Arin language
| Arin | |
|---|---|
| Ar Ara | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yenisei River |
| Ethnicity | Arin people |
| Extinct | 1790[1] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xrn |
xrn | |
| Glottolog | arin1243 |
 Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is inblue. | |
Arinis an extinctYeniseianlanguage formerly spoken inRussiaalong theYenisei River,predominantly on its left shore, betweenYeniseyskandKrasnoyarsk,[2]north of theMinusinskregion. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century.[2]
It is believed that the termArorArawas used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.[2]
Geographical distribution
[edit]Hydronymsassociated with Arin have the suffixes-set,-igai,-lat,-zat,-zetand-sat(meaning "river" ) and-kul'/-kul(meaning "water" ).[3]These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as thear-jäx"Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as theOb.[2][4]
Classification
[edit]It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.[4]The closest known relative of Arin,Pumpokol,has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of theXiongnu,[5]as well as that of theJieruling class of theLater Zhaodynasty.[6]
Phonology
[edit]One notable aspect of the Arinphonologyis the correspondence of words starting with the word-initialk-and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin wordkul(meaning 'water') corresponds to theKetworduˑl’and theKottwordûl.[7]
Vowels
[edit]The vowel system in Arin is as follows:[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | (ʌ)1 | ɔ |
| Open | æ | a |
- The sound[ʌ],transcribed asö,is only attested in the wordsögga'six',qoa-ögga'sixteen',ögťuːŋ'sixty', andutqʼöːnoŋ'ear', and potentially also inpon’a(also recorded aspun) 'duck'.
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p[p] | pʼh[pʲ] | t[t] | tʼ[tʲ] | k[k] | kʼ[kʲ] | q[q] | qʼ[qʲ] | (ʔ[ʔ])1 |
| voiced | b[b] | d[d] | dʼ[dʲ] | g[g] | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f[f]) | s[s]š[ʃ] | sʼ[sʲ] | x[χ] | (h[h]) | ||||
| voiced | (v[v]) | z[z]ž[ʒ] | ||||||||
| Affricate | c[t͡s] | č[t͡ʃ](dž[d͡ʒ]) | ||||||||
| Nasal | m[m] | mʼ[mʲ] | n[n] | nʼ[nʲ] | ŋ[ŋ] | |||||
| Lateral | l[l] | lʼ[lʲ] | ||||||||
| Approximant | j[j] | |||||||||
| Trill | r[r] | (rʼ[rʲ]) | ||||||||
Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.
- [ʔ]is only assumed from other Yeniseian languages and is only a prosodic device of tone.
There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.[3]
Lexicon
[edit]Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual inSiberian Turkic languages;for example, the Arin wordteminkur(meaning "ore" ) has been suggested to stem from theOld Turkiccompound word*tämir qān(meaning "iron blood" ).[8]
Numerals
[edit]| No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | qusej | Кг̧узей |
| 2 | kina | Ки́на |
| 3 | tʼoŋa | Тьюнга |
| 4 | šája~šaga~šeja | Ша́га |
| 5 | qala~qaga~kala | Ка́ла |
| 6 | ögga~ɨga~ɛge | Эгга |
| 7 | ɨnʼa~ona~una | Ыньа |
| 8 | kinamančau | Кинаманчау́ |
| 9 | qusamančau | Кг̧усаманчау |
| 10 | qoa | Кг̧оа |
| 11 | qóa-qúsa | |
| 12 | qóa-kina | |
| 13 | qóa-tʼoŋa | |
| 14 | qoa-šaja | |
| 15 | qoa-qala | |
| 16 | qoa-ögga | |
| 17 | qoa-ɨnʼa | |
| 18 | qoa-kinamančaú | |
| 19 | qoa-qusamančau | |
| 20 | kintʼuŋ | |
| 30 | tʼoŋtʼuːŋ | |
| 40 | šájtʼuːŋ | |
| 50 | qaltʼuːŋ | |
| 60 | ögtʼuːŋ~uj-tuŋ | |
| 70 | ɨ́ntʼuŋ | |
| 80 | kina-mančaútʼuːŋ | |
| 90 | qusamančautʼuːŋ | |
| 100 | jus | Іусь |
| 200 | kin-jus | |
| 300 | tʼoŋ-jus | |
| 1000 | qo-jus |
References
[edit]- ^"The ASJP Database - Wordlist Arin".asjp.clld.org.Retrieved2024-08-04.
- ^abcdGeorg, Stefan (2007).A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak).Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.ISBN978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^abcdWerner, Heinrich (2005).Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts.Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.ISBN978-3-447-05239-9.
- ^abVajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.),"8 The Yeniseian language family",The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia,De Gruyter, pp. 365–480,doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008,ISBN978-3-11-055621-6,retrieved2024-06-26
- ^Vovin, Alexander (2000)."Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?".Central Asiatic Journal.44(1): 87–104.ISSN0008-9192.JSTOR41928223.
- ^VOVIN, Alexander; VAJDA, Edward; DE LA VAISSIÈRE, Étienne (2016)."Who were the *Kjet and What Language did they Speak?".Journal Asiatique(1): 125–144.doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838.ISSN1783-1504.
- ^Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (22 December 2023)."The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background".International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics.5(2): 183–198.doi:10.1163/25898833-20230044.Retrieved22 July2024.
- ^Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2015)."On the Yeniseian Arin word teminkur 'ore'".Words and Dictionaries: A Festschrift for Professor Stanisław Stachowski on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday:149–154.Retrieved13 July2024.
- ^Pallas, Peter Simon(1789).Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2.
External links
[edit]| Chukotko-Kamchatkan |
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| Yeniseian |
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| Yukaghir | ||||||
| Nivkh | ||||||
| Others | ||||||
Italicsindicateextinct languages | ||||||
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