Arab cinema

Not to be confused withCinema of the Middle East.

Studio Misr,first national studio of its kind in the Arab world, established in 1935.

Arab cinemaorArabic cinema(Arabic:السينما العربية,romanized:al-sīnemā al-ʿArabīyah) refers to the film industry of theArab world.Most productions are from theEgyptian cinema.Currently, the Middle East's largest cinema chain isVox,owned byUAE-basedMajid Al Futtaim Cinemas.

The first screening of a motion picture in Egypt occurred in Alexandria in 1896 by the FrenchLumière Brothers.The Egyptian industry developed fromsilent moviestotalkies,withmusicalsbeing the bulk of the productions in the 1930s and 1940s.The first Arab-produced film wasLaila,released in Egypt in 1924,while the first Arabic speaking film wasAwlad El-Zawat,also released in Egypt in 1932.Studio Misr,founded in 1935, was the first national studio of its kind in the Arab world.The period from the late 1940s to 1960s has been described as "the golden age of Arab cinema", as Arab actors from across theMiddle Eastheaded to stardom inCairo.During this period, notable actors includedHind Rostom,Roshdi Abaza,Mahmoud el-Meliguy,Anwar Wagdi,FayrouzandSoad Hosny.In the 1950s, Egypt's cinema industry was the world's third largest.In 1976, theCairo International Film Festivalwas established, becoming the firstfilm festivalto be held in the Arab world.Egypt has also contributed to theaction genrewith actors such asYoussef Mansourwho became famous in the 1990s for hismartial arts films.

The Egyptian-JewishFrenkel brothers—Herschel, Shlomo, and David—are regarded as the pioneers of the art ofanimationin Egypt and the Arab world. Inspired by early American cartoons andsilent comedies,they released their first animated film in 1936 titledMafish Fayda. The first Arabic-languageanimation serieswasMishgias Sawah(1979), released in Egypt,while the first feature-length Arab animated film isThe Knight and the Princess,also released in Egypt in 2019.The firsttelevision dramain the Arab world,Hareb Min el-Ayyam,was broadcast from Egypt in 1962 duringRamadan.Often called the era of New Arab Cinema, during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, the influence of Italianrealismand the response to political upheavals combined to create a body of independent Arab films that included traces of Arabmelodrama.In 1972, the Kuwaiti drama filmBas ya Baharbecame the first narrative feature film in theGulf,and is considered one of the most important Arabic-language films in Arab filmmaking.

Egypt’s domination of Arab cinema has been credited to its development of thedramatic arts,wealth ofstudios,experienceddirectors,technicians,film stars,singersandbelly dancers.Since the 2010s, a "new wave" of Arab cinema has included films that explore links withgenre cinema– includingfantasy,sci-fiandhorror.Since theArab Spring,Arab films have also become morepolitical.In what has been described as a "vibrant new era" of Arab cinema, the 2020s has seen a growth in theSaudi film industry,with some stability in Egypt,TunisiaandMorocco.The 2023 Saudi horror film,The Cello,is regarded as the first Arabic international horror film.Also that year,Sukkar, backed by the Saudi-owned production houseMBC Group,was touted as the Arab world's first musical movie in the Western canon.

Overview

Arab cinema includes films from various countries and cultures of the Arab world and therefore does not have one form, structure, or style.Arab cinema mostly includes films made inEgypt,Lebanon,Syria,Iraq,Kuwait,Algeria,Morocco,andTunisia;however, by definition, it also includesBahrain,Djibouti,Jordan,Libya,Oman,Palestine,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Somalia,Sudan,United Arab Emirates,andYemen.In its inception, Arab cinema was mostly an imitation of Western cinema. However, it has and continues to constantly change and evolve, as each country in the region has its own unique characteristics and identifiable brand of cinema.

Studio Misr,first major studio production in the Arab World, established in 1935.

