dehumanize minorities and create an enemy – and thus build political support for the right, which presents itself as the only defender of the traditional family, religion and social order. 'Ideology' also fits the right-wing perception of the world in terms of a conspiracy – ideology is 'promoted', someone disseminates it, someone is 'behind it' (eg.George Soros,a Jewish-American financier who supports, among others, LGBT organizations).[39]

Dehumanization

[edit]
"Stay in the closet; gay=scum": graffiti inMadrid,Spain

Dehumanizationis a frequent feature of anti-LGBT rhetoric, which may take the form of comparing LGBT people to animals or equating homosexual relationships withbestiality.[40][41]

Slurs

[edit]
Further information:LGBT slang § Slurs

According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do not."[42]Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".[43]

Calls for violence

[edit]
"Death tofaggots!":Serbiangraffiti inBelgrade

Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls forviolence against LGBT peopleand suggestions that they should be killed or die,[44]such as in Cyprus,[45]Iran,[46]Russia,[47]the United States,[48][49]Malawi,[50]or Uganda.[51]

In Serbia, members ofObrazchanted "Death to faggots" (Serbian:Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (Serbian:чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by theConstitutional Court of Serbiadue to extremism.[52][53]

Anti-gay themes

[edit]

Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditionalfamily values,that homosexuality is aTrojan Horse,or that it destroys families and humankind[54]through homosexualrecruitmentwhich will lead to the extinction of humanity.[55]

Homosexuality as a cause of disasters

[edit]

The argument that homosexuals causenatural disastershas been around for more than a thousand years, even beforeJustinianblamed earthquakes on "unchecked homosexual behavior" in the sixth century.[56]This trope was common inearly modernChristian literature;[57]homosexuals were blamed for earthquakes, floods, famines, plagues, invasions ofSaracens,and field mice. This discourse was revived byAnita Bryantin 1976 when she blamed homosexuals for droughts in California.[56]In the U.S., right-wing religious groups including theWestboro Baptist Churchcontinue to claim that homosexuals are responsible for disasters.[58]Homosexuals have been blamed for hurricanes, includingIsaac,Katrina,andSandy.[59]In 2020, various religious figures including Israeli rabbiMeir Mazuzhave argued that theCOVID-19 pandemicis divine retribution for same-sex activity orpride parades.[60]

Following theSeptember 2001 attacks,televangelistJerry Falwellblamed "the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that analternative lifestyle,theACLU,People for the American Way "for provoking the aggression ofIslamic fundamentalistsand causing God to withdraw his protection for America.[61]On the broadcast of the Christian television programThe 700 Club,Falwell said, "You helped this happen". He later apologized and said, "I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".[62][63]

In 2012, Chilean politicianIgnacio Urrutiaclaimed that allowing homosexuals to serve in theChilean militarywould cause Perú and Bolivia to invade and destroy his country.[64]

AIDS as punishment

[edit]
Further information:AIDS § Stigma,andGay-related immune deficiency

An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexualitycausing disastersargues thatHIV/AIDSis divine punishment for homosexuality.[65][56][66]During the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, mainstream newspapers labeled it a "gay plague".[67][68][69]For a few years, the misleading technical name for the disease wasgay-related immune deficiency.[70]

The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" (a pun on the commercial slogan forRaid insecticide"Raid Kills Bugs Dead" ) appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchytruism,achant,or simply something written asgraffiti.It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, whenSebastian Bach,the former lead singer of theheavy metalbandSkid Row,wore it on at-shirtthrown to him by an audience member.[71]The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[72][73]

Homosexuality as unnatural

[edit]
Graffiti inPoznań,Poland: "Boy–girl is the normal family". This has, in turn, been graffitied to add the word "not" inPolish,andtwo female symbols.

Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back toPlato,Aristotle,andThomas Aquinas.However, there is no single definition of "unnatural". Some of those who argue that homosexuality is unnatural in the sense of being absent from nature, an argument refuted by the presence ofhomosexuality in animals.Others mean that the genitals were created for reproduction (either by God or natural selection) and are not intended to be used for purposes they deem "unnatural".Proponents of this idea often argue that homosexuality is immoral because it is unnatural, but opponents argue that this argument makes anis–ought conflation.Some proponents of the "unnaturalness" thesis argue that homosexual behavior is the result of "recruitment"or willful sinfulness.[74]

Homosexuality as a disease

[edit]

