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Artemis I

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"EM-1" redirects here. For other uses, seeEM1 (disambiguation).

Artemis I
TheSpace Launch Systemlaunches from Kennedy Space Center'sLC-39B
Names
  • Artemis I (official)
  • Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1)
Mission typeUncrewed lunar orbitalflight test
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156AEdit this at Wikidata
SATCATno.54257Edit this on Wikidata
Websitenasa.gov/artemis-i
Mission duration25 days, 10 hours, 52 minutes and 46 seconds
Distance travelled1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch dateNovember 16, 2022, 06:47:44UTC[1](1:47:44amEST)
RocketSpace Launch SystemBlock 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center,LC-39B
End of mission
Recovered byUSSPortland[4]
Landing dateDecember 11, 2022, 17:40:30UTC[2](9:40:30amPST)
Landing sitePacific OceanoffBaja California[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
RegimeDistant retrograde orbit
Period14 days
Flyby ofMoon
Closest approachNovember 21, 2022, 12:57UTC[5]
Distance130 km (81 mi)
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertionNovember 25, 2022, 21:52UTC[6]
Orbital departureDecember 1, 2022, 21:53UTC[7]
Flyby ofMoon
Spacecraft componentOrion
Closest approachDecember 5, 2022, 16:43UTC[8]
Distance128 km (80 mi)

Artemis I mission patch

Artemis I,formerlyExploration Mission-1(EM-1),[9]was an uncrewedMoon-orbitingmission that was launched in November 2022. As the first major spaceflight ofNASA'sArtemis program,Artemis I marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of theApollo programfive decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of theOrion spacecraftandSpace Launch System(SLS) rocket,[note 1]and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially itsheat shield,[10]in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, includingexploration of Mars.[11][12]

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis I wasstackedon October 20, 2021,[13]and on August 17, 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first two launch attempts were canceled due to a faulty engine temperature reading on August 29, 2022, and a hydrogen leak during fueling on September 3, 2022.[14]Artemis I was launched on November 16, 2022, at 06:47:44 UTC (01:47:44 EST).[15]

Artemis I was launched fromLaunch Complex 39Bat theKennedy Space Center.[16]After reachingEarth orbit,the upper stage carrying the Orion spacecraft separated and performed atrans-lunar injectionbefore releasing Orion and deploying tenCubeSatsatellites. Orion completed oneflybyof the Moon on November 21, entered adistant retrograde orbitfor six days, and completed a second flyby of the Moon on December 5.[17]

The Orion spacecraft then returned andreentered the Earth's atmospherewith the protection of its heat shield, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11.[18]The mission aims to certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning withArtemis II,[19]which is scheduled to perform a crewed lunar flyby no earlier than September 2025.[20]After Artemis II,Artemis IIIwill involve a crewedlunar landing,the first in five decades sinceApollo 17.

Mission profile

[edit]
See also:Orion (spacecraft)andSpace Launch System

Artemis I was launched on the Block 1 variant of theSpace Launch System.[21]The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segmentsolid rocket boosters(SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage uses fourRS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown onSpace Shuttlemissions.[22]The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf), or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as theInterim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage(ICPS), is based on theDelta Cryogenic Second Stageand is powered by a singleRL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.[23]

Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform atrans-lunar injection(TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and 10CubeSatson a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats for conducting scientific research and performing technology demonstrations.[24]

The Orion spacecraft spent approximately three weeks in space, including six days in adistant retrograde orbit(DRO) around the Moon.[25]It came within approximately 130 km (80 mi) of the lunar surface (closest approach)[5]and achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 432,210 km (268,563 mi).[26][27]

