Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialistBolivarian propagandamural inCaracas,Venezuela,specifically targetingAmerican imperialism.Written in Spanish "Out with imperialism, only the people save the people"

Graffiti inTbilisi,GeorgiaopposingRussian imperialism

Anti-imperialisminpolitical scienceandinternational relationsis opposition toimperialismorneocolonialism.Anti-imperialist sentiment typically manifests as a political principle inindependencestruggles againstinterventionor influence from aglobal superpower,as well as in opposition tocolonial rule.Anti-imperialism can also arise from a specific economic theory, such as in theLeninistinterpretation of imperialism (Vladimir Lenin's theory ofsurplus valuebeingexportedto less developed nations in search of higherprofits,eventually leading to imperialism), which is derived from Lenin's 1917 workImperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism.People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed tocolonialism,colonial empires,hegemony,imperialismand the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders.

An influential movement independent of theWesternleftthat advocated religious anti-imperialism waspan-Islamism;which challenged theWestern civilisationalmodel and rose to prominence across various parts of theIslamic worldduring the 19th and 20th centuries. Its most influential ideologue was theSunnitheologianMuhammad Rashid Rida,a fierce opponent of Western ideas, who called uponMuslimsto rise up in armed resistance by wagingjihadagainstimperialismand re-establish anIslamic caliphate.Through his resolution in theSecond World CongressofComintern(1920), Lenin accused the anti-imperialism ofpan-Islamistsof favouring the interests of thebourgeoisie,feudal landlords andreligious clerics;and incitedcommuniststo compulsorily fight pan-Islamism. Since then,Sovietauthorities regularly employed the charge of pan-Islamism to target Islamic dissidents foranti-Sovietactivities and fomentinganti-communistrebellions.

The phrase gained a wide currency after theSecond World Warand at the onset of theCold Waras political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed theUnited Statessupported the power of theSoviet Union,while in some Marxist schools, such asMaoism,this was criticized associal imperialism.Islamistmovements traditionally viewRussiaandChinaas imperial andneo-colonialforces engaged in persecution and oppression of Muslim communities domestically and abroad, in addition to the U.S. and its allies likeIsrael.

Theory

In the late 1870s, the term "imperialism" was introduced to the English language by opponents of the aggressively imperial policies of British Prime MinisterBenjamin Disraeli(1874–1880).It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such asJoseph Chamberlain.For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest; and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed.John A. HobsonandVladimir Leninadded a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Many theoreticians on the left have followed either or both in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a global system extending over a period of centuries, often going back toChristopher Columbus.As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease with the fact of power, specifically Western power.

The relationships amongcapitalism,aristocracyandimperialismhave been discussed and analysed by theoreticians, historians, political scientists such asJohn A. HobsonandThorstein Veblen,Joseph SchumpeterandNorman Angell.Those intellectuals produced much of their works about imperialism before theWorld War I(1914–1918), yet their combined work informed the study of the impact of imperialism upon Europe and contributed to the political and ideologic reflections on the rise of themilitary–industrial complexin the United States from the 1950s onwards.

Hobson

Main article:Imperialism (Hobson)

John A. Hobsonstrongly influenced the anti-imperialism of both Marxists and liberals, worldwide through his 1902 book onImperialism.He argued that the "taproot of imperialism" is not innationalist pride,but in Capitalism. As a form of economic organization, imperialism is unnecessary and immoral, the result of the mis-distribution of wealth in a capitalist society. That created an irresistible desire to extend the national markets into foreign lands, in search of profits greater than those available in the Mother Country. In the capitalist economy, rich capitalists received a disproportionately higher income than did the working class. If the owners invested their incomes to their factories, the greatly increased productive capacity would exceed the growth in demand for the products and services of said factories. Lenin adopted Hobson's ideas to argue that capitalism was doomed and would eventually be replaced by socialism, the sooner the better.

Hobson was also influential in liberal circles, especially the British Liberal Party.Historians Peter Duignan andLewis H. Gannargue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism:

Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.

On the positive side, Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order. Conversely, should the state not intervene, rentiers (people who earn income from property or securities) would generate socially negative wealth that fostered imperialism and protectionism.