Nazi propagandadescribed homosexuality as a contagious disease[75]but not in the medical sense. Rather, homosexuality was a disease of theVolkskörper(national body), a metaphor for the desired national or racial community (Volksgemeinschaft). According to Nazi ideology, individuals' lives were to be subordinated to theVolkskörperlike cells in the human body. Homosexuality was seen as a virus or cancer in theVolkskörperbecause it was seen as a threat to the German nation.[76]The SS newspaperDas Schwarze Korpsargued that 40,000 homosexuals were capable of "poisoning" two million men if left to roam free.[77]

Some of those who called homosexualityunnatural,such asTraditional Values Coalitionhead andChristian rightactivistLouis Sheldon,said that if it were proven to be a biologically based phenomenon, it would still be diseased.[74]The psychiatric establishment in the west oncemedicalized same-sex desire.In the United States, homosexuality was removed in 1973 as amental disorderfrom theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) as it did not meet the criteria for a mental disorder.[78][79][80]The Catholic Church stillofficially teachesthat "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered".[81]In 2016, anti-LGBT rhetoric was increasing in Indonesia under the Twitter hashtag #TolakLGBT (#RejectLGBT) and claims that LGBT is a disease.[82]In 2019, ArchbishopMarek Jędraszewskiclaimed that a "rainbow plague" is threatening Poland.[83]In 2020, the education minister defended an official who warned that "LGBT virus" was threatening Polish schools, and was more dangerous thanCOVID-19.[84]

Homosexuality as a choice or lifestyle

[edit]
"Gay lifestyle" redirects here. For the culture of gay people, seeLGBT culture.

Along with the idea of "homosexual recruitment",the idea of a"gay lifestyle"or"homosexual lifestyle"is used by social and religious conservatives in the United States to argue that non-heterosexualsexual orientationsare consciously chosen.[85][86] However, scientists favorbiological explanations for sexual orientation,arguing that people typically feel no sense of control over their sexual orientation or attractions.[87] The term "gay lifestyle" may also be used disparagingly for a series of stereotyped behaviours.[88]

Christian right activists may worry that increasingLGBT rightswill make the "gay lifestyle" more attractive to young people.[89] US media in the 1970s frequently used the term "alternative lifestyle"as a euphemism for homosexuality, and the term was employed in an anti-gay context by opponents of theEqual Rights Amendment,as well as supporters of California'sProposition 6,which would have barred openly gay teachers in public schools.[90] In 1977, while campaigning against a local ordinance protecting gay teachers againstemployment discrimination,anti-gay activistAnita Bryantstated, "A homosexual is not born, they are made".[91] US presidentRonald Reagandescribed thegay rights movementas opposed to American culture, saying the movement was "asking for a recognition and acceptance of an alternative lifestyle which I do not believe society can condone".[90]

Homosexuality as sinful or ungodly

[edit]
"Adam and Steve" redirects here. For the 2005 film, seeAdam & Steve.
Further information:Religion and homosexuality
Two women standing on a university campus sidewalk, holding placards reading "Gay Hawks", "God Hates Fag Enablers", "God Hates Fags", and "Fags Doom Nations"
Members of theWestboro Baptist Churchpicketing at theUniversity of Kansas

Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on common interpretations of scriptural passages such asLeviticus 18:22( "You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination" ),Leviticus 20:13( "If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them" ), and1 Corinthians 6:9–10 ( "Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers, robbers—none of these will inherit the kingdom of God." )[92]The story ofSodom and Gomorrah,two biblical cities which were burned down due to the sins of its inhabitants, is sometimes portrayed as divine retribution for homosexual behavior.[93][92]

Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly byFred Phelps,founder of theWestboro Baptist Church.These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew ShepardBurns In Hell ".[94]

Two identical posters side-by-side on an outdoor wall reading "God hates lechery" in Hebrew
Posters inTel Avivprior to the city's Pride Parade: "God hates lechery"

Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful inIslam.In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia are growing in some Muslim countries.[95]

Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.[96]

A man with long hair and a beard, dressed as Jesus, holds up a sign reading "I'm Cool With It" atop a rainbow background. He is standing in front of a group of protesters holding anti-LGBT signs on the back of a semi truck, underneath a banner reading, "Homosexuality is Sin! Return to Jesus!". A line of police stand in between, guarding the protesters.
Counter-protester at an anti-LGBTQ demonstration inSeoul,2017

