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Argentine Air Force

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Argentine Air Force
Fuerza Aérea Argentina
Argentine Air Force wings
Founded4 January 1945;79 years ago(1945-01-04)
CountryArgentina
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size13,837 personnel[1]
Part ofArgentine Armed Forces
Nickname(s)FAA
MarchSpanish:Alas Argentinas
"Argentine Wings"
Anniversaries10 August (anniversary)
1 May (Baptism of fire during the Falklands War)
Engagements
Websiteargentina.gob.ar/fuerzaaerea
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresidentJavier Milei
Chief of General StaffBrigadier Major Fernando Mengo
Deputy Chief of General StaffBrigadier Néstor Guajardo
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
AttackA-4AR,Pampa
FighterA-4AR
HelicopterBell 412,Bell 212,Hughes 500D,SA315,Mil Mi-171
PatrolTucano
ReconnaissancePucará
TrainerT-6 Texan II,Tucano,Pampa,Grob 120TP
TransportC-130,DHC-6,C-12 Huron

TheArgentine Air Force(Spanish:Fuerza Aérea Argentina,or simplyFAA) is theair forceofArgentinaand branch of theArmed Forces of the Argentine Republic.In 2018, it had 13,837 military[1]and 6,900 civilian personnel.[2]FAA commander in chief is Brigadier Major Fernando Mengo.[3]

History[edit]

FAA F-86 Sabre

The Air Force's history began with the establishment of theArmy Aviation Service'sEscuela de Aviación Militar('Military Aviation School') on 10 August 1912.[4]

Interwar period[edit]

Throughout the years followingWorld War I,the predecessor to the Argentine Air Force received various aircraft from France and Italy. In 1922, theEscuela Militar de Aviaciónwas temporarily disbanded, resulting in the formation ofGrupo 1 de Aviación('Aviation Group One') as an operational unit. During 1925, theEscuela Militar de Aviaciónwas reopened, and theGrupo 3 de Observación('Observation Group Three') created, withGrupo 1 de Aviaciónbecoming known asGrupo 1 de Observaciónshortly after.[citation needed]

In 1927, the General Aeronautics Authority (Dirección General de Aeronáutica) was created to coordinate the country's military aviation. In that same year, theFábrica Militar de Aviones(lit. 'Military Aircraft Factory', FMA), which would play a crucial role in the country's aviation industry, was founded inCórdoba.[4]Despite that, throughout the 1930s, Argentina acquired various aircraft from the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.[citation needed]

FMA-built Curtiss-Hawk 75O

By 1938–39, Argentina's air power consisted of roughly 3,200 personnel (including about 200 officers) and maintained approximately 230 aircraft.[citation needed]Roughly 150 of these were operated by the army and includedDewoitine D.21andCurtiss P-36 Hawkfighters;Breguet 19reconnaissance planes;Northrop A-17andMartin B-10bombers,North American NA-16trainers,Focke-Wulf Fw 58multi-role planes,Junkers Ju 52transports, andFairchild 82s.[citation needed]Approximately 80 out of the 230 aircraft present were operated by the navy and included theSupermarine Southampton,Supermarine Walrus,Fairey Seal,Fairey III,Vought O2U Corsair,Consolidated P2Y,Curtiss T-32 Condor II,Douglas Dolphin,andGrumman J2F Duck.[5]

World War II and Immediate Post-War[edit]

The first step towards establishing the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces was taken during 11 February 1944 to establish the Aeronautical Command-in-Chief (Comando en Jefe de Aeronáutica) directly under the mandate of the Department of War. This later became the Argentine Air Force by decree on 4 January 1945, which also created theSecretary of Aeronautics(Secretaría de Aeronáutica).[4][6]

At the end ofWorld War II,the Air Force began a process ofmodernization.This 'golden age' (roughly 1945–1955) was ushered in by the availability of foreign currency in Argentina, an abundance of now-unemployed aerospace engineers from Germany, Italy, and France, and the British provision of latest-generation engines alongside other aircraft parts. In his first term, PresidentJuan Perónbrought teams of European engineers to the FMA, then known as theInstituto Aerotécnico('Aerotechnical Institute'), or I.Ae., to promote aircraft technological development. The count totaled to around 750 workers, including two teams of German designers (led byKurt Tank) and the French engineerÉmile Dewoitine.[4]

