Arctoidea
| Arctoidea | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Clade: | Canoidea |
| Infraorder: | Arctoidea Flower, 1869 |
| Subclades | |
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Arctoideais acladeof mostlycarnivorousmammalswhich include the extinctHemicyonidae(dog-bears), and the extantMusteloidea(weasels, raccoons, skunks, red pandas),Pinnipedia(seals, sea lions), andUrsidae(bears), found in all continents from theEocene,46million years ago,to the present.[2]The oldest group of the clade is the bears, as theirCMAHgene is still intact. The gene became non-functional in the common ancestor of the Mustelida (the musteloids and pinnipeds).[3]Arctoids arecaniforms,along with dogs (canids) and extinctbear dogs(Amphicyonidae). The earliest caniforms were superficially similar tomartens,which are tree-dwellingmustelids. Together withfeliforms,caniforms compose the orderCarnivora;sometimes Arctoidea can be considered a separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia.
Systematics[edit]
Arctoidea was named by Flower (1869). It was reranked as the unranked clade Arctoidea by Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); it was reranked as the infraorder Arctoidea by Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003) and Labs Hochstein (2007). It was assigned toCarnivoraby Flower (1883), Barnes (1987), Barnes (1988), Carroll (1988), Barnes (1989), Barnes (1992), Hunt (2001), Hunt (2002) and Hunt (2002); and to Caniformia by Tedford (1976), Bryant (1991), Wang and Tedford (1992), Tedford et al. (1994), Koretsky (2001), Zhai et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2005), Owen (2006), Peigné et al. (2006) and Labs Hochstein (2007).[4][5][6]
Phylogeny[edit]
Thecladogramis based onmolecular phylogenyof six genes in Flynn (2005),[7]with the musteloids updated following the multigene analysis of Law et al. (2018).[8]
References[edit]
- ^de Queiroz, K.; Cantino, P. D.; Gauthier, J. A. (2020).Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode.CRC Press.ISBN978-0429821219.
- ^"Paleobiology Database:ArctoideaBasic info "[permanent dead link].
- ^Ng, Preston S.K.; Böhm, Raphael; Hartley-Tassell, Lauren E.; Steen, Jason A.; Wang, Hui; Lukowski, Samuel W.; Hawthorne, Paula L.; Trezise, Ann E.O.; Coloe, Peter J.; Grimmond, Sean M.; Haselhorst, Thomas; von Itzstein, Mark; Paton, Adrienne W.; Paton, James C.; Jennings, Michael P. (2014)."Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza a virus receptors".Nature Communications.5:5750.doi:10.1038/ncomms6750.PMC4351649.PMID25517696.
- ^R. M. Hunt. 2001. "Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora)".American Museum Novitates3331:1–20
- ^I. Koretsky. 2001. "Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region".Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica54:1–109
- ^J. Labs Hochstein. 2007. "A new species of Zodiolestes (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from the early Miocene of Florida".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology27(2):532–534
- ^Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005)."Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving Enigma tic relationships".Systematic Biology.54(2): 317–37.doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.PMID16012099.
- ^Law, Chris J.; Slater, Graham J.; Mehta, Rita S. (2018-01-01)."Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods".Systematic Biology.67(1): 127–144.doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.ISSN1063-5157.PMID28472434.
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