Mission timeline[26]
Date Time (UTC) Event
Launch
November 16 06:47:44 Liftoff
06:49:56 Solid rocket booster separation
06:50:55 Service module fairing jettisoned
06:51:00 Launch abort system (LAS) jettisoned
06:55:47 Core stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
06:55:59 Core stage and ICPS separation
07:05:53 – 07:17:53 Orion solar array deployment
07:40:40 – 07:41:02 Perigee raise maneuver
08:17:11 – 08:35:11 ICPS Trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn
08:45:20 Orion/ICPS separation
08:46:42 Upper-stage separation burn
10:09:20 ICPS disposal burn
Summary of the Artemis I mission
Moon outbound transit
November 16 14:35:15 First trajectory correction burn
November 17–20 Outbound coasting phase
November 21 12:44 Outbound powered flyby burn[5]
Orbiting Moon
November 21–24 Transit to DRO
November 25–30 Distant retrograde orbit
December 1 21:53 DRO departure burn[7]
December 1–4 Exiting DRO
Earth return
December 5 16:43 Close approach[8]
December 5–11 Return transit
December 11 17:40:30 Splashdown at Pacific Ocean

Mission profile animation

[edit]
Animation of Artemis I
Earth-centered inertialreference frame
Earth-centeredframe rotatingwith Moon
Earth·Artemis I·Moon

Background

[edit]
2011 illustration of an SLS launch

Artemis I was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017[28][note 2]as the first planned flight of theSpace Launch System(SLS) and the second uncrewed test flight of theOrion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.The initial plans for EM-1 called for acircumlunar trajectoryduring a seven-day mission.[30][31]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft'sservice modulewas to be built by theEuropean Space Agencyand named theEuropean Service Module.[32]In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA'sMichoud Assembly Facility(MAF).[33]In January 2015, NASA andLockheed Martinannounced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis I would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number ofweldsfrom 19 to 7[34]and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis I, the Orion spacecraft was to be outfitted with a completelife support systemand crew seats but would be left uncrewed.[35]

In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.[21]It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.[36]However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, citing cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.[37]

In March 2019, then-NASA administratorJim Bridenstineproposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either theFalcon Heavyor Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.[38][39]The mission would require two launches: one to place theOrion spacecraftinto orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.[40]The idea was eventually scrapped.[41]One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion is not planned to carry a docking mechanism untilArtemis III.[42]The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.[43]

Ground testing

[edit]
First static-fire attempt of the core stage performed on January 16, 2021

The core stage for Artemis I, built atMichoud Assembly Facilityby Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019[44]and was declared finished one month later.[45]The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series atStennis Space Center,consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:[46]

  1. Modal testing(vibration tests)
  2. Avionics(electronic systems)
  3. Fail-safesystems
  4. Propulsion(without firing of the engines)
  5. Thrust vector controlsystem (moving and rotating engines)
  6. Launch countdownsimulation
  7. Wet dress rehearsal,withpropellant
  8. Static fireof the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,[46][47]and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On January 16, 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.[48]This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.[49]The static fire test was performed again on March 18, 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight-minute burn.[50]The core subsequently departed theStennis Space Centeron April 24, 2021, en route to theKennedy Space Center.[51]

Assembly

[edit]
Block 1 variant of SLS rocket
SLS with the Orion capsulestackedin theVehicle Assembly Building,March 2022

SLS/Orion is assembled bystackingits major sub-assemblies atop amobile launcher platforminside the NASAVehicle Assembly Building(VAB). First, the seven components of each of the two boosters are stacked. The core stage is then stacked and is supported by the boosters. The interstage and upper stage are stacked atop the core, and the Orion spacecraft is then stacked onto the upper stage.

TheInterim Cryogenic Propulsion Stagewas the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.[52]Three years later, all of the SLS'ssolid rocket boostersegments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on June 12, 2020,[53]and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered bybargeone month later on July 29.[54]The assembly of the SLS took place at theVehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments ontoMobile Launcher-1on November 23.[55]Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on January 7, 2021,[56]and the boosters' stacking was completed by March 2.[57]

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on thePegasus bargeon April 27, 2021, after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on April 29.[58]The stage was then stacked with its boosters on June 12. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on June 22. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on July 6. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on October 8.[59]This marked the first time asuper-heavy-lift vehiclehas been stacked inside NASA's VAB since the finalSaturn Vin 1973.

