Arab Americans
![]() Americans with Arab ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019 | |
Total population | |
---|---|
2,097,642 U.S. estimate, 2018, self-reported[1] 0.639% of the U.S. population | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Languages | |
Arabic·American English·French·Spanish·other languages in Arab countries | |
Religion | |
|
Arab Americans(Arabic:عَرَبٌ أَمْرِيكِا,romanized:ʻArab Amrīkāor Arabic:العرب الأمريكيون,romanized:al-ʻArab al-Amrīkīyūn) areAmericansofArabancestry. Arab Americans trace ancestry to any of thevarious waves of immigrantsfrom theArab world.In theUnited States census,Arabs are a part of the"White" race groupbecause the definition of "White" as "A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa".[3]
According to the2010 U.S. census,there are 1,698,570 Arab Americans in the United States.[4]290,893 persons defined themselves as simplyArab,and a further 224,241 asOther Arab.Other groups on the 2010 census are listed by nation of origin, and some may or may not be Arabs, or regard themselves as Arabs. The largest subgroup is by far theLebanese Americans,with 501,907,[5]followed by;Egyptian Americanswith 190,078,Syrian Americanswith 187,331,[6]Iraqi Americanswith 105,981,Moroccan Americanswith 101,211,Palestinian Americanswith 85,186, andJordanian Americanswith 61,664. Approximately 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries. A number of these ancestries are considered undercounted, given the nature of Ottoman immigration to the US during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A number of ethnic and ethnoreligious groups inWestern AsiaandNorth Africathat lived in majorityArab countriesand are now resident in the United States arenotalways classified as Arabs but some may claim an Arab identity or a dual Arab/non-Arab identity;they includeAssyrians,Arameans,Jews(in particularMizrahi Jews,someSephardi Jews),Copts,Kurds,Iraqi Turkmens,Mandeans,Circassians,Shabaki,Armenians,Greeks,Italians,Yazidis,Persians,Kawliya/Romani,Syrian Turkmens,Berbers(especiallyArab-Berbers), andNubians.[7]
Population
[edit]![]() | This section needs to beupdated.The reason given is: Needs 2020 Census info.(January 2024) |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Arabs_in_the_United_States.png/400px-Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Arabs_in_the_United_States.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Americans_with_Arab_Ancestry_by_state.svg/400px-Americans_with_Arab_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png)
The majority of Arab Americans, around 62%, originate from the region of theLevant,which includesSyria,Lebanon,Palestine,andJordan,although overwhelmingly from Lebanon. The remainder are made up of those fromEgypt,Morocco,Algeria,Iraq,Libya,theGulf Cooperation Council,and other Arab nations.
There are nearly 3.5 million Arab Americans in the United States according to TheArab American Institute.Arab Americans live in all 50 states and inWashington, D.C.,and 94% reside in the metropolitan areas of major cities. According to the 2010 U.S. census, the city with the largest percentage of Arab Americans isDearborn, Michigan,a southwestern suburb ofDetroit,at nearly 40%. TheDetroit metropolitan areais home to the largest concentration of Arab Americans (403,445), followed by theNew York City Combined Statistical Area(371,233), Los Angeles (308,295), San Francisco Bay Area (250,000), Chicago (176,208), and the Washington, D.C., area (168,208).[8]This information is reportedly based upon survey findings but is contradicted by information posted on the Arab American Institute website itself, which states that California as a whole only has 272,485, and Michigan as a whole only 191,607. The 2010 American Community Survey information, from the American Factfinder website, gives a figure of about 168,000 for Michigan.
Sorting by American states, according to the 2000 U.S. census, 48% of the Arab American population, 576,000, reside inCalifornia,Michigan,New York,Florida,andNew Jersey,respectively; these 5 states collectively have 31% of the net U.S. population. Five other states -Illinois,Texas,Ohio,Massachusetts,andPennsylvania- report Arab American populations of more than 40,000 each. Also, the counties which contained the greatest proportions of Arab Americans were in California, Michigan, New York, Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, andVirginia.