The slogan "God madeAdam and Eve,notAdam and Steve"alludes to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[97][98] AChristianity Todayarticle in December 1970 reported on attitudes in San Francisco, quoting a graffiti that said, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy."[99]In 1977, in Dade County,Anita Bryantmade a similar comment, only her version was "Adam and Bruce".[100][101]Later in 1977, the version "Adam and Steve" was used on a protest sign, as mentioned in aNew York Timesnews service report about a November 19 rally in Houston that year.[102][103]The full phrase was used in "The Gay Bar," an episode ofMaudebroadcast on December 3, 1977. Two years later, by 1979,Jerry Falwellhad used "Adam and Steve"[104]and gave the phrase wider circulation, as quoted in aChristianity Todayreport of a press conference he had given.[102][105]The phrase later acquired a certain notoriety, and, when used to name a pair of characters in a work of fiction, helps to identify them as members of a homosexual pair (Paul Rudnick's playThe Most Fabulous Story Ever Told,[102][106]the 2005 filmAdam & Steveand other works).[102]The phrase was used by theDemocratic Unionist PartyMPDavid Simpsonduring the 2013 BritishHouse of Commons'debate on same-sex marriage,although a slip of the tongue saying "in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused laughter in the chamber.[107][102]Zimbabwean presidential candidateNelson Chamisasaid in an interview that "[w]e must be able to respect what God ordained and how we are created as a people, there are a male and a female, there are Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve".[108]The phrase was also reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.[102]

Homosexuality as a Western ill

[edit]

Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the West.

Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamadof Malaysia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values" program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.[109] Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and formerDeputy Prime MinisterAnwar Ibrahimby Mohamad amidst accusations of sodomy that theSydney Morning Heraldtermed a "blatantly political fix-up".[110]Anwar was subsequently subjected to two trials and sentenced to nine years imprisonment for corruption and sodomy.[111]

While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejadwas invited to speak at Columbia University in New York to give a lecture. When responding to a student question afterward, he said, speaking through an interpreter: "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country."[112]In his nativeFarsi,he used the slang equivalent offaggot,not the neutral term for a "homosexual".[113]

Other countries and regions viewing homosexuality as a Western disease include Vietnam,[114]China,[115]Ethiopia,[116]Africa,[117]Australian Muslims,[118]and India.[119]

Conflation with pedophilia

[edit]
Further information:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
"Stop Pedofilii"van belonging toFundacja Pro[pl],who claim that pedophilia is advocated by the "LGBT lobby"

Theclaim that homosexuals sexually abuse childrenpredates the current era, as it was leveled againstpederastseven duringantiquity.[120]Lawmakers and social commentators have sometimes expressed a concern that normalizing homosexuality would also lead to normalizing pedophilia, if it were determined that pedophilia too were a sexual orientation.[121]A related claim is thatLGBT adoptionis done for the purpose ofgroomingchildren for sexual exploitation.[122]The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[123][124][125]

Others have made hoaxes intending to falsely associate pedophilia with the LGBT community by rebranding it as a sexual orientation, including claims that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles,zoophiles,[and]necrophiles",[126][127]as well as the invented terms "agefluid", "clovergender" (a hoax executed by users of theimageboard4chan,whose logo is a stylizedfour-leaf clover), and "pedosexual".[128][129][130]

Starting in 2022, some conservatives, including Chaya Raichik ofLibs of TikTok,started using the terms "grooming", "groomer" and "pro-pedophile" against their opponents and LGBT people over anti-LGBT legislation, such as laws restricting and banning discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity in schools. Critics say that these usages of the terms diminish the experiences of sexual assault survivors, smear the LGBT community, and are dangerous in general.[131]

"Gay agenda"

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromGay agenda.[edit]

"Gay agenda"or" homosexual agenda "is apejorative[132][133]term used by sectors of theChristian religious rightas a disparaging way to describe theadvocacy of cultural acceptance and normalizationofnon-heterosexualsexual orientations and relationships. The term originated amongsocial conservatives in the United Statesand has been adopted in nations with activeanti-LGBTmovements such asHungaryandUganda.

The term refers to efforts to change government policies and laws onLGBT rights–related issues. Additionally, it has been used by social conservatives and others to describe alleged goals of LGBT rights activists, such asrecruiting heterosexualsinto what conservatives term a "homosexual lifestyle".

