Appian Way

This article is about the ancient Roman road. For other uses, seeAppian Way (disambiguation).

Appian Way

Via Appia
Section of theRegional Park- Rome
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Location	Roman Forum,Rome toBrindisi
Coordinates	41°50′29″N12°31′57″E
Type	Roman road
History
Builder	Appius Claudius Caecus,addition byTrajan(Via Appia Traiana)
Founded	312–264 BC
Site notes
Website	www.camminodellappia.it
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Via Appia. Regina Viarum
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii, iv, vi
Designated	2024
Reference no.	1708
Region	Southern Europe

TheAppian Way(LatinandItalian:Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most importantRoman roadsof the ancientrepublic.It connectedRometoBrindisi,in southeastItaly.Its importance is indicated by its common name, recorded byStatius,ofAppia longarum... regina viarum( "the Appian Way, the queen of the long roads" ). The road is named afterAppius Claudius Caecus,theRoman censorwho, during theSamnite Wars,began and completed the first section as a military road to the south in 312 BC.

In July 2024, the Appian Way entered theUNESCOWorld Heritage List.

Origins

Porta San Sebastianois the gate of the Appia in theAurelian Walls.

The need for roads

The Appian Way was aRoman roadused as a main route for military supplies for its conquest of southern Italy in 312 BC and for improvements in communication.

The Appian Way was the first long road built specifically to transport troops outside the smaller region of greaterRome(this was essential to the Romans). The few roads outside the early city wereEtruscanand went mainly toEtruria.By the lateRepublic,the Romans had expanded over most ofItalyand were masters of road construction. Their roads began at Rome, where the masteritinerarium,or list of destinations along the roads, was located, and extended to the borders of their domain – hence the expression, "All roads lead to Rome".

The Samnite Wars

Near Rome

Romans had an affinity for the people ofCampania,who, like themselves, traced their backgrounds to theEtruscans.TheSamnite Warswere instigated by theSamniteswhen Rome attempted to ally itself with the city ofCapuain Campania. TheItalicspeakers inLatiumhad long ago been subdued and incorporated into the Roman state. They were responsible for changing Rome from a primarily Etruscan to a primarily Italic state.

Dense populations of sovereign Samnites remained in the mountains north of Capua, which is just north of theGreekcity ofNeapolis.Around 343 BC, Rome and Capua attempted to form an alliance. The Samnites reacted with military force.

The barrier of the Pontine Marshes

Tomb of Priscilla

Grave monument of Caius Rabirius Postumus Hermodorus, Lucia Rabiria Demaris and Usia Prima, priestess ofIsisalong the Via Appia, near Quarto Miglio

San Sebastiano fuori le Mura,located on the catacombs of San Sebastiano

Between Capua and Rome lay thePontine Marshes(Pomptinae paludes), aswampinfested withmalaria.A tortuous coastal road wound betweenOstiaat the mouth of theTiberandNeapolis.TheVia Latinafollowed its ancient and scarcely more accessible path along the foothills ofMonti LazialiandMonti Lepini,which are visible towering over the former marsh.

In theFirst Samnite War(343–341 BC) the Romans found they could not support or resupply troops in the field against the Samnites across the marsh. A revolt of theLatin Leaguedrained their resources further. They gave up the attempted alliance and settled withSamnium.

Colonization to the southeast

The Romans were only biding their time while they looked for a solution. The first answer was thecolonia,a "cultivation" of settlers from Rome, who would maintain a permanent base of operations. TheSecond Samnite War(327–304 BC) erupted when Rome attempted to place a colony atCalesin 334 BC and again atFregellaein 328 BC on the other side of the marshes. The Samnites, now a major power after defeating theGreeksofTarentum,occupied Neapolis to try to ensure its loyalty. The Neapolitans appealed to Rome, which sent an army and expelled the Samnites from Neapolis.

Appius Claudius' beginning of the works

In 312 BC,Appius Claudius Caecusbecamecensorat Rome. He was of thegens Claudia,who werepatriciansdescended from theSabinestaken into the early Roman state. He had been given the name of the founding ancestor of the gens, Appius Claudius (Attus Clausus in Sabine). He was apopulist,i.e., an advocate of the common people. A man of discernment and perception, in the years of success he was said to have lost his outer visionand thus acquired the namecaecus,"blind".