Argentine Gloster Meteor F.4,c. 1955

In 1947, the Air Force purchased 100Gloster Meteorjet fighters. These aircraft were paid for by the United States to partially pay back its debt to Argentina, which had provided them with raw materials duringWorld War II.This purchase caused the Argentine Air Force to become the first in Latin America equipped with jet-propelled combat fighters. In addition, severalAvro LincolnandAvro Lancasterbombers were also acquired.[4]

The Pulqui II second prototype (No. 02), c. 1951

The Air Force, with formerLuftwaffeofficers as consultants[citation needed]and with the European teams that Perón had brought, also began to develop its own aircraft, including theI.Ae. 27 Pulqui Iand theI.Ae. 33 Pulqui IIjet fighter prototypes.[7]These manufactures gave Argentina the positions of the first country in Latin America and the sixth in the world to develop jet fighter technology on its own.[citation needed]Other Argentina-developed aircraft included the prototypes theI.Ae. 23trainer, the bi-motor fighterI.Ae. 30 Ñancú,and the assault gliderI.Ae. 25 Mañque;and the production twin-engineI.Ae. 35 Huanquerotransport, theI. Ae 22 DLadvanced trainer, and theI.Ae 24 Calquíntwin-engine attack-bomber; as well as rockets, and planes for civilian use (like theFMA 20 El Boyero).[citation needed]

Cold War Period[edit]

TheRevolución Libertadora(1955)[edit]

The Argentine Air Force came into active operation for the first time on June 16, 1955, during thebombing of the Plaza de MayoinBuenos Aires.Government loyalist Gloster Meteors fought rebel planes and attempted a failed assassination of the President in a coup d'état. The plan failed, and the rebels bombed the city and theHouse of Government.[8][9]Inthe following September coup,the Air Force supported Perón's government by initiating combat operations and transporting troops and arms[10]with a meager five aircraft defecting to the other side.[11]After theRevolución Libertadorasucceeded and the coup took place, previously mentioned manufacturing operations ceased and most foreign workers left the country,[citation needed]including engineerKurt Tankwho went to work inIndia.[12]Despite claims that the Argentine Air Force "baptisme by fire" took place during the Malvinas War (1982), this was actually the first time it entered combat.[citation needed]

Antarctic Support[edit]

DHC Beaver ski equipped for operations in Antarctica

During 1952, the Air Force started supplying theAntarctic scientific basesusing ski-equippedDouglas C-47s.Previously, President Juan Perón had created the Antarctic Task Forces (FATA,Fuerzas de Tareas Antárticas) to fulfill this purpose.[13]In 1970, the Air Force began operatingC-130 Herculesaircraft into Antarctica. TheFokker F-28 Fellowshippresidential aircraft is reported to be the first jet to have landed there, in 1973.[14][15][16]Since the 1970s,DHC-6 Twin Ottershave also been deployed, with the Air Force launching Operation Transantar in October 1973. This resulted in the first trans-Antarctic three-continent flight in history when a Hercules C-130 flew betweenRío Gallegos;Marambio Base;Christchurch,New ZealandandCanberra,Australia.[17][18]

Modernization (1960s–1970s)[edit]

Arrival of F-86 in September 1960, "Operation SABRE"

In the 1960s, new aircraft were incorporated, including theF-86F Sabrejet fighter and theDouglas A-4 Skyhawkmainly used for ground-attack. During the 1970s, the Air Force re-equipped itself withMirage IIIinterceptors,IAI Daggermulti-role fighters, andC-130 Herculescargo planes. Acounter-insurgencyairplane, thePucará,was also manufactured and used in substantial numbers.[citation needed]The Air Force also had an important role in the 1976 coup which lead to amilitary dictatorship that lasted until 1983.[19]

Falklands War (1982)[edit]

TheFalklands Warwas the first war fought by the Argentine Air Force against an external enemy. Some operational aircraft were obsolete.[20]However, the airforce came close to winning the war for Argentina.[21]During the war, the Air Force division of the Military Junta was called theFuerza Aérea Sur(FAS, 'Southern Air Force'), and led by Ernesto Crespo.[22]

