Artayctes
Artaÿctes | |
|---|---|
| GovernorofSestos | |
| In office ?– 479 BC | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 479 BC Sestos,Achaemenid Empire(present-day Turkey) |
| Cause of death | Execution bycrucifixion |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Achaemenid Empire |
| Rank | General |
| Commands held | MacronesandMossynoeciforces |
| Battles/wars | Second Persian invasion of Greece |
Artaÿctes(Greek:Ἀρταΰκτης,romanized:Artauktēs;died 479 BC) is a historical figure described inHerodotus'The Histories.Artaÿctes, the son of Cherasmis, was aPersiangeneralwho commanded theMacronesandMossynoeciforces in the army ofXerxesduring thesecond Persian invasion of Greecein 480-479 BC. During that period, Artaÿctes was also atyrantinSestoswhere he was captured and crucified byAthenianforces in 479.
Background[edit]
After the defeat of thePersian armyin theBattle of Plataeaand theBattle of Mycale,the remaining Persians and their allies made forSestos,the strongest town in theThracian Chersonesos.The Greek fleet sailed to the Hellespont to destroy thepontoon bridgesplaced there by the Persians when they had crossed from Asia Minor to Greece but found that this had already been done. The Peloponnesians then sailed home, but the Athenians, commanded byXanthippus,decided to try to retake the Thracian Chersonesos from the Persians. The Athenian army landed on the Thracian Chersonesos near Sestos and surrounded the city, of which Artaÿctes wasgovernor.
Governor[edit]
According to Herodotus, Artaÿctes' rule over thecity-stateof Sestos was a reign of terror. Originally, Sestos had been a Greek stronghold. Herodotus describes that when Artaÿctes was made governor of the city, he claimed all treasures present in the region, and desecrated many Greek places of worship. For example, Artaÿctes plundered the Sestos cemetery nearElaeusand the sanctuary and temple of heroProtesilausof Thessaly at Elaeus, and built a Persian temple complex on top of it.
Siege of Sestos[edit]
Herodotus describes that Artaÿctes was taken by surprise by the arrival of the Athenian military forces. By surrounding the city of Sestos, the Athenians had trapped Artaÿctes in his own capital, and with him, the equipment needed to build a new pontoon bridge. After the siege had lasted several months, little progress in retaking the city had been made, and the Athenian soldiers became somewhat discontented. However, the Athenianofficerswere determined to take the city.
The Athenian siege dragged on, but eventually, when the food ran out in the city, the Persians fled at night through the least guarded part of the city wall. The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city the next day.
Artaÿctes' death[edit]
According to Herodotus, the Athenian army was informed by the inhabitants of Sestos about the departure of the Persians. The Athenians subsequently pursued the Persians. They encountered Artaÿctes and his military unit near the river Geite. Most of Artaÿctes' men were killed in the subsequent battle. Artaÿctes, however, was captured and taken back to Sestos. Herodotus describes how Artaÿctes pleaded for his life and for the life of his son. He offered 100talentsto the gods and 200 to the Athenians if they would spare their lives. However, the Greek general Xanthippus was obliged to hand over Artaÿctes to the people of Elaeus, a town which Artaÿctes had plundered while governor of Sestos. Artaÿctes was then crucified by the people. While Artaÿctes was dying, he witnessed his son being stoned to death.
Herodotus then finishes hisHistoriesby mentioning an account of Artembares, the grandfather of Artaÿctes, suggestingCyrus the Greatto abandon the rocky land of Persia (Persis) and live in a better region in the empire, and Cyrus warned him that "soft countries breed soft men". Herodotus is said to be trying to point at that the Persians failed to follow this advice later on, and that it was also a veiled warning to the Athenians, who later did the same.[1]
References[edit]
- ^Hamel, Debra (2012).Reading Herodotus: A Guided Tour through the Wild Boars, Dancing Suitors, and Crazy Tyrants of The History.Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 361–363.ISBN9781421407159.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Leonhard Schmitz (1870). "Artayctes". InSmith, William(ed.).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.Vol. 1. p. 372.- The translation of Herodotus'The Historiesused for this article is by Hein van Dolen, 1995. Reprinted November 1995. Revised and reprinted 1996, 2000. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: SUN.ISBN90-6168-583-4