Without waiting to be told what to do by theSenate,Appius Claudius began bold public works to address the supply problem. An aqueduct (theAqua Appia) secured the water supply of the city of Rome. By far the best known project was the road, which ran across thePontine Marshesto the coast northwest ofNaples,where it turned north to Capua. On it, any number of fresh troops could be sped to the theatre of operations, and supplies could be moved en masse to Roman bases without hindrance by either enemy or terrain. It is no surprise that, after his term as censor, Appius Claudius becameconsultwice, subsequently held other offices, and was a respected consultant to the state even during his later years.

The success of the road

The road achieved its purpose. The outcome of the Second Samnite War was at last favorable to Rome. In a series of blows the Romans reversed their fortunes, bringing Etruria to the table in 311 BC, the very year of their revolt, andSamniumin 304 BC. The road was the main factor that allowed them to concentrate their forces with sufficient rapidity and to keep them adequately supplied, whereafter they became a formidable opponent.

Construction of the road

The path of the Via Appia and of the Via Appia Traiana

The main part of the Appian Way was started and finished in 312 BC.

The road began as a leveled dirt road upon which small stones andmortarwere laid. Gravel was laid upon this, which was finally topped with tight fitting, interlocking stones to provide a flat surface. The historian Procopius said that the stones fit together so securely and closely that they appeared to have grown together rather than to have been fitted together.The road was cambered in the middle (for water runoff) and had ditches on either side of the road which were protected by retaining walls.

Between Rome and Lake Albano

TheCircus of Maxentius

The road began in theForum Romanum,passed through theServian Wallat theporta Capena,went through a cutting in theclivus Martis,and left the city. For this stretch of the road, the builders used the Via Latina. The building of theAurelian Wallcenturies later required the placing of another gate, thePorta Appia.Outside of Rome the new Via Appia went through well-to-do suburbs along the Via Norba, the ancient track to theAlban hills,whereNorbawas situated. The road at the time was a via glarea, a gravel road. The Romans built a high-quality road, with layers of cemented stone over a layer of small stones, cambered, drainage ditches on either side, low retaining walls on sunken portions, and dirt pathways for sidewalks. The Via Appia is believed to have been the first Roman road to feature the use of lime cement. The materials were volcanic rock. The surface was said to have been so smooth that you could not distinguish the joints. The Roman section still exists and is lined with monuments of all periods, although the cement has eroded out of the joints, leaving a very rough surface.

Across the marsh

The road concedes nothing to theAlban hills,but goes straight through them over cuts and fills. The gradients are steep. Then it enters the former Pontine Marshes. A stone causeway of about 31 kilometers (19 mi) led across stagnant and foul-smelling pools blocked from the sea by sand dunes. Appius Claudius planned to drain the marsh, taking up earlier attempts, but he failed. The causeway and its bridges subsequently needed constant repair. In 162 BC, Marcus Cornelius Cathegus had a canal constructed along the road to relieve the traffic and provide an alternative when the road was being repaired. Romans preferred using the canal.

Tomb of Caecilia Metellaand thecastrumCaetani

Along the coast

The Via Appia picked up the coastal road atTarracina(Terracina). However, the Romans straightened it somewhat with cuttings, which form cliffs today. From there the road swerved north to Capua, where, for the time being, it ended. TheCaudine Forkswere not far to the north. The itinerary wasAricia(Ariccia),Tres Tabernae,Forum Appii,Tarracina,Fundi(Fondi),Formiae(Formia),Minturnae(Minturno),Suessa,Casilinumand Capua, but some of these were colonies added after the Samnite Wars. The distance was 212 kilometers (132 mi). The original road had no milestones, as they were not yet in use. A few survive from later times, including a first milestone near the Porta Appia.

Extension to Beneventum

Via Appia within the ancientMinturno

TheThird Samnite War(298–290 BC) is perhaps misnamed. It was an all-out attempt by all the neighbors of Rome: Italics, Etruscans andGauls,to check the power of Rome. The Samnites were the leading people of the conspiracy. Rome dealt the northerners a crushing blow at theBattle of SentinuminUmbriain 295. The Samnites fought on alone. Rome now placed 13 colonies in Campania and Samnium. It must have been during this time that they extended the Via Appia 35 miles beyond Capua past the Caudine Forks to a place the Samnites called Maloenton, "passage of the flocks". The itinerary addedCalatia,CaudiumandBeneventum(not yet called that).Here also ended theVia Latina.