The cities with 100,000 or more in population with the highest percentages of Arabs areSterling Heights, Michigan3.69%;Jersey City, New Jersey2.81%;Warren, Michigan2.51%;Allentown, Pennsylvania2.45%;Burbank, California2.39% and nearbyGlendale, California2.07%;Livonia, Michigan1.94%;Arlington County, Virginia1.77%;Paterson, New Jersey1.77%; andDaly City, California1.69%.[9]
Bayonne, New Jersey,a city of 73,000, reported an Arab-American population of 17.0% in the 2020 US Census.[10]
Arab American ethnic groups
[edit]Ancestry | 2000 | 2000 (% of US population) | 2010 | 2010 (% of US population) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lebanese | 440,279 | 0.2% | 501,988 | % |
Syrian | 142,897 | 0.1% | 148,214 | % |
Egyptian | 142,832 | 0.1% | 181,762 | % |
Palestinians | unsurveyed | % | 85,186 | % |
Jordanian | 39,734 | 0.03% | 61,664 | % |
Moroccan | 38,923 | 0.03% | 82,073 | % |
Iraqi | 37,714 | 0.01% | 105,981 | % |
Yemeni | 11,654 | 0.005% | 29,358[13] | % |
Algerian | 8,752 | % | 14,716 | % |
Saudi | 7,419 | % | % | |
Tunisian | 4,735 | % | % | |
Kuwaiti | 3,162 | % | % | |
Libyan | 2,979 | % | % | |
Emirati | 459 | % | % | |
Omani | 351 | % | % | |
"North African" | 3,217 | % | % | |
"Arabs" | 85,151 | % | 290,893 | % |
"Arabic" | 120,665 | % | % | |
Other Arabs | % | 224,241 | % | |
Total | 1,160,729 | 0.4% | 1,697,570 | 0.6% |
Arab population by state (2010)
[edit]The U.S. Census Bureau calculates the number of Arab Americans based on the number of people who claimed at least one Arab ancestry as one of their two ancestries. The Arab American Institute surveys the number of people of Arab descent in the U.S., regardless of the number of people who claimed Arab descent in the census.
State/territory | 2010 American Census[14] | Percentage | Arab American Institute (AAI) | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 9,057 | 0.189 | 34,308[15] | No data |
Alaska | 1,356 | 0.191 | 4,464[16] | No data |
Arizona | 29,474 | 0.461 | 95,427[17] | No data |
Arkansas | 5,019 | 0.172 | 14,472[18] | No data |
California | 269,917 | 0.616 | 817,455[19] | No data |
Colorado | 27,526 | 0.074 | 51,149[20] | No data |
Connecticut | 17,917 | 0.501 | 57,747[21] | No data |
Delaware | 1,092 | 0.122 | 9,000[22] | No data |
District of Columbia | 4,810 | 0.799 | 10,821[23] | No data |
Florida | 114,791 | 0.610 | 301,881[24] | No data |
Georgia | 25,504 | 0.263 | 81,171[25] | No data |
Hawaii | 1,661 | 0.122 | 4,983[26] | No data |
Idaho | 1,200 | 0.077 | 7,617[27] | No data |
Illinois | 87,936 | 0.685 | 256,395[28] | No data |
Indiana | 19,049 | 0.294 | 46,122[29] | No data |
Iowa | 6,426 | 0.211 | 17,436[30] | No data |
Kansas | 8,099 | 0.281 | 23,868[31] | No data |
Kentucky | 10,199 | 0.235 | 28,542[32] | No data |
Louisiana | 11,996 | 0.265 | 50,031[33] | No data |
Maine | 3,103 | 0.234 | 13,224[34] | No data |
Maryland | 28,623 | 0.496 | 76,446[35] | No data |
Massachusetts | 67,643 | 1.033 | 195,450[36] | No data |
Michigan | 153,713 | 1.555 | 500,000[37] | No data |
Minnesota | 11,138 | 0.196 | 32,406[38] | No data |
Mississippi | 6,823 | 0.230 | 20,469[39] | No data |
Missouri | 18,198 | 0.304 | 51,869[40] | No data |
Montana | 1,771 | 0.179 | 5,313[41] | No data |
Nebraska | 6,093 | 0.334 | 25,227[42] | No data |
Nevada | 10,920 | 0.404 | 37,554[43] | No data |
New Hampshire | 6,958 | 0.529 | 25,068[44] | No data |
New Jersey | 84,558 | 0.962 | 257,868[45] | No data |
New Mexico | 7,716 | 0.375 | 13,632[46] | No data |
New York | 160,848 | 0.830 | 449,187[47] | No data |
North Carolina | 33,230 | 0.348 | 91,788[48] | No data |
North Dakota | 1,470 | 0.186 | 4,410[49] | No data |
Ohio | 65,011 | 0.564 | 197,439[50] | No data |
Oklahoma | 9,342 | 0.249 | No data | No data |
Oregon | 13,055 | 0.341 | 41,613[51] | No data |
Pennsylvania | 63,288 | 0.498 | 182,610[52] | No data |
Rhode Island | 7,566 | 0.719 | 26,541[53] | No data |
South Carolina | 9,106 | 0.197 | 32,223[54] | No data |
South Dakota | 2,034 | 0.250 | 6,102[55] | No data |
Tennessee | 24,447 | 0.385 | 71,025[56] | No data |
Texas | 102,367 | 0.407 | 274,701[57] | No data |
Utah | 5,539 | 0.200 | 17,556[58] | No data |
Vermont | 2,583 | 0.413 | 7,749[59] | No data |
Virginia | 59,348 | 0.742 | 169,587[60] | No data |
Washington | 26,666 | 0.397 | 8,850[61] | No data |
