Antiochus II Theos
| Antiochus II Theos | |
|---|---|
| Basileus | |
 Silver tetradrachm of Antiochus II Theos, minted in Tarsus, featuring a portrait of Antiochus on the obverse. SC 561 | |
| Basileusof theSeleucid Empire | |
| Reign | 2 June 261 – July 246 BC |
| Predecessor | Antiochus I Soter |
| Successor | Seleucus II Callinicus |
| Born | 286 BC Syria |
| Died | early July 246 BC (aged 39–40) Asia Minor (modern-dayTurkey) |
| Spouse | Laodice I Berenice |
| Issue | with Laodice: Seleucus II Callinicus Antiochus Hierax Apama Stratonice of Cappadocia Laodice with Berenice: Antiochus |
| Dynasty | Seleucid dynasty |
| Father | Antiochus I Soter |
| Mother | Stratonice of Syria |
| Religion | Greek polytheism |
Antiochus II Theos(Greek:Ἀντίοχος Θεός,Antiochos;286 – July 246 BC) was a Greek king of theHellenisticSeleucid Empirewho reigned from 261 to 246 BC.[2]He succeeded his fatherAntiochus I Soterin the winter of 262–61 BC. He was the younger son of Antiochus I and princessStratonice,the daughter ofDemetrius Poliorcetes.[3]
Antiochus II was a forceful personality who in his lifetime largely succeeded to hold the sprawling Seleucid realm intact. However his fateful decision to repudiate his first wifeLaodiceand marry aPtolemaicprincessBereniceas part of a peace treaty led to a succession struggle after his death that would shake the empire's foundations and cause large territorial losses.
Early life[edit]
Antiochus II was the younger son ofAntiochus I Soterand his famous queenStratonice.Antiochus was initially not expected to inherit the throne, but in 267 BC his father had his elder brother Seleucus executed on charges of rebellion.[4]
Reign[edit]
He inherited lasting tensions withPtolemaic Egyptand soon initiated theSecond Syrian Warin alliance withAntigonus IIof theAntigonid dynasty.The war was largely fought along the coasts ofAsia Minorand conflated with the constant intrigues of petty despots and restless city-states in Asia Minor. Antiochus II made some gains in Asia Minor and acquired direct access to Aegean Sea by capturingMiletusandEphesus.During the war he assumed the titleTheos(Greek:Θεός,"God" ), being such to the Milesians in slaying the tyrantTimarchus.[5]At around the same time Antiochus II also made some attempt to get a footing inThracewhich details are largely unknown and a mint in the city ofByzantiumbriefly issued coins in his name.[6]
In the end the war did little to alter the general balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean.Coele-Syriain particular, the main disputed territory between the Seleucid empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom, remained firmly in the hands of the Ptolemies. In 257 BC, the PtolemaicpharaohPtolemy II Philadelphuseven invaded the Seleucid-held part of Syria, though the outcome of this invasion is unknown. In 253 BC, with his Antigonid allies knocked out of the war by rebellions, Antiochus II made peace with Ptolemy II. As part of the settlement, Antiochus II divorcedLaodiceand married Ptolemy II's daughterBerenice,with the understanding that any children born from their union would inherit the Seleucid throne.[7]Laodice was well provided for in the divorce arrangement. Antiochus II gave her various land grants throughout Anatolia which are known through inscriptions;[8]such as large estates in theHellespont,[9]other properties nearCyzicus,[10]Ilionand inCaria.[9]She was also granted revenues from various territories and tax exemptions.[11]According to a royal record atSardis,her land titles were to be treated as in royal possession.[12]
Laodice remained a very powerful and political influential figure and continued numerous intrigues to become queen again. By 246 BC, possibly at the news of Ptolemy II's death, Antiochus II had left Berenice and their infant son Antiochus inAntiochto live again with Laodice in Asia Minor.[3]Antiochus II soon suddenly died and Laodice was widely accused of having him poisoned. Antiochus was buried in theBelevi Mausoleum.[13]
A succession struggle erupted almost immediately. Berenice initially had the advantage by holding Antioch but her son Antiochus was but an infant. Meanwhile, Laodice proclaimed her eldest son Seleucus as kingSeleucus IIand moved in from Asia Minor, claiming that on his deathbed Antiochus II reversed his earlier decision and named Seleucus as his successor.[7]The then-reigning brother of BerenicePtolemy IIImarched from Egypt to support his sister, only to find her and her son murdered by partisans of Laodice. Enraged Ptolemy continued the war, dubbed theThird Syrian Warwhich proved to be a disaster for the Seleucid empire[14]
Eastern affairs[edit]
Very little is known about any Antiochus II's activities in regards to the easternUpper Satrapiessuch asMedia,Parthia,BactriaorPersis.Chiefly preoccupied with conflicts in the Eastern Mediterranean and with family issues, Antiochus II seems to resorted to appointing independent-minded men such likeDiodotusandAndragorasas satraps in the area. These two appointments eventually resulted in the creation of the independentGreco-Bactrian Kingdomand theParthian Empirerespectively. There is also a marked decline in quantity of Antiochus II's coinage in Bactria when compared to that of his father, which had been interpreted variously in scholarship. It has been claimed that ambitious satraps may have taken advantage of Antiochus II's absenteeism to gradually weaken their ties with the central government even in Antiochus II's lifetime without outwardly proclaiming independence. However, posthumous coinage of a popular king was a relatively common practice in theHellenistic Ageand Antiochus II may have minted coins in the name of his half-Sogdianfather in order to legitimize both himself and his dynasty.[15]
Possible relations with India[edit]
An uncertain Antiochus is mentioned[16]in theEdicts of Ashoka,as one of the recipients of the Indian EmperorAshoka'sBuddhistproselytism.A majority opinion however holds that the Greek king mentioned there is in fact be Antiochus II's father,Antiochus I Soter,who arguably had more proximity with the East.[17][16]
Notes[edit]
- ^Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch(in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 3.
- ^"Antiochus II Theos".Livius.
- ^abChisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 604.
- ^Smith, Andrew."Johannes Malalas - translation".attalus.org.Retrieved9 October2021.
- ^Appianus,Syriaca,65.
- ^"Dr. Jordan Iliev." The Campaign of Antiochus II Theos in Thrace "-History Studies. International Journal of History,2013, 5/1, pp. 211-222 "(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 March 2014.
- ^abBromiley,International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-Dp.144
- ^Billows,Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialismp.126
- ^abGrainger,A Seleukid prosopography and gazetteerp.47
- ^"Laodice I article at Livius.org".Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2016.Retrieved26 March2020.
- ^Aperghis,The Seleukid royal economy: the finances and financial administration of the Seleukid empirep.144
- ^Billows,Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialismp.p.114-5
- ^"The Mausoleum of Antiochus II Theos".Archived fromthe originalon 27 June 2015.Retrieved26 March2020.
- ^"E. R. Bevan: The House of Ptolemy • Chap. VI".penelope.uchicago.edu.
- ^F. L. Holt 1999, Thundering Zeus, Berkeley.
- ^abJarl Charpentier, "Antiochus, King of the Yavanas"Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London6.2 (1931: 303-321) argues that the Antiochus mentioned was unlikely to be Antiochus II, during whose time relations with India were broken by the Parthian intrusion and the independence of Diodotus in Bactria, and suggests instead the half-IranianAntiochus I,with stronger connections in the East.
- ^Translation of Jarl Charpentier 1931:303-321.
External links[edit]
- Antiochus II entry in 'Seleucid Genealogy'Archived15 August 2016 at theWayback Machine
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