Extension to Apulia and Calabria

By 290 BC, the sovereignty of the Samnites had ended. The heel of Italy lay open to the Romans. The dates are somewhat uncertain and there is considerable variation in the sources, but during the Third Samnite War the Romans seem to have extended the road toVenusia,where they placed a colony of 20,000 men. After that they were at Tarentum.

Roman expansion alarmed Tarentum, the leading city of the Greek presence (Magna Graecia) in southern Italy. They hired the mercenary KingPyrrhus of Epirusin neighboringGreeceto fight the Romans on their behalf. In 280 BC the Romans suffered a defeat at the hands of Pyrrhus at theBattle of Heracleaon the coast west ofTarentum.The battle was costly for both sides, prompting Pyrrhus to remark "One more such victory and I am lost." Making the best of it, the Roman army turned on GreekRhegiumand effected a massacre of Pyrrhian partisans there.

Rather than pursue them, Pyrrhus went straight for Rome along the Via Appia and then the Via Latina. He knew that if he continued on the Via Appia he could be trapped in the marsh. Wary of such entrapment on the Via Latina also, he withdrew without fighting after encountering opposition atAnagni.Wintering inCampania,he withdrew to Apulia in 279 BC, where, pursued by the Romans, he won a second costly victory at theBattle of Asculum.Withdrawing from Apulia for a Sicilian interlude, he returned to Apulia in 275 BC and started for Campania up the Roman road.

Supplied by that same road, the Romans successfully defended the region against Pyrrhus, crushing his army in a two-day fight at theBattle of Beneventumin 275 BC. The Romans renamed the town from "Maleventum" ( "site of bad events" ) to Beneventum ( "site of good events" ) as a result. Pyrrhus withdrew to Greece, where he died in a street fight in Argos in 272 BC. Tarentum fell to the Romans that same year, who proceeded to consolidate their rule over all of Italy.

The Romans pushed the Via Appia to the port ofBrundisiumin 264 BC. The itinerary from Beneventum was nowAeculanum,Forum Aemilii,Venusia,Silvium,Tarentum,Uriaand Brundisium. The Roman Republic was the government of Italy, for the time being. Appius Claudius died in 273, but in extending the road a number of times, no one has tried to displace his name upon it.

Rediscovery

The Appian Way's path across today's regionsLazioandCampaniahas always been well known, but the exact position of the part located in Apulia (the original one, not the extension by Trajan) was long unknown, since there were no visible remains of the Appian Way in that region.

In the first half of the 20th century, the professor of ancient Roman topographyGiuseppe Luglimanaged to discover, with the then-innovative technique ofphotogrammetry,what probably was the route of the Appian Way fromGravina in Puglia(Silvium) up toTaranto.When analysingaerophotogrammetricshots of the area, Lugli noticed a path (Italian:tratturo) namedla Tarantina,whose direction was still largely influenced by thecenturiation;this, according to Lugli, was the path of the Appian Way. This path, as well as the part located in today'sApuliaregion, was still in use in theMiddle Ages.A further piece of evidence for Lugli's proposed path is the presence of a number of archaeological remains in that region, among them the ancient settlement of Jesce.

By studying the distances given in theAntonine Itinerary,Lugli also assigned the Appian Way stationsBleraandSublupatia(which also occurs on theTabula Peutingeriana) respectively to the areasMurgia CatenaandTaverna(between masseria (estate farmhouse) S. Filippo and masseria S. Pietro). However, the toponymMurgia Catenadefined too large an area, not allowing a clear localization of the Appian Way station. More recently Luciano Piepoli, based on the distances given in theAntonine Itineraryand on newer archeological findings, has suggested thatSilviumshould beSanto Staso,an area very close toGravina in Puglia,Blerashould bemasseria Castello,andSublupatiashould bemasseria Caione.

Main branches

Since the latter stretch of the Appian Way turned out to be very impervious, some branches were created: first theVia Aemilia,then theVia Minucia,finally the emperorTrajanbuilt theVia Traiana,a branch of the Via Appia from Beneventum, reaching Brundisium viaCanusiumandBariumrather than via Tarentum. This was commemorated by an arch at Beneventum.