Political movement

As a self-conscious political movement, anti-imperialism originated in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in opposition to the growing Europeancolonial empiresand the United States control of the Philippines after 1898.However, it reached its highest level of popular support in the colonies themselves, where it formed the basis for a wide variety ofnational liberation movementsduring the mid-20th century and later. These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, were instrumental in thedecolonizationprocess of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw most European colonies in Asia and Africa achieving their independence.

International context

United States

Main article:American Anti-Imperialist League

An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the United States entered theSpanish–American Warin 1898.Most activists supported the war itself, but opposed the annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines.TheAnti-Imperialist Leaguewas founded on June 15, 1898, in Boston in opposition of the acquisition of the Philippines, which would happen anyway. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated thecredo of republicanism,especially the need for "consent of the governed".Appalled by American imperialism, the Anti-Imperialist League, which included famous citizens such asAndrew Carnegie,Henry James,William JamesandMark Twain,formed a platform which stated:

We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government... We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Fred Harrington states that "the anti-imperialist's did not oppose expansion because of commercial, religious, constitutional, or humanitarian reasons but instead because they thought that an imperialist policy ran counter to the political doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address".

An important influence on American intellectuals was the work of British writerJohn A. Hobson.especiallyImperialism: A Study(1902).Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism:

Hobson's...hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.

The American rejection of the League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied with a sharp American reaction against European imperialism. American textbooks denounced imperialism as a major cause of the World War. The uglier aspects of British colonial rule were emphasized, recalling the long-standing anti-British sentiments in the United States.

In Britain and Canada

Anti-imperialism within Britain emerged in the 1890s, especially from within theLiberal Party.For over a century, back to the days ofAdam Smithin 1776, economists had been hostile to imperialism on the grounds that it is a violation of the principles of free trade; they never formed a popular movement. Indeed, imperialism seems to have been generally popular before the 1890s.The key impetus around 1900 came from strong public disapproval with the British actions during with theSecond Boer War(1899–1902). The war was fought against theAfrikaners,who wereDutch colonistswho had built new homelands in South Africa.Opposition to the Second Boer Warwas modest when the war began and was generally less widespread than support for it. However, influential groups formed immediately against the war, including theSouth African Conciliation CommitteeandW. T. Stead'sStop the War Committee.Much of the opposition in Britain came from the Liberal Party. Intellectuals and activists Britain based in the socialist, labour and Fabian movements generally oppose imperialism andJohn A. Hobson,a Liberal, took many of his ideas from their writings.After the Boer war, opponents of imperialism turned their attention to the British crown colonies in Africa and Asia.By the 1920s, the government was sponsoring large-scale exhibits promoting imperialism, notably the 1924British Empire Exhibitionin London and the 1938Glasgow Empire Exhibition.Some intellectuals used the opportunity to criticise imperialism as a policy.

Moderately active anti-imperial movements emerged in Canada and Australia. The French Canadians were hostile to British expansion whilst in Australia, it was the Irish Catholics who were opposed.French Canadians argue that Canadian nationalism was the proper and true goal and it sometimes conflicted with loyalty to the British Empire. Many French Canadians claimed that they would fight for Canada but would not fight for the Empire.

Protestant Canadians, typically of British descent, generally supported British imperialism enthusiastically. They sent thousands of volunteers to fight alongside British and imperial forces against the Boers and in the process identified themselves even more strongly with the British Empire.A little opposition also came from some English immigrants such as the intellectual leaderGoldwin Smith.In Canada, the Irish Catholics were fighting the French Canadians for control of the Catholic Church, so the Irish generally supported the pro-British position.Anti-imperialism also grew rapidly in India and formed a core element of the demand by Congress for independence.

Leninism and Marxism–Leninism

To the Russian revolutionaryVladimir Lenin,imperialism was the highest, but degenerate, stage of capitalism.

To the Latin American revolutionaryChe Guevara,imperialism was a capitalistic geopolitical system of control and repression which must be understood as such in order to be defeated.

In the mid-19th century,Karl Marxmentioned imperialism to be part of the prehistory of thecapitalist mode of productioninDas Kapital(1867–1894).Vladimir Lenindefined imperialism as "the highest stage of capitalism", the economic stage in whichmonopolyfinance capital becomes the dominant application of capital.As such, said financial and economic circumstances impelled national governments and private business corporations to worldwide competition for control of natural resources and human labour by means ofcolonialism.