Youssef Wahbi,one of Egypt's pioneers in film industry.Among the most famous Egyptian and Arabic actors and filmmakers.

Egypt, in particular, is a pioneer among Arab countries in the field of cinema.A sustained film industry was able to emerge in Egypt when other parts of the Arab world had only been able to sporadically produce feature-length films due to limited financing.As such, Arabic cinema is dominated by films from Egypt, where three quarters of all Arab movies are produced. According to film critic and historianRoy Armes,Lebanese cinema is the only other cinema in the Arabic-speaking region that could amount to anational cinema.

While Egyptian and Lebanese films have a long history of production, most other Arab countries did not witness film production until after independence. Even at the end of the 20th century, most film productions in countries like Bahrain, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates are limited to television or short films.

Faten Hamama(1931–2015), Egyptian film star

Elsewhere inNorth Africaand theMiddle East,film production was scarce until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when some filmmakers began to receive funding and financial assistance from state organizations.It was during the post-independence era, when Arab cinema in most countries started.Most films produced at that time were funded by the state and contained a nationalistic dimension. These films helped to advance certain social causes such as independence and other social, economic and political agendas.

There is increased interest in films originating in the Arab world. For example, films from Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, and Tunisia have been shown more often in local film festivals and repertoire theaters than during the late 1900s.

Zubaida Tharwat,(1940–2016), Egyptian film star

Arab cinema has explored many topics from politics, colonialism, tradition, modernity and social taboos.It has also attempted to escape from its earlier tendency to mimic and rely on Western film styles.In fact, colonization did not only influence Arab films, but it also had an impact on Arab movie theaters.Also, the portrayal of women became an important aspect. Arab woman shaped a great portion of the film industry in the Arab world by employing their cinematic talents in improving the popularity of Arab films.

However, the production of Arab cinema has also experienced decline, and filmmakers in the Middle East have been trying to "face up to their reality".

Origins

Full-length feature films began to be produced locally in the Arab world after the 1920s. For instance, the Egyptian filmLailain 1927.At that time, the process of inserting sound into movies used to be done inParis,and Egypt was only able to produce twosound films,one titledAwlad Al-Thawat(Sons of Aristocrats) and the otherUnshudat Al-Fu’ad(The Song of the Heart).In addition to the Syrian filmAl-Muttaham Albari'(The Innocent Accused), presented in 1928,Mughamarat Ilyas Mabruk(The Adventures of Ilyas Mabruk) in Lebanon in 1929,. Although these films were produced in the Arab world, they mostly were directed, produced, or showed artistic influence from foreigners or immigrants.

Film production in Arab cinema

Salah ZulfikarandZubaida TharwatinInni Attahim,1960

Arab cinema did not flourish before the national independence of each of them, and even after, the films production of Arab cinema was restricted to short-length films.However, there were exceptions for some of them. For example,Egyptscored the highest number in producing films and produced more than 2,500 feature films.During the 1950s and 1960sLebanonproduced 180 feature films.Two full-lengthKuwaitifilms were produced at the end of 1970s, and a full-lengthBahrainifilm was produced in 1989.Syriaproduced around 150 films,Tunisiaapproximately 130, 100 films were produced each inAlgeriaandIraq,almost 70 inMoroccoand thefilms made in Jordanwere less than 12.

Movie theaters in the Arab world

Lobna Abdel AzizinBride of the Nile,1963.

The influence of films and cinemas on Arabs was due to the effect of the West on the Arab world; therefore, natives were not the owners for the movie theaters that are located in their own lands.

The first cinema inEgyptwas built by the French companyPathéin 1906 inCairo,aside from thecinématographethat was owned by theLumière BrothersinAlexandriaand Cairo.InTunisia,they had the Omnia Pathé, which did not launch before 1907.