Travellers could cross theAdriatic Seathrough theOtranto StraittowardsAlbaniaeither by landing at present dayDurrësthrough theVia Egnatiaor near the ancient town ofApolloniaand continue towards present dayRrogozhinëin central Albania.

Notable historical events along the road

The crucifixion of Spartacus' army

Further information:Third Servile War

EmperorTrajanbuilt a deviation of Via Appia. This is a tract of Via Appia Traiana nearEgnatia.

The column inBrindisi,marking the end of the Via Appia

In 73 BC, a slave revolt (known as theThird Servile War) under the ex-gladiator of Capua,Spartacus,began against the Romans. Slaves accounted for roughly every third person in Italy.

Spartacus defeated many Roman armies in a conflict that lasted for over two years. While trying to escape from Italy atBrundisiumhe unwittingly moved his forces into the historic trap atApuliainCalabria.The Romans were well acquainted with the region. Legions were brought home from abroad and Spartacus was pinned between armies. The ex-slave army was defeated at theSiler RiverbyMarcus Licinius Crassus.Pompey's armies captured and killed several thousand rebels that escaped from the battle and Crassus captured several thousand more. The Romans judged that the slaves had forfeited their right to live. In 71 BC, 6,000 slaves werecrucifiedalong the 200-kilometer (120 mi) Via Appia from Rome to Capua.

The World War II Battle of Anzio

Main article:Battle of Anzio

In 1943, duringWorld War II,theAlliesfell into the same trap Pyrrhus had retreated to avoid, in thePomptine fields,the successor to thePontine Marshes.The marsh remained, despite many efforts to drain it, until engineers working forBenito Mussolinifinally succeeded (even so, the fields were infested withmalarialmosquitosuntil the advent ofDDTin the 1950s).

Hoping to break a stalemate atMonte Cassino,the Allies landed on the coast of Italy at theAnzio-Nettunoarea – ancientAntium– which was midway betweenOstiaandTerracina.They found that the place was undefended. They intended to move along the line of the Via Appia to take Rome, outflanking Monte Cassino, but they did not do so quickly enough. The Germans occupied Mounts Laziali and Lepini along the track of the old Via Latina, from which they rained down shells on Anzio. Even though the Allies expanded into all the Pomptine region, they gained no ground. The Germans counterattacked down the via Appia from the Alban hills in a front four miles wide, but could not retake Anzio. The battle lasted for four months, one side being supplied by sea, the other by land through Rome. In May 1944, the Allies broke out of Anzio and tookRome.The German forces escaped to the north ofFlorence.

1960 Summer Olympics

For the1960 Summer Olympics,it served as part of themen's marathoncourse that was won byAbebe BikilaofEthiopia.

Main sights

Via Appia Antica 4.1 km southeast from Porta Appia (Porta San Sebastiano), the gate of the Aurelian Walls

Main article:Appian Way Regional Park

Via Appia Antica

After the fall of theWestern Roman Empire,the road fell out of use;Pope Pius VIordered its restoration. A new Appian Way was built in parallel with the old one in 1784 as far as the Alban Hills region. The new road is the Via Appia Nuova ( "New Appian Way" ) as opposed to the old section, now known as Via Appia Antica. The old Appian Way close to Rome is now a free tourist attraction. It was extensively restored for Rome'sMillenniumandGreat Jubileecelebrations. The first 5 kilometers (3 mi) are still heavily used by cars, buses and coaches but from then on traffic is very light and the ruins can be explored on foot in relative safety. TheChurch of Domine Quo Vadisis in the second mile of the road. Along or close to the part of the road closest to Rome, there are threecatacombsof Roman and earlyChristianorigin and one ofJewish origin.

The construction of Rome's ring road, theGrande Raccordo Anulareor GRA, in 1951 caused the Appian Way to be cut in two. More recent improvements to the GRA have rectified this through the construction of a tunnel under the Appia, so that it is now possible to follow the Appia on foot for about 16 km (10 mi) from its beginning near theBaths of Caracalla.

Many parts of the original road beyond Rome's environs have been preserved, and some are now used by cars (for example, in the area ofVelletri). The road inspires the last movement ofOttorino Respighi'sPini di Roma.To this day the Via Appia contains the longest stretch of straight road in Europe,totaling 62 km (39 mi).

