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Arebica

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arebica
Script type
Alphabet, based upon the
Perso-Arabic script
Time period
15th–20th century
LanguagesBosnian
The handbook,Bosnian Book of the Science of Conductpublished in 1831 by the Bosnian author and poetAbdulvehab Ilhamija,is printed in Arebica.

Arebica(Bosnian:arabica) is a variant of theArabic scriptused to write theBosnian language.It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part ofAljamiadoliterature. DuringAustro-Hungarian rule,there were unsuccessful efforts byBosnian Muslimsto grant Arebica equal status alongsideCyrillicAlpha bets.[1]Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.

Origin

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Arebica was based on thePerso-Arabic scriptof theOttoman Empire,with added letters for/t͡s/,/ʎ/and/ɲ/,which are not found inArabic,PersianorTurkish.Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as withKurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a trueAlpha bet,unlike its Perso-Arabic base.[citation needed]

Arebica was used by the Slavic Muslims inCentral Bosniaduring theOttomanrule and continued usage during theAustro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2]During that period, they requested that Arebica be given equal status with the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the request wasn't granted.[1]The usage of the script, however, continued sporadically even after.[2]

The final version of Arebica was devised byMehmed Džemaludin Čauševićat the end of the 19th century. His version is calledMatufovica,MatufovačaorMektebica.

Contemporary use

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The first literary work to be published in Arebica since 1941 was the comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005, by authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi. The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.

The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ( "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" )[3]in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.

Alphabet

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The final version of Arebica Alpha bet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević. The Alpha bet listed here is a new version made by Aldin Mustafić.

Latin Cyrillic Arebica
Contextual forms Isolated
Final Medial Initial
A a А а ـآ آ
B b Б б ـب ـبـ بـ ب
C c Ц ц ـڄ ـڄـ ڄـ ڄ
Č č Ч ч ـچ ـچـ چـ چ
Ć ć Ћ ћ
D d Д д ـد د
Dž dž Џ џ ـج ـجـ جـ ج[c]
Đ đ Ђ ђ
E e Е е ـە ە
F f Ф ф ـف ـفـ فـ ف
G g Г г ـغ ـغـ غـ غ
H h Х х ـح ـحـ حـ ح
I i И и ـاى
ـى 		ـاٮـ
ـىـ 		اٮـٮـ اى[a]ى
J j Ј ј ـي ـيـ يـ ي
K k К к ـق ـقـ قـ ق
L l Л л ـل ـلـ لـ ل
Lj lj Љ љ ـڵ ـڵـ ڵـ ڵ
M m М м ـم ـمـ مـ م
N n Н н ـن ـنـ نـ ن
Nj nj Њ њ ـںٛ ـٮٛـ ٮٛـ ںٛ[b]
O o О о ـۉ ۉ
P p П п ـپ ـپـ پـ پ
R r Р р ـر ر
S s С с ـس ـسـ سـ س
Š š Ш ш ـش ـشـ شـ ش
T t Т т ـت ـتـ تـ ت
U u У у ـۆ ۆ
V v В в ـو و
Z z З з ـز ز
Ž ž Ж ж ـژ ژ

Notes

  • ^aThe diacritic beneath theاappears on the letter preceding theى.
  • ^bMustafić usesڃandݩinstead ofandںٛfor Ć ć/Ћ ћ and Nj nj/Њ њ.
  • ^cMustafić usesݗand Al-Zubi and Čičak-Al-Zubi useڠinstead offor Đ đ/Ђ ђ.

Ligatures

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Like the standardArabic Alpha bet,whenاconnects to eitherلorڵa special ligature is used instead.

Latin Cyrillic Arebica
Contextual forms Isolated
Final Medial Initial
la ла ـلا لا
lja ља ـڵا ڵا

Prior to standardization, the most widespread Arebica conventions were based on Ottoman Turkish conventions, and similar to contemporaryaljamiadoconventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written usingmatres lectionis,with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as <ە>. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spelt as <ن>, <ل> and <چ>. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both typically spelt as <ك>, due to the Persian letter <گ> not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with <ق> and <غ>.[4]

Text examples

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights,Article 1

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Arebica: سوا ڵۆدسقا بیچا راجايۆ سە سلۉبۉدنا ای يەدناقا ۆ دۉستۉيانستوۆ ای پراویما. ۉنا سۆ ۉبدارەنا رازۆمۉم ای سویيەشڃۆ ای ترەبا دا يەدنۉ پرەما درۆغۉمە پۉستۆپايۆ ۆ دۆحۆ براتستوا.‎
Bosnian (Latin): Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.
Bosnian (Cyrillic): Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства.
English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tehran

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Arebica: تەهەران يە غلاونی ای نايوەڃی غراد ایرانا، سيەدیشتە تەهەرانسقە پۉقرايینە ای يەدان ۉد نايوەڃیح غرادۉوا سویيەتا.‎
Bosnian (Latin): Teheran je glavni i najveći grad Irana, sjedište Teheranske pokrajine i jedan od najvećih gradova svijeta.
Bosnian (Cyrillic): Техеран је главни и највећи град Ирана, сједиште Техеранске покрајине и један од највећих градова свијета.
English: Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran, capital of Tehran Province and one of the largest cities in the world.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^abFidahić 2020,p. 29.
  2. ^abMønnesland 2012,p. 137.
  3. ^Forewordto "The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica" by Aldin Mustafić
  4. ^Selvelli, Giustina."Caratteri arabi per la lingua bosniaca. Esempi di scrittura fra influssi ottomani e riappropriazioni locali. (Arabic Characters for the Bosnian Language. Writing Examples Between Ottoman Influences and Local Reappropriations)".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)

Bibliography

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  • Fidahić, Besmir (2020).Linguistic Justice at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.ISBN9781527562691.
  • Mønnesland, Svein (2012). "Language Policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina". In Koskensalo, Annikki; Smeds, John; De Cillia, Rudolf; Huguet, Angel (eds.).Language: Competence, Change, Contact.Münster: Lit Verlag.ISBN9783643108012.
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