West Virginia | 6,329 | 0.342 | 16,581[62] | No data |
Wisconsin | 22,478 | 0.424 | 60,663[63] | No data |
Wyoming | 397 | 0.070 | 1,191[64] | No data |
USA | 1,646,371 | 0.533 | 3,700,000[65] | No data |
Religious background
[edit]The religious affiliations of Arab Americans
According to the Arab American Institute based on the Zogby International Survey in 2002, the breakdown of religious affiliation among persons originating from Arab countries is as follows:
- 63%Christian
- 35%Roman/Eastern Catholic,includingRoman Catholic,MaroniteandMelkite
- 18% Orthodox, includingAntiochian,Syrian,GreekandCoptic
- 10%Protestant
- 24%Muslim,includingSunni,Shi'a,andDruze
- 13% other or no affiliation[66]
The percentage of Arab Americans who are Muslim has increased in recent years because most new Arab immigrants tend to be Muslim. In the past 10 years, most Arab immigrants wereMuslimas compared to 15 to 30 years when they were mostlyChristian.This stands in contrast to the first wave of Arab immigration to the United States between the late 19th and early 20th centuries when almost all immigrants were Christians. Those Palestinians oftenEastern Orthodox,otherwise Roman Catholic and a few Episcopalians. A small number areProtestantadherents, either having joined a Protestant denomination after immigrating to the U.S. or being from a family that converted to Protestantism while still living in theEastern Mediterranean(European and American Protestant missionaries were fairly commonplace in the Levant in the late 19th and early 20th centuries).
Arab Christians, especially fromLebanon,Iraq,Palestine,Jordan,Syria,andEgypt,continue to immigrate into the U.S. in the 2000s and continue to form new enclaves and communities across the country.[67]
The United States is the second largest home of Druze communities outside the Middle East after Venezuela (60,000).[7]According to some estimates there are about 30,000[68]to 50,000[7]Druzesin the United States, with the largest concentration inSouthern California.[68]Most Druze immigrated to the U.S. from Lebanon and Syria.[68]
The New York City metropolitan area has a large population ofArab JewsandMizrahi Jews.New York City and its suburbs in New Jersey have sizable Syrian Sephardi populations. Syrian Jews and other Jews from Arab countries may or may not identify as Arab Americans. When Syrian Jews first began to arrive in New York City during the late 1800s and early 1900s,Eastern EuropeanAshkenazi Jewson the Lower East Side sometimes disdained their Syrian co-coreligionists asArabische Yidden,Yiddishfor "Arab Jews". Some Ashkenazim doubted whetherSephardi/Mizrahi Jewsfrom the Middle East were Jewish at all. In response, some Syrian Jews who were deeply proud of their ancient Jewish heritage, derogatorily dubbed Ashkenazi Jews as "J-Dubs", a reference to the first and third letters of the English word "Jew".[69]In the 1990 United States Census, there were 11,610 Arab Jews in New York City, comprising 23 percent of the total Arab population of the city.[70]Arab Jews in the city sometimes faceanti-Arab racism.After theSeptember 11 attacks,some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists.[71]
Arab American identity
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arab_American_National_Museum.jpg/250px-Arab_American_National_Museum.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Downtown-paterson-nj2.jpg/250px-Downtown-paterson-nj2.jpg)
In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, theAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committeepetitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community.[73]Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a newMENAethnic category for populations from Western Asia, North Africa or theArab world,separate from the white classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, including some Jewish organizations, felt that the earlier white designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they lobbied for a distinct categorization.[74][75]The 2020 census did not include a separate MENA race category and collected detailed ethnicity information.[76]
In the 2015 National Content Test (NCT) for the 2020 Census, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well asSudanese,Djiboutian,Somali,Mauritanian,Armenian,Cypriot,Afghan,Iranian,Azerbaijani,andGeorgiangroups.[77]