Recruitment

[edit]
Further information:Acquired homosexualityandHomosexual seduction

The charge of "homosexual recruitment"is an allegation by social conservatives that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts toindoctrinatechildren into homosexuality. In the United States, this dates back to the earlypost-warera.[134]: 91 Proponents were found especially among theNew Right,as epitomized byAnita Bryant.In herSave Our Childrencampaign, she promoted a view of homosexuals recruiting youth.[134]: 115–116 A common slogan is "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants.[135][136]Supporters of recruitment allegations point at "deviant"[137]and "prurient"sex educationas evidence. They express concern that anti-bullying efforts teach that "homosexuality is normal, and that students shouldn't harass their classmates because they're gay", suggesting recruitment as the primary motivation.[138]Supporters of this myth cite the inability forsame-sex couplesto reproduce as a motivation for recruitment.[138][139][140][141]

Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth,[142][143]and a fear-inducingbogeyman.[144]Many critics believe the term promotes themyth of homosexuals as pedophiles:[145][146]

  • In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance inMiami-Dade Countythat prohibited discrimination on the basis ofsexual orientation.Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment.[140]Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in theJournal of Social History,Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization,Save Our Children,framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'. "[147]
  • Oregon's proposed 1992Ballot Measure 9contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to thestate Constitution.U.S. writerJudith Reismanjustified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by gays and lesbians.[148]
  • Asmall newspaper in Uganda's capitalattracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids."[51]According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation.[149]Minorities activistDavid Kato,who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder[150]and an international outcry resulted.[151][152]
  • In 1998,The Onionparodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year."[153][154]According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details.[153]TheWestboro Baptist Churchpassed along the story as fact,[155][156]citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.[157]

Homosexual conspiracies

[edit]
Further information:Gay agenda

"Homintern"

[edit]

According to historianMichael S. Sherry,the term "homintern" —a reference to "Comintern",the Soviet-sponsored Communist International—was probably used jokingly among artists and writers in England in the 1930s to mock the idea of a powerfulcabalof queer artists.[158]Coining of the term has been attributed to various writers includingW. H. Auden,Cyril Connolly,Jocelyn Brooke,Harold Norse,andMaurice Bowra.[159][160]During theCold War,anti-gay commentators in the United States sought to link homosexuality andCommunism,using the terms "homintern" and "homosexual mafia"as shorthand for a purported homosexual conspiracy in the arts similar to the Communist International in politics.[158]

Sherry refers to mid–20th century American conspiracy theories targeting gay artists, many of whose works were prominently used as propaganda in theCultural Cold Waragainst the Soviet Union, as the "homintern discourse".[161]During thesecond Red Scarein the 1950s, the "homintern" was invoked by American SenatorJoseph McCarthy,who used it to claim that the administrations ofFranklin D. RooseveltandHarry S. Trumanwere set on destroying America from within.[162][better source needed]According to Sherry, the "homintern discourse" began to decline with the growth of1960s countercultureand skepticism about the United States' role in the Cold War andVietnam War.[161][163]

"Gaystapo"

[edit]

The term "Gaystapo" (French:Gestapette) was coined in France in the 1940s by political satiristJean Galtier-Boissièrefor theVichyeducation minister,Abel Bonnard.It was subsequently applied byNational FrontleaderJean-Marie Le PentoFlorian Philippot,whom he accused of being a bad influence onMarine Le Pen.[164][165]

"Gay mafia"

[edit]

The English criticKenneth Tynanwrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor ofPlayboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts.[166]Spectorsky declined, although he stated that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before".Playboywould subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.

"Gay mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American dailyNew York Post.The term was also used by the BritishtabloidThe Sunin 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in theLabour Party Cabinet.[167][168][169][170]

"Lavender mafia"

[edit]

While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the USentertainment industry,[171]more generally it refers to Church politics. For example, a faction within theleadership and clergyof theRoman Catholic Churchthat allegedly advocates the acceptance ofhomosexualitywithin the Church and its teachings.[172]

"Gay lobby"

[edit]
Marchers at Prague Pride 2017 carry a satirical "Homo Lobby" sign
Marchers at Prague Pride 2017 carry a satirical "Homo Lobby"sign, a phrase used as a slur by right-wing populist movements in the Czech Republic.