Air engagements began on May 1, 1982[23]with the UK'sRoyal Air ForceinitiatingOperation Black Buck,in which theAvro Vulcan bomber XM607attacked military air bases on the islands. The Task Force then sentSea Harriersto attack positions at Stanley and Goose Green, where the first Argentine casualties occurred.[24]

The Argentine Air Force reacted by sending multiple IAI Dagger, A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft, and Mirage III interceptors into the fray. The Mirage III went into combat with the Harriers on Bourbon Island, with one Mirage lost to a Harrier.[citation needed]On May 21, theBattle of San Carlos( "Bomb Alley" ) began once the Air Force attacked a detachment of British ships involved in the landing in the San Carlos Water. The Dagger and Skyhawk aircraft sank three British ships (HMSCoventry,a Type 42 destroyer; and two frigates, HMSAntelopeand HMSArdent).[citation needed]

On June 8, the Air Force carried out anoperation in Bluff Cove.The British were using the landing ships RFASir Galahadand RFASir Tristramto position the 5th Infantry Brigade for an assault on Port Stanley. As these ships were unloading and therefore vulnerable, they were attacked by nine A-4 Skyhawks in two waves, while five Daggers attacked the escorting frigateHMSPlymouthand four more conducted a decoy mission over the north of the islands to draw off British Sea Harriers. The Skyhawks destroyed the landing craft "Foxtrot 4", damaged theSir Galahadso badly that it was subsequently scuttled and also severely damaged theSir Tristram,although she survived and was later rebuilt. Fire and explosions on the ships resulted in 56 deaths and 150 wounded; the worst single loss of life for the British in the war. After their attack, three A-4s from the second wave were shot down by Sea Harriers, killing all three pilots. All the explosive ordnance deployed by the Daggers failed to explode.[citation needed]

On June 13, the A-4 Skyhawks of the Argentine Air Force renewed their attacks in two formations of four aircraft each and launched an attack against enemy troops and helicopters. On June 14, 1982, the Argentine command surrendered, returning control of the Falklands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands to the United Kingdom. The Argentine Air Force suffered 55 dead and 47 wounded, with 505 combat departures and 62 aircraft losses, as listed below:[25]

  • 19 A-4 Skyhawk
  • 2 Mirage III
  • 11 Dagger
  • 2 Canberra
  • 24 IA-58 Pucará
  • 1 C-130H Hercules
  • 1 Learjet 35
  • 2 Bell 212

Post-war (1983–2003)[edit]

Canberrapreserved atMar del Plata Airport

After the war, the UK imposed an arms embargo on Argentina. The United States, however, sold Argentina 36A-4AR Fighting hawks,a refurbished and upgraded version of theA-4 Skyhawks.Other equipment purchased by Argentina were: 23 US Army surplus OV-1 Mohawks, 2 C-130B, and 1 Lockheed L-100-30.[citation needed]

Argentina started the development of brand new aircraft, including theFMA IA-63 Pampa,the combat fighterFMA SAIA 90,and the subsequent transformation of theCondor missileinto a medium-range ballistic missile.[26]Of these, only the Pampa was successfully developed.

During 1994, President Carlos Menem discontinued mandatory military service and began allowing women to serve.[27]

Support to UN peacekeeping missions[edit]

The Argentine Air Force has been involved inUnited Nationspeacekeepingmissions, sending a contingent toCyprusin 1994[28][29]and deployingBell 212helicopters toHaitiduring 2005.

Early 21st Century[edit]

In early 2005, seventeenbrigadiers,including the Chief of Staff, Brigadier General Carlos Rohde, were fired by PresidentNéstor Kirchnerfollowing a scandal involving drug trafficking throughEzeiza International Airport.Kirchner cited failures in the security systems of the Argentine airports, which were overseen by the National Aeronautic Police, then a branch of the Air Force (predecessor of the today independentAirport Security Police), and cover-ups of the scandal.[30]

2010s[edit]

As of 2010,budgetary constraints continued, leading to the disbanding of theBoeing 707transport squadron and maintenance problems for half of theC-130 Herculesfleet.