On March 28, 2024, theOffice of Management and Budgetpublished revisions toStatistical Policy DirectiveNo. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included the addition of "Middle Eastern or North African" to the race and/or ethnicity categories.[78][79]
The Arab American Institute and other groups have noted that there was a rise inhate crimestargeting the Arab American community as well as people perceived as Arab/Muslim after theSeptember 11 attacksand the U.S.-led2003 invasion of Iraq.[80]
A new Zogby Poll International found that there are 3.5 million Americans who were identified as "Arab-Americans", or Americans of ancestry belonging to one of the 23 UN member countries of the Arab World (these are not necessarily therefore Arabs). Poll finds that, overall, a majority of those identifying as Arab Americans areLebanese Americans(largely as a result of being the most numerous group). ThePaterson, New Jersey-based Arab American Civic Association runs an Arabic language program in the Paterson school district.[81]Paterson, New Jersey has been nicknamedLittle Ramallahand contains a neighborhood with the same name, with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015.[72]NeighboringClifton, New Jersey,is following in Paterson's footsteps, with rapidly growing Arab, Muslim, and Palestinian American populations.[82]
Politics
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/45a.March.March4Gaza.KStreet.WDC.13January2024_%2853514358529%29.jpg/220px-45a.March.March4Gaza.KStreet.WDC.13January2024_%2853514358529%29.jpg)
In a 2007 Zogby poll, 62% of Arab Americans voteDemocratic,while only 25% voteRepublican.[83]The percentage of Arabs voting Democratic increased sharply during theIraq War.However, a number of prominent Arab American politicians are Republicans, including former Oregon GovernorVictor Atiyeh,former New Hampshire SenatorJohn E. Sununu,and California CongressmanDarrell Issa,who was the driving force behind the state's2003 recall electionthat removed Democratic GovernorGray Davisfrom office. The first womanSupreme Court Chief Justicein Florida,Rosemary Barkett,who is ofSyriandescent, is known for her dedication to progressive values.
Arab Americans gaveGeorge W. Busha majority of their votes in2000.However, they backedJohn Kerryin2004andBarack Obamain both2008and2012.They also backedHillary Clintonin2016andJoe Bidenin 2020.
According to a 2000 Zogby poll, 52% of Arab Americans areanti-abortion,74% support thedeath penalty,76% are in favor of strictergun control,and 86% want to see an independentPalestinian state.[84]
In a study, first-generation Arab Americans living in Detroit were found to have values more similar to that of the Arab world than those of the general population living in Detroit, on average, being more closely aligned to the strong traditional values and survival values. This was less the case when participants were secular or belonged to second and subsequent generations.[85]
An October 30, 2023 poll by theArab American Institutefound that support for Biden among Arab Americans dropped from 59% in 2020 to 17%.[86]The drop in support has been attributed to the administration's handling of the2023 Israel-Hamas War.[87]
Non-Arab Americans from Arab countries
[edit]There are many U.S. immigrants from theArab worldwho are not always classified as Arabs because through much of the Arabized world, Arabs were considered a colonizing force and many ethnic groups maintained their ethnic cultural and religious heritage, oftentimes throughsyncretism.Among these areArmenian Americans,Assyrian Americans,Kurdish Americans,Jewish AmericansofMizrahiorigin, andMaronites.Some of these groups, such as Assyrian or Syriac ones, are Semitic language speakers, while the vast majority of the rest are not Semitic language speakers. It is very difficult to estimate the size of these communities. For example, some Armenians immigrated to the U.S. from Lebanon, Syria, or Iraq. Estimates place these communities at least in the tens of thousands.[88][89][90]Other smaller communities includeAssyrians,Amazigh/Berber,Turks,Mandeans,Circassians,Shabaks,Mhallami,Georgians,Yazidis,Balochs,Iranians,Azerbaijanis,andKawliya/Roma.