In 1908, a cinema called "Oracle" was opened inJerusalembyEgyptian Jews.Also in 1908, in some ofAlgeriancities, cinemas were built in places depending on the population ofEuropeanswho lived there, such as inOran.Less than 20 years later, most of the Arab countries had more than a theatre for films screening.InSaudi ArabiaandNorth Yemen,cinemas were not accepted or were prohibited because of religious objections.

Hind Rostom,Egyptian film star

Between the 1960s and 1970s, however, this issue was, in general, solved and accepted byKing Faisal of Saudi Arabia.In alliance with theCrown Prince of Saudi ArabiaMohammed bin Salman's vision of 2030, which calls to expand the artistic, cultural, and entertaining fields in the country, there opened the first cinema inJeddahon 18 April 2018.

Impact of conflict on Egyptian and Palestinian cinema

Mahmoud ZulfikarinA Girl from Palestine,1948.

The history of the Arab cinema primarily revolved around was impacted by political challenges such as theEgyptian revolution of 1952,defeat by Israel in 1967,and thePalestinian resistance.

During the 1952 Egyptian revolution, thefeudalistsystem was substituted with anationalist ideologyled by theRais.This new government had impacted the film industry, in which many of the films produced were ‘social realist’ works depicting the real life of Egypt.Many of the films produced bySalah Abou Seifin 1952 wereneorealismsuch asMaster Hassan,which portrayed the difficulties of the different classes inCairo.This system is said to be derived from theItalian neorealism,though it was not very successful as only a few films were produced.

After theArab nationwas defeated byIsraelin 1967, an Association of New Cinema was introduced, the representatives of which wrote a manifesto in 1968 calling for "the emergence of anew cinemawith deep roots in contemporary Egypt ",wherein "It is necessary to establish a real dialogue within the Egyptian culture in order to create new forms".However, thePalestinian resistancehas inspired many of the Arab filmmakers since the 1948 to produce films about their struggle.In fact, in 1972, an Association of Palestinian was developed to bring all the Arab filmmakers together whose work was about the Palestinian resistance.

Role of women in Arab cinema

Samia Gamal andFarid Al-Attrachin the Egyptian filmAfrita hanem(Genie Lady)(1949)

Samia Gamalis regarded as one of the most prominent Egyptianbelly dancersin the golden era ofEgyptian cinema.Her influence extended beyond the realms of Arabic cinema.She is credited with bringing belly dancing from Egypt toHollywoodand from there to the schools of Europe.

Women succeeded in representing 6% of the total number of feature filmmakers in theMaghrebduring the 1990s, and less in percentages in theMiddle East.The first35mm feature filmto be directed by an Algerian woman wasRachida(2002),by directorYamina Bachir-Chouikh.

In the 2000s, the number of women in the film medium increased and was likeable inLebanon,Morocco,andTunisia.Arab women directors were more considerable to women's lives in the Arab world. Arab women also pioneered in screenwriting, where such people as Algerian novelists and prize-winningAssia DjebarandHafsa Zinaï-Koudilmade their own feature films,released in 1978 and 1993 respectively.

Hind Rostomin the early 1950s. Rostom was considered asex symbolfrom a golden era of Egyptian cinema.

Women from the Middle East who were interested in filmmaking were cared of since they, who were born during the 1960s and 1970s, were sent to study about this medium in theUnited States,such asNajwa Najjarfrom Palestine and Dahna Abourahme from Lebanon, and others who studiedParis,Canada,andNew York.Therefore, the European style in their feature films is noticeable, apart from the effect of colonisation.Arab women filmmakers also had an important role in providing sense of civil war traumas that happened during the war,as well as touching on social issues that were specifically related to women, such as sexual abuse.

