Argus As 014
| As 014 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Argus As 014 of theV-1 flying bombon display at theRoyal Air Force Museum London | |
| Type | Pulsejet |
| Manufacturer | Argus Motoren |
| First run | 1941 |
| Major applications | Fieseler Fi 103(V-1) Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg |
| Number built | 31,100[1] |
| Developed into | Kawanishi Maru Ka10 |
TheArgus As 014(designated109-014by theRLM) was apulsejetengine used on the GermanV-1 flying bombofWorld War II,and the first model of pulsejet engine placed in mass production. License manufacture of the As 014 was carried out in Japan in the latter stages ofWorld War II,as theKawanishi Maru Ka10for theKawanishi Baikakamikaze jet.
The United States reverse-engineered the design for theFord PJ31powering theRepublic-Ford JB-2cruise missile and the experimentalUSAAF-developedJB-4television-guided bomb.
Development[edit]
The origins of the Argus As 014 lie in 1928, when Munich inventorPaul Schmidtbegan work on a new design of pulse jet engine. Schmidt received a patent on his design in 1931 and received support from the German Air Ministry in 1933. In 1934, along with ProfessorGeorg Madelung,Schmidt proposed a "flying bomb" to be powered by his pulse jet to the Ministry and received a development contract the following year. In 1938 he demonstrated a pulse jet–powered pilotless bomber, but the project was shelved by the Air Ministry as the prototype lacked range and accuracy and was expensive to construct. That same year, however, the Argus Company began work on a flying bomb using Schmidt's engine. Schmidt later joined Argus in 1940.[2]
Design[edit]
A model of simplicity and low cost, the engine was made from a sheet of mild steel rolled into a tube. At the front of the engine there was a spring flap-valve grid (shutters), a fuel inlet valve and an igniter. It could run on any grade of petroleum fuel and its shutter system was not expected to last longer than one flight, as it had an operational life of approximately one hour. The engine was a resonant jet which, contrary to popular legend,[citation needed]could operate while the V-1 was stationary on its launch ramp after reaching minimum operating temperature.
Ignition was initiated by an automotive-type spark plug located about 0.75 m (2 ft 6 in) behind the shutter system, electricity to the plug being supplied from a portable starting unit. Three air nozzles in the front of the pulse jet were connected to an external high pressure air source which was used to start the engine.Acetylenewas used for starting, and very often a panel of wood or similar was held across the end of the tailpipe to prevent the fuel from diffusing and escaping before ignition was complete.
Once the engine had been started and the temperature rose to the minimum operating level, the external air hose and connectors were removed and the resonant design of the tailpipe kept the pulse jet firing. Each cycle or pulse of the engine began with the shutters open; fuel was injected behind them and ignited, and the resulting expansion of gases forced the shutters closed. As the pressure in the engine dropped following combustion, the shutters reopened and the cycle was repeated, roughly 45 to 55 times per second. The electrical ignition system was needed only to start the engine - a V-1 carried no coils or magnetos to power the spark plug once launched.
Since the engine was rather simple, low-grade gasoline could be used and a good amount of thrust — 2.7 kN (660 lbf) — was produced, but it was inefficient, limiting the range of the V-1 to 240–400 km (150–250 mi) The resonant frequency of this combustion process was around 45 Hz, giving the V-1 its nicknames "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug", because of the sputtering sound it emitted.
Operational history[edit]
The prototype engine was tested while slung below aGotha Go 145Luftwaffe training biplane markedD-IIWS[3]in April 1941 and the first prototype V-1 flew on December 24 of 1942. The As 014, as well as the higher thrust As 044 pulsejet engine, was also under consideration as a power source for various last-ditch German fighters in the closing days of World War II. Production totaled 31,100 units.[4]
After the Second World War the As 014 was reverse-engineered / copied for use by the United States as theFord PJ31on theRepublic-Ford JB-2(Fieseler Fi 103copy), and by theSoviet Unionas theChelomey D-3on the10Kh(also a Fieseler Fi 103 copy).
Applications[edit]
- Blohm & Voss P 213
- Fieseler Fi 103(V-1 flying bomb)
- Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
- Junkers EF 126
- Messerschmitt Me 328
Engines on display[edit]
ThePlanes of Fame Air MuseuminChino, California,constructed a reproduction of an As 014. The engine was demonstrated at the 2010 show.[5]
The V-1 flying bomb held by theLondon Science Museumfeatures a sectioned As 014 engine. Other museums displaying V-1s complete with their engines include theImperial War Museum Duxford,Royal Air Force Museum Cosford,theRoyal Air Force Museum Londonand theMilitary Aviation Museum.The Military Aviation Museum also features a fully functional As 014 on a test stand.
Specifications (As 014)[edit]
General characteristics
- Type:pulse jet
- Length:3,350 mm (132 in)
- Diameter:
- Dry weight:170 kg (375 lb)
Components
- Compressor:
- Fuel type:Gasoline
Performance
- Maximumthrust:3.53 kN (794 lbf) at 750 km/h (470 mph; 400 kn) at sea level.[6]
- Thrust-to-weight ratio:2.12
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Gunston 1989, p.17.
- ^Werrell, Kenneth (1985).The Evolution of the Cruise Missile.Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 41–62.
- ^"The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project — Civilian D-xxxx Letter Codes".luftwaffe-experten.org.LEMB.RetrievedNovember 16,2013.
- ^Gunston 1989, p.17.
- ^"Hitler's Vengeance Weapon featuring The V-1 Buzz Bomb"(PDF).Planes of Fame Air Museum.May 2010.RetrievedJanuary 10,2015.
- ^Swopes, Bryan R. (2019-06-13)."13 June 1944".This day in aviation.Retrieved2019-08-08.
Powered by an Argus Motoren Werke GmbH As 014 pulse jet engine which produced a maximum thrust of 3,530 newtons (794 pounds of thrust) at 750 kilometers per hour (460 miles per hour) at sea level.
Bibliography[edit]
- Gunston, Bill.World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines.Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.ISBN1-85260-163-9
- Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989.ISBN0-517-67964-7
External links[edit]