TheLeninistviews of imperialism and related theories, such asdependency theory,address the economicdominanceandexploitationof a country, rather than the military and the political dominance of a people, their country and its natural resources. Hence, the primary purpose of imperialism is economic exploitation, rather than mere control of either a country or of a region. The Marxist and the Leninist denotation thus differs from the usual political science denotation of imperialism as the direct control (intervention, occupation and rule) characteristic of colonial andneo-colonialempires as used in the realm ofinternational relations.

InImperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism(1917), Lenin outlined the five features of capitalist development that lead to imperialism:

1. Concentration of production and capital leading to the dominance of national and multinational monopolies and cartels.
2. Industrial capital as the dominant form of capital has been replaced byfinance capital,with the industrial capitalists increasingly reliant on capital provided by monopolistic financial institutions. "Again and again, the final word in the development of banking is monopoly".
3. The export of the aforementioned finance capital is emphasized over the export of goods.
4. The economic division of the world by multinational cartels.
5. The political division of the world into colonies by the great powers, in which the great powers monopolise investment.

Generally, the relationship among Marxist-Leninists and radical, left-wing organisations who areanti-war,often involves persuading such political activists to progress frompacifismto anti-imperialism—that is, to progress from the opposition of war, in general, to the condemnation of the capitalist economic system, in particular.

In the 20th century, theSoviet Unionrepresented themselves as the foremost enemy of imperialism and thus politically and financially supportedThird Worldrevolutionary organisations who fought for national independence. This was accomplished through the export of both financial capital and Soviet military apparatuses, with the Soviet Union sending military advisors toEthiopia,Angola,EgyptandAfghanistan.

However,anarchistsas well as many other Marxist organizations, have characterized Soviet foreign policy as imperialism and cited it as evidence that the philosophy of Marxism would not resolve and eliminate imperialism.Mao Zedongdeveloped the theory that the Soviet Union was asocial imperialistnation, a socialist people with tendencies to imperialism, an important aspect of Maoist analysis of the history of the Soviet Union.Contemporarily, the term "anti-imperialism" is most commonly applied by Marxist-Leninists, and political organisations of like ideological persuasion who oppose capitalism, present aclass analysisof society and the like.

About the nature of imperialism and how to oppose and defeat it,Che Guevarasaid:

imperialism is a world system, the last stage of capitalism—and it must be defeated in a world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the world, is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw materials, technicians, and cheap labor, and to which they export new capitals—instruments of domination—arms and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute dependence.

— Che Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental, 1967

Trotskyism

The concept ofpermanent war economyoriginated in 1945 with an article byTrotskyistEd Sard (alias Frank Demby, Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance), atheoreticianwho predicted a post-wararms race.He argued at the time that the United States would retain the character of awar economy;even in peacetime,US military expenditurewould remain large, reducing the percentage of unemployed compared to the 1930s. He extended this analysis in 1950 and 1951.

The concept has been a core tenet of the BritishSocialist Workers Partywith founder,Tony Cliff,examining its application to theFirst World War,American imperialismand colonial empires including Britain, France and Germany.

Opposition to Soviet imperialism

See also:Soviet empire,Anti-Sovietism,andSocial imperialism

Depiction of the first shoot-down of Soviet helicopter gunships by theAfghan mujahideenusing Western-suppliedStinger Missiles,widely regarded as the turning point in the Soviet-Afghan War

The nations which were part of the Soviet sphere of influence were nominally independent countries with separate governments that set their own policies, but those policies had to stay within certain limits decided by the Soviet Union. These limits were enforced by the threat of intervention by Soviet forces, and later theWarsaw Pact.Major military invasions took place inEast Germany in 1953,Hungary in 1956,Czechoslovakia in 1968andAfghanistan from 1979 to 1989.Countries in theEastern Blocwere consideredsatellite states.

The Soviet Union exhibited tendencies common to historic empires.The notion of "Soviet empire" often refers to a form of "classic" or "colonial" empire with communism only replacing conventional imperial ideologies such as Christianity or monarchy, rather than creating a revolutionary state. Academically the idea is seen as emerging withRichard Pipes' 1957 bookThe Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923,but it has been reinforced, along with several other views, in continuing scholarship.Several scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires andnation states.The Soviet Union practiced colonialism similar to conventional imperial powers.