Most of these ethnic groups speak their own native languages (usually another Semitic language related to Arabic) and have their own customs, along with the Arabic dialect from the Arab country they originate from.
Arab American Heritage Month
[edit]In 2014,Montgomery County, Maryland,designated April as Arab American Heritage Month in recognition of the contributions that Arab Americans have made to the nation.[91]Arab America and the Arab America Foundation launched the National Arab American Heritage Month initiative in 2017, with just a handful of states recognizing the initiative. Each year, the Arab America Foundation activates a grass-roots network of over 250 Arab American volunteers in 26 states. It gathers hundreds of proclamations from state governments, counties, municipalities, and local school districts. The first documentary on Arab Americans premiered onPBSin August 2017, "The Arab Americans" features the Arab American immigrant story as told through the lens of American History and the stories of prominent Arab Americans such as actorJamie Farr,Ralph Nader,SenatorGeorge Mitchell,White House ReporterHelen Thomas,Pulitzer Prize-winning journalistAnthony Shadid,Danny Thomasactor and Founder ofSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital,pollster and authorJohn Zogby,CongressmanNick Rahall,racing legendBobby Rahal.The documentary is produced and directed by Abe Kasbo.
TheUnited States Department of Statehas recognized April as the NationalArab American Heritage Month,making it the highest level of federal recognition, yet. Stating in a public announcement on April 1, 2021, through their official social media channels: "Americans of Arab heritage are very much a part of the fabric of this nation, and Arab Americans have contributed in every field and profession."[92]
The recognition of the month of April as the National Arab American Heritage Month by theUnited States Department of Statewas mainly influenced by independent advocate efforts across the United States calling for inclusivity. Most notably the petition and social change campaign by Pierre Subeh, who is a Middle-Eastern American business expert, executive producer, and author. He orchestrated a self-funded social awareness campaign with over 250 billboards across the country asking the Federal government to recognize the month of April as the National Arab American Heritage Month and issue an official proclamation. His social change campaign called the recognition to be critical as it celebrates Middle Eastern heritage in combatting post-9/11 anti-Arab sentiments and recognizing the social difficulties that Arab Americans face every day in their communities.[93][94][95]
In 2023, President Joe Biden issued an official proclamation on the Arab American Heritage Month.[96]
Festivals
[edit]While the spectrum of Arab heritage includes 22 countries, their combined heritage is often celebrated in cultural festivals around the United States.
- New York City
The Annual Arab-American & North African Street Festival was founded in 2002 by the Network of Arab-American Professionals of NY (NAAP-NY).[97]Located in downtown Manhattan, on Great Jones Street between Lafayette & Broadway, the Festival attracts an estimated 15,000 people, in addition to over 30 Arab and North African vendors along with an all-day live cultural performance program representing performers from across the Arab world.