The term "homo lobby"or"gay lobby"is often used by opponents of LGBT rights in Europe. For example, the Swedish neo-Nazi partyNordic Resistance Movementruns a "crush the homo lobby" campaign.[173] According to the German newspaperDer Tagesspiegel,advocating for LGBT rights could accurately be calledlobbying,but the termSchwulen-Lobby('gay lobby') is insulting because it is used to suggest a powerful conspiracy which does not actually exist.[174]

In 2013,Pope Francisspoke about a "gay lobby" within theVatican,and promised to see what could be done.[175]In July 2013, Francis went on to draw a distinction between the problem oflobbyingand thesexual orientationof people: "If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?" "The problem", he said, "is not having this orientation. We must be brothers. The problem is lobbying by this orientation, or lobbies of greedy people, political lobbies,Masoniclobbies, so many lobbies. This is the worse problem. "[176][177]

Anti-transgender rhetoric

[edit]
Anti-transgender graffiti in Rome'sMunicipio VIIIdistrict
Further information:Transphobia

Misgendering

[edit]
Further information:Misgendering
See also:Deadnaming

Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity.[178]Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It can involve using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use,[179]calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,[180]and using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one[181](deadnaming).[182][183]

Deception and masquerade

[edit]

Some terms often considered to be anti-trans such asshemale,trap,andladyboyare perceived to promote the belief thattrans womenare men masquerading as women. The concept of a person whose gender identity differs from their assigned birth sex has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[184]Transgender individuals are often perceived as more deceptive than sexual minorities.[185]

Bathroom bills

[edit]
Further information:Unisex public toilet § Criticism
This section is an excerpt fromBathroom bill.[edit]

Abathroom billis the common name for legislation or a statute that denies access topublic toiletsbygenderortransgenderidentity. Bathroom bills affect access to sex-segregated public facilities for an individual based on a determination of their sex as defined in some specific way, such as their sex asassigned at birth,their sex as listed on theirbirth certificate,or the sex that corresponds to theirgender identity.[186]A bathroom bill can either be inclusive or exclusive of transgender individuals, depending on the aforementioned definition of their sex.

Proponents of the bills argue that such legislation is necessary to maintain privacy, protect what they claim to be an innate sense of modesty held by mostcisgenderpeople, prevent voyeurism, assault, molestation, and rape,[187]and retain psychological comfort.[188][189]Critics of the bills argue that they do not make public restrooms any safer for cisgender people, and that they make public restrooms less safe for both transgender people andgender non-conformingcisgender people.[190][191][192]Additionally, critics claim there have been no cases of a transgender person attacking a cisgender person in a public restroom,[190][193]although there has been one reported incident of voyeurism in a fitting room.[194]TheAmerican Medical Association,theAmerican Psychological Association,and theAmerican Academy of Pediatricsare all opposed to bathroom bills.[195][196][197][198]

In feminism

[edit]
Further information:Gender-critical feminism
See also:Womyn-born womyn

Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known astrans-exclusionary radical feminists,or "TERF"for short. This term was coined by feminist blogger Viv Smythe in 2008 as a value-neutral descriptor of feminists that engage in denialism.

In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond publishedThe Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male.In it, she wrote that, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves."[199]A common position in radical feminism maintain that trans women are not women in a literal sense and should not be in women-only spaces.[200]

Somesecond-wave feministsperceive trans men and women respectively as "traitors" and "infiltrators" to womanhood.[201]In a 1997 article, Australian lesbian feministSheila Jeffreyswrote that"[T]ranssexualismshould be seen as a violation of human rights. "Jeffreys also argued that bytransitioningmedically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."[202]

Legality and censorship

[edit]

Hate speechagainst LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries[203]—for example, in theNetherlands,[2]Norway,[3]andSweden.[204]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ab"Dutch penal code – article 137c".Retrieved17 March2021.
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  6. ^Klosowska, Anna (2011). "Trouble in the Global Village: A Snapshot of LGBT Community in Eastern Europe". In Román-Odio, C.; Sierra, M. (eds.).Transnational Borderlands in Women's Global Networks: The Making of Cultural Resistance.Comparative Feminist Studies Series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 179–200.doi:10.1057/9780230119475_9.ISBN978-0-230-11947-5.[page needed]
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  14. ^abcdLeszczyński, Adam (17 June 2020)."'Ideologia LGBT'. Co mówi o niej Andrzej Duda, biskupi i islamiści? "['LGBT ideology'. What do Andrzej Duda, bishops and Islamists say about it?].OKO.press(in Polish).Retrieved20 August2020.
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Further reading

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