Arab filmmakers born in the 1960s

The new generation of filmmakers born in the 1960s had used cinema as a way of expressing theirnational identityand the political history of their countries, since theMiddle Eastexperienced many political upheavals, including wars and invasions.Although these independent filmmakers had their own cinematic approaches, they were heavily influenced by theWest,especially byFrancethrough European film training and other programs that were offered.TheseArabfilmmakers produced films concerning issues related to the freedom of expression and the role of women in society.In fact, filmmakers such asNadia El FaniandLaila Marrakchimade films that were sexually explicit and unlikely to be depicted in public Arabic cinemas.These female filmmakers and many others, especially fromLebanon,TunisiaandMoroccofocused on shedding light on women's issues on the Arabic screen.However, Armes believes that "the views of the 2000s generation [of filmmakers] are defined by the pressures and possibilities of globalization.”Many of theArabindependent filmmakers have hybrid identities and the different personal and global references are reflected in their films, which Rizi describes as "transnationality".

For example, the producer of theLast Fridayis Palestinian-Jordanian who was raised inSaudi Arabiand worked in the city ofAmman.These cosmopolitan identities of independentArabfilmmakers have given them access to major funding institutions.Further, the rise of new digital technology in theMiddle Easthas aided in the production of documentary films by young filmmakers through the availability of equipment.Thus, the filmFive Broken Camerasby a Palestinian director speaks of the influence of these technologies in the region.Apart from documentaries, feature films covered issues of national identity, life in the diaspora and nostalgia, as they were aiming to connect outsiders with theArabsociety.For example, the Algerian feature filmBled Numberis about an Algerian who leftFranceand returned toAlgeria,where his family greeted him with love and support.TheseArabfilmmakers have reflected the national, political and historical context of their countries in their films and also discussed issues related to criticism, freedom of expression and women's social roles.

Festivals

There are numerousfilm festivalsthat have historically been and are held in various parts of the Arab world to both honor and showcase films from the Arab regions, as well as international standouts.

Existing festivals

Festival	Location	Description
Aswan International Women's Film Festival	Aswan,Egypt	The Aswan Women's Film Festival was founded in 2016.
Beirut Cinema Platform	Beirut,Lebanon	The Beirut Cinema Platform is held every year in the spring.
Cairo International Film Festival	Cairo, Egypt	This festival has been held annually in Cairo since 1976, and has been accredited by theInternational Federation of Film Producers Associations.There is also another festival held inAlexandria.Of the more than 4,000 short- and feature-length films made in Arabic-speaking countries since 1908, more than three-quarters were Egyptian.
Carthage Film Festival	Tunis, Tunisia	Created in 1966, this festival takes place in Tunis rather thanCarthage,despite its name.
El Gouna Film Festival	El Gouna,Egypt	This annual film festival was established in 2017, and is held in theRed Searesort town of El Gouna.
Luxor African Film Festival	Luxor,Egypt	Established in 2012, it is an annualfilm festivalforAfrican cinema.In October 2019 theMalmö Arab Film Festivalrecognized LAFF for having "made great strides and [become] one of the most important festivals specialized in African cinema". The festival is run by the Independent Shabab Foundation (ISF).
Marrakech International Film Festival(FIFM)	Marrakech,Morocco	FIFM is an annual international film festival that has, since its inaugural year in 2000, been one of the biggest events devoted toMoroccan cinema.It is also the site of theprincipal photographyof many international productions. The festival's jury gathers international writers, actors and personalities, and endeavors to reward the best Moroccan and foreignfeatureandshort films.The FIFM is chaired byPrince Moulay Rachid of Morocco.
Red Sea International Film Festival	Jeddah,Saudi Arabia	Established in 2018 by the Kingdom's firstMinister of Culture,Badr bin Abdullah Al Saud,the team includes Saudi and international programmers, curators, and directors – all dedicated to connecting the world through film. The RSIFF brings the best in Arab andworld cinemato Jeddah. The Festival showcases new films on the Saudi big screen, alongside retrospective programs celebrating the masters of cinema, the latest Saudi films, and feature and short film competitions. There are also industry events and workshops nurturing the next generation of talent. A comprehensive industry program running alongside the public festival, the Red Sea Souk, is the opportunity to connect with the Arab film scene. In collaboration with theTorinoFilmLab,the Lodge hand-picked twelve emerging filmmakers, pairing each with a mentor to support and enhance their work throughout the creative process. The Red Sea Fund, a $10—million fund aimed at supporting projects with directors from the Arab world and Africa, is set to back more than 100 feature projects in its first year, as well as episodic content, and will also be open to short films from Saudi nationals.
Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis)	Mogadishu,Somalia	The inaugural Mogpaafis was held in 1987, bringing together an array of prominent filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe, including other parts of Northeast Africa and the Arab world, as well asAsiaandEurope.Held annually in the Somalian capital ofMogadishu,the film was organized by theSomali Film Agency,the nation's film regulatory body.
Tripoli Film Festival	Tripoli,Lebanon	Elias Khallat founded and continues to curate the annual Tripoli Film Festival, held every year in the spring in the city of Tripoli.
Ajyal Film Festival	Doha, Qatar	The Qatari Film Festival Ajyal Film Festival was launched in November of 2013, with the aim to foster the film industry within the region and showcasing worldwide representation.