The New York Arab-American Comedy Festival was founded in 2003 by comedianDean Obeidallahand comedianMaysoon Zayid.Held annually each fall, the festival showcases the talents of Arab-American actors, comics, playwrights and filmmakers, and challenges as well as inspires fellow Arab-Americans to create outstanding works of comedy. Participants include actors, directors, writers and comedians.[98]
- Seattle
Of particular note is ArabFest inSeattle,begun in 1999. The festival includes all 22 of the Arab countries, with asoukmarketplace, traditional and modern music, an authentic Arab coffeehouse, an Arabic spelling bee, and a fashion show. Lectures and workshops explore the rich culture and history of the Arab peoples, one of the world's oldest civilizations. Also of new interest is the Arabic rap concert, including the NW group Sons of Hagar, showcasing the political and creative struggle of Arabic youth.[99]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arab_american_festival_2008.jpg/220px-Arab_american_festival_2008.jpg)
- Phoenix
In 2008, the first annual Arab American Festival in Arizona was held on 1 and 2 November in Glendale, Arizona. There were more than 40,000 attendees over the two-day event; more than 35 international singers, dancers, and musicians from all over the Arab World performed 20 hours of live entertainment on stage. Activities included folklore shows, an international food court, hookah lounge, kids rides and booth vendors, open to the public, and admission was free.[100]
- California
The Annual Arab American Day Festival is a three-day cultural and entertainment event held in Orange County. Activities include book and folk art exhibitions, speeches from community leaders in the county, as well as music and poetry, dancing singing, traditional food, hookah and much more.[101]
- Wisconsin
Since 1996, Milwaukee's Arab World Fest has been part of the summer festival season. It is held on the second weekend of August. This three-day event hosts music, culture, and food celebrating the 22 Arab countries. The festival features live entertainment, belly dancing, hookah rental, camel rides, cooking demonstrations, a children's area and greatArab cuisine.It is a family-friendly festival on Milwaukee's lakefront.[102]
Notable people
[edit]See also
[edit]- American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
- Arab American Institute
- Arab American Political Action Committee
- Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services
- Arab American literature
- Arab diaspora
- Arab immigration to the United States
- Arab lobby in the United States
- Arabs in Europe
- Diaspora politics in the United States
- History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit
- Hyphenated American
- Iraqi diaspora
- Islam in the United States
- Islam in Europe
- List of American Muslims
- Refugees of Iraq
Notes
[edit]- ^In this list are not included Sudanese since, in 2000 and 2010, Sudan and South Sudan were yet one country and yet we only have quantitative data from these groups together. Only the people of Northern Sudan are Arabs, but most Sudanese Americans hailed from the South Sudan. The 2000 - 2010 US Census indicate not the number of Americans of Sudanese (excluding South Sudanese) origin or descent.
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Further reading
[edit]- Abraham, Nabeel. "Arab Americans." inGale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,ed. by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 125–140.online
- Oweis, Fayeq S. (30 December 2007).Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists.Artists of the American Mosaic. Westport, Conneticuit, USA: Greenwood Press-Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN9780313337307.
- Abraham, Nabeel, and Andrew Shryock, eds.Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream(Wayne State UP, 2000).
- Ameri, Anan, and Holly Arida.Daily Life of Arab Americans in the 21st Century(Greenwood, 2012).
- Alsultany, Evelyn.Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation after 9/11(New York University Press, 2012).
- Cainkar, Louis A.Homeland insecurity: the Arab American and Muslim American experience after 9/11(Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).
- Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck.Becoming American?: The Forging of Arab Muslim Identity in Pluralist America(Baylor University Press, 2011).
- Köszegi, Michael A., and J. Gordon Melton, eds.Islam in North America: A Sourcebook(2 vol. 1992).
- McCarus, Ernest, ed.The Development of Arab-American Identity(U of Michigan Press, 1994).
- Naff, Alixa.Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience(Southern Illinois University Press, 1985).
- Naber, Nadine.Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics, and Activism(New York UP, 2012).
- Odeh, Rasmea. "Empowering Arab Immigrant Women in Chicago: The Arab Women's Committee."Journal of Middle East Women's Studies15.1 (2019): 117–124.
- Pennock, Pamela E.The Rise of the Arab American Left: Activists, Allies, and Their Fight against Imperialism and Racism, 1960s–1980s(U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xii, 316 pp
- Shahin, Saif. "Unveiling the American-Muslim press: News agendas, frames, and functions."Journalism(2014) 16#7 884-903https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914545376
- Naff, Alixa."Arabs" inThernstrom, Stephan;Orlov, Ann;Handlin, Oscar,eds.Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups,Harvard University Press,ISBN0674375122,pp 128–136,Online free to borrow
- Waleed, F. Mahdi.Arab Americans In Film: From Hollywood And Egyptian Stereotypes To Self-Representation(Syracuse University Press, 2020).
- Wills, Emily Regan.Arab New York: Politics and Community in the Everyday Lives of Arab Americans(NYU Press, 2019).