Ardās
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TheArdās(Punjabi:ਅਰਦਾਸ,pronunciation:[ǝɾd̪äːs]) is a setprayerinSikhism.[1][2]It is a part of worship service in aGurdwara(Sikh temple), daily rituals such as the opening theGuru Granth Sahibforprakash(morning light) or closing it forsukhasan(night bedroom) in larger Gurdwaras, closing of congregational worship in smaller Gurdwaras, rites-of-passages such as with the naming of child or the cremation of a loved one,daily prayerby devout Sikhs and any significant Sikh ceremonies.[3]
An Ardas consists of 3 parts. The first part recites the virtues of the ten Gurus of Sikhism from Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh, starting with lines fromChandi di Varfrom theDasam Granth.[1][2][3]The second part recites the trials and triumphs of theKhalsaand petition.[2][3]The third salutes the divine name.[2][3]The first and the third part are set and cannot be changed, while the second part may vary, be shortened and include a supplication such as seeking divine help or blessing in dealing with daily problems, but is usually in agreed form. While it is sung, the audience or the Sikh devotee typically stands, with folded hands, many with bowed headed, with some typically saying "Waheguru" after certain sections.[1][3][2][4]
Ardas is attributed toGuru Gobind Singh,the founder of the Khalsa and the 10th Guru of Sikhism.[1][3]
Etymology[edit]
The root of the word Ardas is related to the Sanskrit wordard(अर्द) which means "request, ask, beg". It is also related to the Persian wordarzdashtwhich means a written "petition made by an inferior to a superior".[5]
Structure[edit]
The Ardās is usually always done standing up with folded hands and is commonly preceded by the eighth stanza of the fourthashtapadiof the baniSukhmani,beginningTu Thakur Tum Peh Ardaas.It consists of three parts:
- The beginning of the Ardās is strictly set by the tenth Sikh Guru,Guru Gobind Singhand may not be altered or omitted. It appears as the opening passage of Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki (seeChandi di Var).[6]The first part is an invocation from theChandi di Varand recites the virtues of the Sikh Gurus.[2][3][1]
- The second part is several paragraphs recounting Sikh symbols, places or worship and values significant and related to Khalsa. This may be changed by reciting a "short ardaas". The Sikh devotee may include a personal prayer such as "Waheguru,please bless me in the task that I am about to undertake "when starting a new task, help me with this problem, or add any personal petition for God.[2][3]
- The third salutes the divine name. This part may also not be altered or omitted.[2][3]
The end of the Ardaas (Nanak Nam Chardi Kala, Tere Bhane Sarbat Da Bala,"O Nanak, may the Nam (Holy) be ever in ascendance! in Thy will may the good of all prevail!" ) is also set and may not be altered or omitted.[7]
Origins[edit]
The "Ardās" of Sikhism was first composed by Guru Gobind Singh. He fixed the first eight lines and the last section, and these are considered unalterable in Sikhism. The second section has been fluid, revised extensively and particularly by Tat Khalsa in the 20th century. The Sikh Rahit Maryada has published an approved version of the entire Ardas.[1][3]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^abcdefW.H. McLeod (1990).Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism.University of Chicago Press. pp. 103–105.ISBN978-0-226-56085-4.
- ^abcdefghGurdwara,Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^abcdefghijW. Owen Cole (2004).Understanding Sikhism.Dunedin Academic Press. pp. 8, 18, 104, 111–124, 166–175.ISBN978-1-906716-91-2.[permanent dead link]
- ^MacAuliffe, 1909, p. 331
- ^Cole, W.Owen.Six Religions in the Twenty-first Century.Stanley Thomas. p. 186.
- ^Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold (2012).Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs.Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 237–238.ISBN978-1-4411-7087-3.
- ^SRM, p. 9.
References[edit]
- Sikh Rehat Maryada: The code of Sikh conduct & conventions,Dharam Parchar Committee (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandakh Committee) n.d., Amritsar.
- MacAuliffe, M A 1909,The Sikh religion: its gurus, sacred writings and authors,The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