Islamic anti-imperialism

See also:Pan-IslamismandIslamism

Resistancefighters ofCaucasianMujahidindefend the village ofSaltafrom the invadingRussian Imperial Armyduring theCaucasian War.

The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the rise of numerousanti-colonialand anti-imperial Islamic resistance movements across various parts of the Muslim World. These included thejihadmovement led by theImamate of Caucasusand theCircassian ConfederacyagainstRussian imperialismduring theCaucasus Wars(1763–1864 CE). Prominent leaders in this resistance campaign includedGhazi Mullah,Hamzat Bek,Shamil,Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg,Jembulat Boletoqo,etc. Other major anti-imperial movements included thePadri War,Java War,and theAceh Waragainst theDutch colonisation of Indonesia,Moro Rebellionagainst theUnited States,theSouth Asian Jihadmovement ofSayyid Ahmad Shahid,Mahdist StateinSudanand the ArabianMuwahhidunthat foughtBritish colonialism,Emir Abd al-Qadir'smilitary insurgency againstFrenchin Algeria,North-West Frontier Uprisingsof thePashtun tribesagainst theBritish Raj,Omar Mukhtar's Jihad againstItalian FascistsinLibya,etc. The establishment and defense ofIslamic statehoodthat enforcesSharia(Islamic law) based onQur'anandSunnah,elimination ofsuperstitionsand heterodox local practices and folk rituals, etc. were key objectives of thesereformmovements.

ImamMuhammad Rashid Ridawas an ardent advocate ofPan-Islamistinsurgency againstimperialism.His teachings inspired figures likeHasan al-Banna,Sayyid QutbandAbdullah Azzam.

These anti-colonial movements inspired the rise ofPan-Islamismduring the late 19th century; which gave birth to numerousIslamistorganisations advocating anti-imperialism across theMuslim World;such as theMuslim Brotherhood(Ikhwan al-Muslimeen) andJamaat-e-Islami.Syro-EgyptianIslamisttheoreticianMuhammad Rashid Rida(1865 CE/1282 AH–1935 CE/1354 AH), a Salafi theologian greatly influenced by preceding militantIslamic revivalistmovements, was an ardent opponent of European imperial powers; and he called for armedjihadto defend the Islamic World from encroaching colonialism, complemented by a political programme to establish Islamic states which would implementSharia(Islamic laws). He extended this anti-imperialist campaign to the theological level through the ArabSalafiyyamovement; which professed the key theme of returning to the values ofSalaf al-Salih.This encompassed a theological assault on Western ideological currents emanating from the principles ofsecularismandnationalismas well as denunciation ofWesterncultural imperialism.

After Rashid Rida, the mantle of Islamist anti-imperialism was spearheaded by theEgyptian Muslim BrotherhoodfounderHasan al-Banna,South Asianrevolutionary Islamist leaderSayyid Abul A'la MaududiandEgyptianJihadist theoreticianSayyid Qutb.Mawdudi held the belief that West was in decline and that restoration of Islamic prowess was inevitable. Openly equating Western colonialism withatheism,Mawdudi called upon Muslims to rally injihadagainst the imperialist forces to regain their spiritual, cultural, economic and military sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian scholar influenced by both Mawdudi and Rashid Rida, took their ideas to its logical culmination; proclaiming the necessity of a permanent, un-ending Islamist revolution not only against the imperialists but also its allied regimes in theMuslim World.This revolution against the apostate regimes has to be waged as an armedjihadby an ideological vanguard committed to establish the Islamic state and upholdTawhid(Islamic monotheism). These ideas gained prominence and arose in influence across the Islamic World during thepost-World War IIera. During theCold Warperiod, theIslamistintellectuals from the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e Islami also launched ferventanti-communistcampaigns, ideologically critiquingsocialismandMarxismand chidingleftistsas agents ofSoviet Imperialism.

IslamiccommanderOmar Mukhtar,popularly known as the "Lion of the Desert",led the LibyanMujahidinagainst theimperialist forcesofFascist Italyduring theInterwar Period.