Monuments along the Via Appia

The Appian Way as it appeared inPiranesi's imagination (1756)

1st to 4th mile

• Porta Appia (Porta San Sebastiano), the gate of the Aurelian Walls
• Church of Domine Quo Vadis
• Tomb of Priscilla
• Catacomb of Callixtus
• Hypogeum of Vibia
• San Sebastiano fuori le mura
• Catacombs of St Sebastian
• Vigna Randanini Jewish catacombs
• Circus of Maxentius
• Tomb of Caecilia Metella
• Roman baths ofCapo di Bove
• Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus

5th mile

The Mausoleum of the Curiazi has been dated to between the end of theRepublicand the beginning of theEmpire.

• Mausoleum of theOrazi and Curiazi
• Villa dei Quintili,withnympheum,theatre, and baths
• Mausoleum ofCasal Rotondo

Torre Selce, a 12th-century tower built on a much older mausoleum

6th mile and beyond

• Minucia tomb
• Torre Selce
• Temple of Hercules
• Berrettia di Prete(tomb and later church)
• Mausoleum ofGallienus
• Tres Tabernae
• Villa of Publius Clodius Pulcher (in the Villa Santa Caterina, owned by the Pontifical North American College), 14th mile
• Villa of Pompey

Roman bridges along the road

Further information:List of Roman bridges

There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte di Tre Ponti, Ponte di Vigna Capoccio, Viadotta di Valle Ariccia, Ponte Alto and Ponte Antico.

See also

• Appian Way Regional Park
• Park of the Caffarella– which borders the northern side of the Appian Way
• Roman bridge
• Roman engineering
• Three Taverns
• The Pines of the Appian Way– a movement ofOttorino Respighi'stone poemPines of Rome

Bibliography

• Berechman, Joseph. 2003. "Transportation – Economic Aspects of Roman Highway Development: The Case of Via Appia".Transportation Research Part A37, no. 5: 453–78.
• Coarelli, Filippo. 2007.Rome and environs: An archaeological guide.Translated by James J. Clauss and Daniel P. Harmon. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
• Della Portella, Ivana. 2004.The Appian Way: From Its Foundation to the Middle Ages.Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
• Dubbini, Rachele. 2016. "A New Republican Temple on the Via Appia, at the Borders of Rome's Urban Space".Journal of Roman Archaeology29: 327–47.
• Kleijn, M. de, R. de Hond, and O. Martinez-Rubi. 2016. "A 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure for Mapping the Via Appia".Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage3: 23–32.
• Magli, Giulio, Eugenio Realini, Mirko Reguzzoni, and Daniele Sampietro. 2014. "Uncovering a Masterpiece of Roman Engineering: The Project of Via Appia between Colle Pardo and Terracina".Journal of Cultural Heritage15, no. 6: 665–69.
• Peterson, John. 2015. "Modelling Roman surveying in the Pontine plain".1st International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology Benevento, Italy, 22–23 October 2015445–9.
• Luciano Piepoli (2014)."Il percorso della via Appia antica nell'Apulia et Calabria: stato dell'arte e nuove acquisizioni sul tratto Gravina-Taranto".Vetera Christianorum(in Italian) (51): 239–261.
• Giuseppe Lugli.La via Appia attraverso l'Apulia e un singolare gruppo di strade "orientate"(PDF)(in Italian).Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 December 2021.
• Smith, William (1854).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.London.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• Official website
• Appian Way Regional Park
• Ivana Della Portella, Giuseppina Pisani Sartorio, Francesca Ventre. The Appian Way: From Its Foundation to the Middle Ages. Los Angeles, 2004 (Google Books Preview).
• Via Appia Antica From Torre In Selci To Frattocchie
• Via Appia Antica From Cecilia Metella To Torre In Selci
• The Via Appia And The Cities Of The Pontine Plain
• Documentary Film about the Sassi di Matera and the Appian Way, Roba Forestiera, 44 min., 2004
• New York Times article on condition of Appian Way in modern times
• Omnes Viae: Via Appia on the Tabula Peutingeriana
• Robert Kaster's"Advice for the Traveler"excerpted fromThe Appian Way: Ghost Road, Queen of Roads
• Appia way series

Media related toVia Appiaat Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Spanish Steps

Landmarks of Rome Appian Way

Succeeded by Campo de' Fiori