An Argentine Air Force Mi-171E during the 2017/18 Summer Antarctic Campaign

In August 2010, a contract was signed for twoMi-17Ehelicopters,plus an option on a further three, to supportAntarctic bases.[31][32]

The FAA has been seeking to replace its ageing force with more capable and more serviceable modern aircraft. The acquisition of Spanish MirageF1Ms,IAIKfirBlock 60s[33]andSaabGripenE/Fs were considered, but as of February 2015, all of those deals appear to have stalled; the Mirage F1 deal was scrapped by the Spanish government in March 2014, after pressure from the UK to not assist in FAA modernization over tensions between the countries over the Falkland Islands.[34]The UK has also managed to veto the sale of Gripen E/Fs, as 30% of the Gripen's parts are manufactured there. The deal with Israel has reportedly stalled for technical and political reasons.Chinahas allegedly offeredJF-17/FC-1's andChengdu J-10's to Argentina. The two countries have formed a working group to look into the transfer of 14 aircraft.[35][36]Russiahad also offered to lease 12Su-24strike aircraft to the FAA, butJane'sreported that the Su-24 would not be very useful to the FAA and that "it would appear that any proposed transfer of such aircraft is likely the result of Russia playing political games with the UK over the continuing crisis in Ukraine."[37]All Mirages were officially decommissioned on 30 November 2015.[38]The A-4s were grounded as of January 2016,for lack of spares;[39]in any case only 4–5 were airworthy with the rest in storage atVilla Reynolds.[40]WhenBarack Obamavisited in March 2016,Air Force Onewas accompanied by US Air Force F-16s because Argentina could only offer Pucarás and Pampas for air defense.[41]

As of July 2019, the Argentine Air Force and government selected theKAI FA-50as its interim fighter.[42]With this act being the first step in modernizing the fighter force and replacing the Mirage 3, Dagger, and Mirage 5 fighters that have also been retired; it was also anticipated that obtaining FA-50 would help mitigate the retirement of theMartin A-4AR Fightinghawkfleet, as they were ageing and becoming difficult to maintain. As of 2020, it is reported that as few as six of the Fightinghawk aircraft remain operational.[43]While no specific numbers of aircraft to purchase were given, the media reported that up to 10 FA-50s were considered. Despite elections coming in October 2019, the deal had been expected to go through. An Argentine delegation first visited the Republic of Korea Air Force in September 2016. At that time an FAA pilot was able to test fly the TA-50 Golden Eagle operational trainer variant of the FA-50.[44]

However, the deal appeared to have been canceled in early 2020, leaving the Air Force without a fighter replacement. Some sources suggested that the cancellation was due to the financial pressures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic,[45]while others reported that British intervention played a part by preventing the export of an aircraft incorporating various British components.[46]In October 2020,Korea Aerospace Industries(KAI) confirmed that since major components of the aircraft were supplied by the U.K., the aircraft could not be exported to Argentina. Britain similarly blocked the potential sale of Brazilian license-builtSaab Gripenaircraft to Argentina, given that some avionics were of British origin. Argentina was now said to be exploring the potential acquisition of aircraft from Russia, China, India[47]orPakistan.[48]However, even sales of Chinese aircraft reportedly encountered potential problems since the ejector seats of the aircraft were the MK6, manufactured byMartin-Bakerin the UK.[49]

2020s[edit]

KC-130H aerial refueling aircraft.

Early in 2021, Russia made several proposals related to the acquisition of aircraft by Argentina including the apparent offer ofMiG-35fighters.[50]These built on earlier offers of theMiG-29as well as on measures being undertaken to extend the life ofMi-171E helicopters acquired by Argentina in 2010 to support operations inAntarctica.[51]

To improve transport capabilities, twoFokker F-28aircraft which had been decommissioned in 2019, have been refurbished and put into service, the last one (TC-53) in early August 2021.[52]

