Apil-kin

Apil-kin
𒀀𒉈𒄀
Apil-kin; 𒀀𒉈𒄀
Military governor ofMari; King
Reign	c.2100 BCE
Predecessor	Ishgum-Addu
Successor	Iddi-ilum
Dynasty	Shakkanakkudynasty

Mari

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Location of Mari, where Ili-Ishar ruled.

Apil-kin(𒀀𒉈𒄀a-pil-gin6),^[1]was a ruler of the city ofMari,northernMesopotamia,after the fall of theAkkadian Empirec. 2126-2091 BCE.^[2]He was a son ofIshgum-Addu,and ruled 35 years, according to theShakkanakku Dynasty List.^[3]^[4]He had two sons, who succeeded him in turn:Ili-IsharandTura-Dagan.^[5]

He held the title ofShakkanakku(military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned atMariin the late third millennium and early second millennium BCE. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings ofAkkad.^[6]He was contemporary of theThird Dynasty of Ur,and probably their vassal.^[7]

He was a contemporary ofUr-Nammu.^[8]He had a daughter namedTaram-Uram,who became the First Queen of kingShulgiofUr III.^[9]^[10]In a dedication, she called herself "daughter-in-law ofUr-Nammu",and" daughter of Apil-kin,Lugal( "King" ) of Mari ", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital alliance between Mari andUr.^[11]^[12]

On some of his inscriptions, Apil-kin uses the titledannum'( "the Great" ) in front of his functionShakkanakku( "Military Governor" ), a practice for which he is the first to be attested at Mari, and which was initially introduced byNaram-Sinof theAkkadian Empire.^[13]Apil-kin and his successors generally used the Akkadian style of royal inscriptions and titulature.^[14]It is considered that the Shakkanakkus gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-kin.^[15]

One of the inscriptions of Apil-kin, inscribed on a bronze plaque, reads:

Apil-kin inscription (reconstitution, in standard Sumero-Akkadiancuneiform).^[16]
𒀀𒉈𒄀 𒁕𒈝 𒄊𒀴 𒈠𒌷𒆠 𒁶 𒊓𒄷𒌷
a-pil-kin, da-num Shakkanakku ma-ri ki, DIM sa-ḫu-ri

"Apil-kin, the Great Shakkanakku of Mari, built theSahuri"
— Inscription of Apil-kin.^[17]

The "Sahuri"built by Apil-kin is thought to be the name of a building or structure at Mari.^[18]

Regnal titles
Apil-kin ofMari
Preceded by Ishgum-Addu	Shakkanakku of Mari King c.2126-2091 BCE	Succeeded by Iddi-ilum

References[edit]

^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.
^Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.
^Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 36.ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
^Oliva, Juan (2008).Textos para un historia política de Siria-Palestina I(in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL. p. 86.ISBN 978-84-460-1949-7.
^Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 168.ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.
^Louvre. "The Statuette of Iddi-Ilum," Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia. Accessed December 1, 2014.http:// louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-iddi-ilum
^Unger, Merrill F. (2014).Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
^Abusch, I. Tzvi; Noyes, Carol (2001).Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: historiography in the cuneiform world.CDL Press. p. 60.ISBN 978-1-883053-67-3.
^Sharlach, T. M. (2017).An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur.Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 207.ISBN 978-1-5015-0522-5.
^Eppihimer, Melissa (2019).Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians.Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-19-090303-9.
^Lipiński, Edward (1995).Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East.Peeters Publishers. p. 187.ISBN 9789068317275.
^CIVIL, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.56(4): 213.ISSN 0373-6032.JSTOR 23295098.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:649.
^Eppihimer, Melissa (2019).Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians.Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-19-090303-9.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.
^Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[1] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[2] Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 18.ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.

[3] Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 36.ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.

[4] Oliva, Juan (2008).Textos para un historia política de Siria-Palestina I(in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL. p. 86.ISBN 978-84-460-1949-7.

[GL-5] Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).Who's Who in the Ancient Near East.Routledge. p. 168.ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.

[6] Louvre. "The Statuette of Iddi-Ilum," Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia. Accessed December 1, 2014.http:// louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-iddi-ilum

[7] Unger, Merrill F. (2014).Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

[8] Abusch, I. Tzvi; Noyes, Carol (2001).Proceedings of the XLV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: historiography in the cuneiform world.CDL Press. p. 60.ISBN 978-1-883053-67-3.

[9] Sharlach, T. M. (2017).An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur.Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 207.ISBN 978-1-5015-0522-5.

[10] Eppihimer, Melissa (2019).Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians.Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-19-090303-9.

[11] Lipiński, Edward (1995).Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East.Peeters Publishers. p. 187.ISBN 9789068317275.

[12] CIVIL, Michel (1962). "Un nouveau synchronisme Mari-III e dynastie d'Ur".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.56(4): 213.ISSN 0373-6032.JSTOR 23295098.

[13] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:649.

[14] Eppihimer, Melissa (2019).Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians.Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-19-090303-9.

[15] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[16] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[17] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[18] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu."Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri".In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643:650.

[19] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[20] Hallo, W.;Simpson, W.(1971).The Ancient Near East.New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[21] "Rulers of Mesopotamia".cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[22] Thomas, Ariane;Potts, Timothy(2020).Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins.Getty Publications. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[23] Roux, Georges(1992).Ancient Iraq.Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-24] PerSumerian King List

[25] Unger, Merrill F.(2014).Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History.Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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