In his book "Al Jihad Fil Islam",South Asian revolutionary Islamist scholar Abul A'la Mawdudi made a comprehensive religious refutation ofimperialism.He argued that oppressive rulers justify imperialism in the name of progress and socio-political reforms. Describing the main features of imperialism, Mawdudi wrote:

"the basic quality of imperialism is the dominance of one particular nation or country... Thus, the doors of imperialism remain closed to people of other nationalities and for this reason, they can play no major role in running its affairs. This gives rise to the development of other faults in the system and characters of the subject nation. They develop a weakness of character, lose self-esteem and the sense of righteousness. Even if the ruling nation does not treat the subjects with outright cruelty and arrogance, their (the subject nation’s) character sinks to such a low ebb of ignobility that they become quite incapable of striving for attaining and maintaining self-rule for a very long time."

— Abul A'la Maududi,Al Jihad fil Islam,

According to the Egyptian Jihadist theoreticianSayyid Qutb,the imperialism of secular Western powers was a by-product of their historicalCrusading spiritand driven by ideological differences.

The IndianJamaat-e-Islami Hindlaunched a ten-day nationwide campaign titled Anti-Imperialism Campaign in December 2009.ContemporaryJihadistmovements such asAl-Qaeda,influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought, declares itself as a "global revolutionary vanguard" wagingjihadto defendMuslimsfrom atrocities committed by the forces ofWestern imperialismand its allies.

In the worldview ofEgyptianJihadist theoreticianSayyid Qutb,imperialist policies of thesecularWestern regimes were a continuation of their historical "Crusading Spirit".In his commentary of theQur'anicverse2:120 "{Never will the Jews be pleased with you, (O Prophet), nor the Christians until you follow their way..} ", Sayyid Qutb writes:

"The conflict between theJudeo-Christianworld on the one side, and theMuslim communityon the other, remains in essence one of ideology, although over the years it has appeared in various guises and has grown more sophisticated and, at times, more insidious. We have seen the original ideological conflict succeeded by economic, political and military confrontation, on the basis that 'religious' or 'ideological' conflicts are outdated and are usually prosecuted by 'fanatics' and backward people. Unfortunately, some naïve and confused Muslims have fallen for this stratagem and persuaded themselves that the religious and ideological aspects of the conflict are no longer relevant. But in realityworld Zionismand ChristianImperialism,as well asworld Communism,are conducting the fight againstIslamand the Muslim community, first and foremost, on ideological grounds... The confrontation is not over control of territory or economic resources, or for military domination. If we believe that, we would play into our enemies’ hands and would have no one but ourselves to blame for the consequences. "

— Sayyid Qutb,Fi Zilal al-Quran,

Liberal anti-imperialism

There have also been many examples of liberal anti-imperialism. However, liberal anti-imperialists are distinct from socialist anti-imperialists because they do not supportanti-capitalism.

South Korean liberalshave opposedChineseandJapaneseimperialism. "No Japan Movement"is related to anti-imperialist sentiment in South Korea. On August 14, 2019, seven politicians of the DPK's descendants ofindependence activistssaid at a press conference, "In the spirit of Great Korean Independence 100 years ago, let's overcome the economic invasion ofShinzo Abe's government. "(100년 전 대한독립의 정신으로 아베 정부 경제침략을 이겨내자.)South Korean liberals, unlike protectionist anti-imperialists, believing that the Japanese government's actions that undermined the "free tradeprinciple "(자유무역 원칙 or 자유무역 철칙) during theJapan–South Korea trade disputewerefar-right imperialist 'economic invasion'.(South Korean liberals argue that the Japanese government caused unfair damage to the South Korean economy to avoid compensation for Korean victims ofJapanese war crimesduring the pastimperialist Japan.)South Korean liberals also oppose theappropriation of Korean cultureof theChinese people.

Somemodern liberals in the United States,includingDennis Kucinich,supportnon-interventionism.

Criticism

Antonio NegriandMichael Hardtassert that traditional anti-imperialism is no longer relevant. In the bookEmpire,Negri and Hardt argue that imperialism is no longer the practice or domain of any one nation or state. Rather, they claim, the "Empire" is a conglomeration of all states, nations, corporations, media, popular and intellectual culture and so forth; and thus, traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies can no longer be applied against them.

TheEstonianpolitical scientist Maria Mälksoo argues that "one of many blind spots" inpostcolonial studieslinked to anti-imperialist movements is that they often ignoreRussian imperialismand colonialism.