In mid 2021, one analysis found that the numbers of operational aircraft with offensive combat capability were practically at a level of zero. In addition to only around six A-4Fightinghawkaircraft being operational, the availability of C-130 transport aircraft was only assessed as being at six of originally 14 aircraft. However, 23 IA-63Pampa,12 T-6C+Texan IIand 12 EMB-312Tucanotrainer aircraft were reported operational as of 2021.[53]In September 2021, the Government officially included funding of $664 million in a draft budget for Congress involving the purchase of new combat aircraft. In 2022, talks with China over the potential purchase ofJF-17 Thunders,and possiblyChengdu J-10s,and with India forHAL Tejasfighter jets came to the fore.[54]However in December 2022, Argentine PresidentAlberto Fernándezappeared to reject the notion of buying new fighter aircraft for air force, stating: “There are other priorities before buying weapons, definitely”. Referring to the strategic and political situation in South America he further commented that: “There are no war problems, peace is the common denominator between us.”[55]It was simultaneously confirmed that the fighter aircraft replacement program had been stopped.[56]

Bell 407

In early 2023, Argentina confirmed the purchase of sixBell 407for theArmed Forcesand plans for the modernization of its inventory ofHughes 500Dspending the arrival of newBeechcraftTC-12B Hurons.[57]

In June 2023, Argentina received an additional leased C-130 from the US, bringing the total number of operational C-130 to five aircraft.[58]At the same time, the Biden administration asked Congress to approve the potential sale of formerRoyal Danish Air ForceF-16s,as well as formerRoyal Norwegian Air ForceP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft, to Argentina. While the US was reportedly supporting the sale in order to avoid the possibility that Argentina would turn to China for its fighter aircraft, it was anticipated that the United Kingdom would urge Denmark not to make the sale. It was also unclear whether the combined acquisition cost (of $447 million USD) would be considered affordable by Argentina.[59]On 11 October 2023, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Security Mira Resnick confirmed toJorge Argüello,Argentinean ambassador to the US, that the State Department has approved the transfer of 38 F-16s from Denmark.[60]In March 2024, it was reported that the number of aircraft had been reduced to 24 but that discussions on concluding the deal would be initiated.[61]On March 26, 2024, the Danish Defence Minister, Troels Lund Poulsen, signed a letter of intent with his Argentine counterpart to transfer the aircraft.[62]

In early 2024, Argentina transferred both Mi-17E helicopters to Ukraine.[63][64]

Organization[edit]

The Argentine Air Force (FAA) is one of the three branches of the Argentine military, having equal status with theArmyand theNavy;the President of Argentina is Commander-in-Chief of all three.[65]

The FAA is headed by the Chief of the General Staff (Jefe del Estado Mayor General), directly appointed by the President.[65]The Chief of Staff usually holds the rank of Brigadier General, the highest rank of the Air Force, being seconded by the Deputy Chief of the General Staff and three senior officers in charge of the FAA's three Commands: the Air Operations, the Personnel, and the Materiel Command.

TheAir Operations Command(Comando de Operaciones Aéreas) is the branch of the Air Force responsible for aerospace defense, air operations, planning, training, and technical and logistical support of the air units. Subordinate to the Air Operations Command are the Air Brigades (Brigadas Aéreas), the Air Force's major operative units, as well as the airspace surveillance and control group (Grupo VYCEA, Argentine Air Force). There is currently[when?]estimated to be a total of eight air brigades operational. Brigades are headquartered at Military Air Bases (Base Aérea Militar(BAMs).

Each Air Brigade is made up of three Groups, each bearing the same number as their motherBrigade.These groups include:

  • OneAir Group(Grupo Aéreo), which operates the aircraft assigned to the Brigade. The Air Group is divided into a variable number ofAir Squadrons.Air Groups may be named according to their primary mission, for example, an air group specialized in fighter operations receives the designation of Fighter Group (Grupo de Caza). Currently,[when?]the Air Force includes three Fighter Groups (4th, 5th, and 6th), one Attack Group (3rd), one Transport Group (1st), and three plain Air Groups (2nd, 7th, and 9th). The 7th Air Group operates all the helicopters of the Air Force, while the 2nd includes a small reconnaissance unit as well as light transport aircraft. 9th Air Group is a light transport unit.
  • OneTechnical Group(Grupo Técnico), in charge of the maintenance and repair of the Brigade's aircraft.
  • OneBase Group(Grupo Base), responsible for the airbase itself, weather forecasting, flight control, runway maintenance, etc. Base Groups also include Base Flights (Escuadrillas de Base), generally made up of two or three liaison aircraft.