Defunct or cancelled festivals

Dubai International Film Festival

Main article:Dubai International Film Festival

20m wideinflatable projection screenat the 2010Dubai International Film Festival.

TheDubai International Film Festival(DIFF) was an internationalfilm festivalbased inDubai,United Arab Emirates.Launched in 2004, it aimed to foster the growth of filmmaking in the Arab world.The DIFF is held under the honorary Chairmanship ofAhmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum.It was a not-for-profit cultural event, presented and organized by theDubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority.

DIFF presented cinematic excellence from around the world and offers a high-profile platform for aspiring home-grown talent. The Muhr Award for Excellence in Arab Cinema was launched in 2006, with the aim of recognizing Arab filmmakers both regionally and internationally. In 2008, theMuhr Awardsfor Excellence were expanded to include two separate competitions, the Muhr Arab Awards, and theMuhr AsiaAfrica Awards.It also introduced a new program segment dedicated exclusively to Animation.

Abu Dhabi Film Festival

TheAbu Dhabi Film Festival(ADFF) was another key international film festival in the larger Arab region. Created in 2007, the ceremony was held annually in October inAbu Dhabi,UAE by theAbu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage(ADACH), under the patronage of Sheikh Sultan Bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan, Chairman of the ADACH. The ADFF aimed to encourage and foster the growth of filmmaking in theArab worldby showcasing movies from the region alongside standout productions from prominent international filmmakers.The first festival debuted with 152 movies and 186 screenings shown in five Abu Dhabi venues. A total of 76 feature films and 34 short films from over 35 countries competed for the Black Pearl Awards.

Doha Tribeca Film Festival

TheDoha Tribeca Film Festival(DTFF) was an annual five-dayfilm festivalfounded in 2009 to promoteAraband international film, and to develop a sustainablefilm industryinQatar.The Festival was one of Qatar's largest entertainment events attracting over 50,000 guests in 2010.

DTFF was the annual film festival of theDoha Film Institute,an organisation founded byH.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thaniwhich implements, consolidates and oversees film initiatives in Qatar.

The 3rd annual DTFF was scheduled to take place from 25 to 29 October 2011 at Katara Cultural Village,Doha.Approximately 40 films were to be screened at the festival, within various themed sections, showcasing World and Middle Eastern Cinema.

Support initiatives

In conjunction with the European Audiovisual Entrepreneurs (EAVE) professional training, networking and project development organization, theDubai International Film Festivalin 2010 also began offering to filmmakers the Interchange group of development and co-production workshops earmarked for directors, screenwriters and producers from the larger Arab region.

In 2011, theAbu Dhabi Film Festivallaunched the SANAD development and post-production fund for cineastes from the Arab world. With the goal of encouraging independent andauteur-based cinema, eligible filmmakers now have access to financial grants, screenwriting and pitch workshops, and personal meetings with industry mentors and experts.