See also

• Anti-Americanism
• Anti-British sentiment
• Anti-French sentiment
• Anti-Western sentiment
• Colonialism
• Decentralization
• Historiography of the British Empire
• Indigenism
  • Indigenismo
• Internationalism (politics)
• Irish nationalism(Irish republicanism)
• Korean nationalism
  • Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea
  • Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
• League against Imperialism
• Left-wing nationalism
• Localism (politics)
• National liberation wars
• National self-determination
• Postcolonialism

Further reading

• Ali, Tariq et al.Anti-Imperialism: A Guide for the MovementISBN1-898876-96-7.
• Boittin, Jennifer Anne.Colonial Metropolis: The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism in Interwar Paris(2010).
• Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire."History Today,(Oct 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 10, pp 44–47, online atEBSCO.
• Brendon, Piers.The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997(2008)excerpt and text searchArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Cain, P. J. and A.G. Hopkins.British Imperialism, 1688–2000(2nd ed. 2001), 739pp, detailed economic history that presents the new "gentlemanly capitalists" thesisexcerpt and text searchArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Castro, Daniel, Walter D.Mignolo, and Irene Silverblatt.Another Face of Empire: Bartolomé de Las Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism(2007)excerpt and text searchArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine,Spanish colonies.
• Cullinane, Michael Patrick.Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism, 1898–1909.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
• Ferguson, Niall.Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power(2002),excerpt and text searchArchived2020-11-22 at theWayback Machine.
• Friedman, Jeremy, and Peter Rutland. "Anti-imperialism: The Leninist Legacy and the Fate of World Revolution."Slavic Review76.3 (2017): 591–599.
• Griffiths, Martin, and Terry O'Callaghan, andSteven C. Roach2008.International Relations: The Key Concepts.Second Edition. New Millan.

• Hamilton, Richard.President McKinley, War, and Empire(2006).
• Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri.Empire(2001), influential statement from the left.

• Harrington, Fred H. "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898–1900",Mississippi Valley Historical Review,Vol. 22, No. 2 (Sep., 1935), pp. 211–230in JSTORArchived2018-09-30 at theWayback Machine.

• Herman, Arthur.Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age(2009) [excerpt and text search].
• Hobson, J.A.Imperialism: A Study(1905)except and text search 2010 editionArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine.
• James, Lawrence.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1997).
• Karsh, Efraim.Islamic Imperialism: A History(2007)excerpt and text searchArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Ness, Immanuel, and Zak Cope, eds.The Palgrave encyclopedia of imperialism and anti-imperialism(2 vol. 2016). 1456pp
• Olson, James S. et al., eds.Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism(1991)online editionArchived2011-06-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Owen, Nicholas.The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885–1947(2008)excerpt and text searchArchived2023-02-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Polsgrove, Carol.Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause(2009).
• Porter, Bernard.The Lion's Share: A History of British Imperialism 1850–2011(4th ed. 2012), Wide-ranging general history; strong on anti-imperialism.
• Proudman, Mark F.. "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of 'Imperialism'".Journal of the Historical Society,September 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p395-433.
• Sagromoso, Domitilla, James Gow, and Rachel Kerr.Russian Imperialism Revisited: Neo-Empire, State Interests and Hegemonic Power(2010).
• Thornton, A.P.The Imperial Idea and its Enemies(2nd ed. 1985)
• Tompkins, E. Berkeley, ed.Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890—1920.(1970) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
• Tyrell, Ian and Jay Sexton, eds.Empire's Twin: U.S. anti-imperialism from the founding era to the age of terrorism(2015).
• Wang, Jianwei. "The Chinese interpretation of the concept of imperialism in the anti-imperialist context of the 1920s.,"Journal of Modern Chinese History(2012) 6#2 pp 164–181.

External links

• The Anti-Imperialists,A Web based guide to American Anti-Imperialism.
• CWIHP at the Wilson Center for Scholars: Primary Document Collection on Anti-Imperialism in the Cold WarArchived2011-06-05 at theWayback Machine.
• Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project,multimedia collection of photographs, video, oral histories and essays.
• Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism by V.I. LeninFull text at marxists.org.
• How Imperialist 'Aid' Blocks Development in AfricabyThomas Sankara,The Militant,April 13, 2009.
• Daniel Jakopovich,In the Belly of the Beast: Challenging US Imperialism and the Politics of the Offensive.