The Personnel Command (Comando de Personal) is responsible for the training, education, assignment, and welfare of Air Force personnel. Under the control of the Personnel Command are the Military Aviation School (which educates the future officers of the Air Force), the Air ForceNon-Commissioned Officer(NCO) School, and other educational and training units.

The Materiel Command (Comando de Material) deals with planning and executing the Air Force's logistics regarding flying and ground materiel. Materiel Command includes "Quilmes" and "Río Cuarto" Material Areas (repairing and maintenance units) and "El Palomar" Logistical Area.

Order of Battle[edit]

FMA Pampa trainer aircraft.
    • 1st Training Squadron (FMA IA-63 Pampaserie 2)[67]
    • 3rd Search and Rescue Squadron (SA-315B Lama)[67]
    • 4thCruz del SurAerobatics Squadron (Su-29retired)
    • Fighter School
    • 4th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery (Oerlikon GAI-D01; Elta EL/M-2106)
    • West Tactical Intelligence Squadron
  • 5th Air Brigade (Villa Reynolds Military Air Base,San Luis Province) inVilla Reynolds Airport[66]
An A-4AR taking off fromGovernor Francisco Gabrielli Int'l Airport

Ranks[edit]

Commissioned officer ranks[edit]

The rank insignia ofcommissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
Argentine Air Force[78]
Brigadier general Brigadier mayor Brigadier Comodoro mayor Comodoro Vicecomodoro Mayor Capitán Primer teniente Teniente Alférez

Other ranks[edit]

The rank insignia ofnon-commissioned officersandenlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
Argentine Air Force[78]
Suboficial mayor Suboficial principal Suboficial ayudante Suboficial auxiliar Cabo principal Cabo primero Cabo Voluntario primero Voluntario segundo

Aircraft[edit]

See also:List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force

Current inventory[edit]

A-4AR (Fightinghawk) ground-attack aircraft.
A Pampa II from the Argentine’s aerobatic display teamCruz del Sur
An Aerospatiale SA-315 lifting off fromGabrielli International Airport
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
IA 63 Pampa Argentina attack Pampa III 12
Lockheed Martin A-4 United States fighter/attack A-4AR 12 3OA-4ARsprovideconversion training.
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole

fighter

A/B Block 15 MLU 0 US has approved transfer of 24 aircraft from Denmark;[79]letter of confirmation signed by Argentina, April 2024[80]
Reconnaissance
Learjet 35 United States electronic warfare EC-21A 2[81] also forelectronic warfare
Tanker
KC-130 Hercules United States refueling KC-130H 2[81]
Transport
Boeing 737 United States VIP transport 1[82]
Embraer ERJ 140 Brazil transport ERJ140LR 2 2 on order[83]
C-130 Hercules United States tactical airlifter C-130H 5[81] one aircraft is aL-100[84]
Saab 340 Sweden transport 5[85]
Turbo Commander United States utility /VIP transport 3[81]
C-12 Huron United States transport TC-12B 2 6 on order[86]
Super King Air United States utility / transport 200 5[81] 3 also provide multi-engine training
Boeing 757 United States VIP transport 1 Presidential Transport Aircraft
|Helicopters
Bell 412 United States utility 6[81]
Bell 212 United States utility 5[81]
Bell 407 United States SAR 407GXi 6 on order[81]
Sikorsky S-70 United States VIP transport 1[87]
Sikorsky S-76 United States VIP transport 2[87]
SA 315B Lama France liaison 5[81]
MD 500 Defender United States light utility MD 500D 8[81]
Trainer Aircraft
IA 63 Pampa Argentina advanced trainer Pampa II 16[81] 3 in conversion process to Pampa III attack version
Grob G 120TP Germany basic trainer 8[81]
EMB-312 Tucano Brazil trainer / attack 12[81] single-turbopropbasictrainer
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II United States basic trainer T-6C+ 12[81]

Chiefs of the Argentine Air Force[edit]

Main article:List of senior officers of the Argentine Air Force

See also[edit]

Argentine Military – Other Air Services[edit]

Operational Use[edit]

Units and Related Organisations[edit]

Former aircraft[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

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Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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