Current state of Arab cinema

In the 21st century, many Arab filmmakers and cultural commentators are concerned about the current state and production of the Arab cinema. In November 2000, Arab filmmakers from eleven different countries across theMiddle Eastheld a meeting to further address this issue and discuss the future of the Arab cinema, as they are of the opinion that Arab cinema has been declining in popularity and quality. In fact, during the meeting, many of the directors, including theOmani,Kuwaiti,EmiratiandSaudiparticipants believed there wasn't any film industry in their country to talk about.According to theIraqidirector, the film industry in his country has been suffering since the 1990s.The Palestinian filmmaker,Elia Suleiman,said that there are no interesting Arab films to watch any more.

Yousry Nasrallah,Egyptian film director

Moreover, evenEgypt,'the Hollywood of the Arab world' is declining and is unable to compete withHollywood cinemaand the American imported films.As, "the number of domestic productions has dramatically shriveled – from over sixty films a year in the 1960s to a little over a dozen a year today – and even those are being pushed out of theaters by the American imports".One of the solutions, which the Egyptian filmmaker and director ofEl Medina,Yousry Nasrallah,came up with, is to establish a cinema for screening only Arab films, and he also ensures that there are people who are willing to invest in his project.One of the potential reasons for the decline in the production of the Arab cinema is due to the political conflicts.For example, thePalestinian cinemawas introduced in 1976 and has always dealt with politics.Many of the films produced were documentaries about wars and refugee camps.Moreover, filmmakers across theMiddle Eastsuch asRashid Masharawi,Ali Nassarand many others began to also develop films on thePalestinian and Israeli conflict.

According to Nana Asfour, the decline of the Arab cinema in the 2000s was partially due to the great restrictions and censorship the Arabs put on directors who produce challenging films such asZiad DoueiriandRanda Chahal Sabbagand who travel to theWestto screen their films.She concludes by saying that "If enough Arab filmmakers follow their [directors'] lead and if enough Arabs learn to appreciate and nurture their domestic talent, Arab cinema could very well find itself a worthy companion to the acclaimed film industry of neighboringIran."

The Saudi horror movieThe Cello(2023), which was written byTurki Al-Sheikh,directed byDarren Bousman,and starsJeremy IronsandTobin Bell,as well as Elham Ali andSamer Ismail,is regarded as the first Arabic international horror film.

See also

• Cinema of Egypt
• Cinema of Lebanon
• Cinema of Syria
• Cinema of Jordan
• Cinema of Libya
• Cinema of Iraq
• Cinema of Morocco
• Cinema of Algeria
• Cinema of Tunisia
• Cinema of Saudi Arabia
• Cinema of United Arab Emirates
• Cinema of Qatar
• Cinema of Eritrea
• Cinema of Djibouti
• Cinema of Somalia
• Cinema of Kuwait
• Cinema of Bahrain
• Cinema of Oman
• Cinema of Palestine
• Cinema of Yemen
• Cinema of Sudan
• Cinema of South Sudan
• Cinematography studios of the Middle East

Further reading

• Josef Gugler (ed.)Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence,University of Texas Press and American University in Cairo Press, 2011,ISBN978-0-292-72327-6,ISBN978-9-774-16424-8
• Josef Gugler (ed.)Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique,Indiana University Press, 2015,ISBN978-0-253-01652-2
• Rebecca Hillauer:Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers,American University in Cairo Press, 2005,ISBN978-9-774-24943-3
• Laura U. Marks:Hanan al-Cinema: Affections for the Moving Image,MIT Press 2015,ISBN978-0262029308
• Viola Shafik:Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity,American University in Cairo Press, revised and updated 2015,ISBN978-9-774-16690-7

External links

• Zenith Arab Film Festival (UK)
• Vox Cinemas UAE
• New Arab cinema tells intimate stories
• Arab films
• Arab film festival (Australia)