The Artemis I Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in theMulti-Payload Processing Facilityon January 16, 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).[60][61]On October 20, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis I vehicle in High Bay 3.[62]During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.[63][64]

Launch preparations

[edit]
First rollout of SLS in March 2022. It was subsequently rolled back in for repairs.

On March 17, 2022, Artemis I rolled out of High Bay 3 from theVehicle Assembly Buildingfor the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on April 3, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.[65]A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on April 4, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.[66]

During preparations for a third attempt, aheliumcheck valveon the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.[67][68]The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.[69][70]

NASA rolled the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis I was rolled back to the VAB on April 26.[71][72][73]After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis I vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on June 6 to complete the test.[74]

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on June 20, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.[75]

On July 2, the Artemis I stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: August 29 and September 5.[76][77]The SLS passed flight readiness review on August 23, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.[78]

Initial launch attempts

[edit]

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on August 29, 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.[79][80]Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.[79][81][82]NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hourlaunch windowexpired.[83]An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.[80]

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of September 3.[84]The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pmEDT(18:17UTC), and lasted for two hours.[85]The launch was scrubbed at 11:17 am EDT due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.[86][14]The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.[87]

Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was September 19[88][89][90]until mission managers declared that September 27, and then September 30, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.[91][92]A launch in September would have required that theEastern Rangeof theUnited States Space Forceagree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;[87]this was carried out on September 22.[93]However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ianled launch managers to call off the September 27 launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.[94]On the morning of September 26, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.[95][96]

On November 12, following another delay due toHurricane Nicole,NASA launch managers requested launch opportunities for November 16 and 19. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.[97]As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.[98]Wind speeds were expected to reach 29 mph (47 km/h), with gusts up to 46 mph (74 km/h). Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on November 9, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching 85 mph (137 km/h), and gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h). After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.[99][100][101]On November 15, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30 pm EST (20:30 UTC).[102]

Flight

[edit]
  • SLS on standby, ready for launch
    SLS on standby, ready for launch
  • SLS just after engine ignition
    SLS just after engine ignition
  • Inside Orion with mannequin Callisto
    Inside Orion with mannequin Callisto
  • Orion at the first day of the mission
    Orion at the first day of the mission
  • Orion approaches the Moon on day 6
    Orion approaches the Moon on day 6
  • Orion, the Moon and Earth on day 13
    Orion, the Moon and Earth on day 13
  • Mission control on day 14
    Mission control on day 14
  • Details of the lunar surface, day 19
    Details of the lunar surface, day 19
  • The Moon after return flyby, day 19
    The Moon after return flyby, day 19
  • Artemis 1 before reentry, day 25
    Artemis 1 before reentry, day 25
  • Orion descending to the Pacific Ocean
    Orion descending to the Pacific Ocean
  • Orion shortly after splashdown
    Orion shortly after splashdown

Launch

[edit]

At 6:47:44 UTC (1:47:44 am EST) on November 16, 2022, Artemis I successfully launched fromLaunch Complex 39B(LC-39B) at theKennedy Space Center.[1]Artemis I was the first launch from LC-39B sinceAres I-X.TheOrion spacecraftandICPSwere both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from theSpace Launch System,achieving orbit approximately8+1⁄2minutes after launch.[103]

Outbound flight

[edit]

Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes in a trans-lunar injection (TLI) maneuver.Orionthen separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.[104]The 10CubeSatsecondary payloads were then deployed from the Orion Stage Adapter, attached to the ICPS.[105]The ICPS conducted a final maneuver at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into aheliocentric orbit.[106]

On November 20 at 19:09 UTC, the Orion spacecraft entered the lunarsphere of influence,where the influence of the Moon's gravity on the spacecraft is greater than that of Earth.[107]

Lunar orbit

[edit]

On November 21, Orion experienced a planned loss of communication with NASA from 12:25 through 12:59 UTC as it passed behind the moon and no longer hadline-of-sightto Earth. There, during an automatically controlled maneuver, the first of several trajectory-altering burns, called an "outbound powered flyby burn",[107]to transitionOrionto adistant retrograde orbitbegan at 12:44 UTC. Theorbital maneuvering systemengine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While operating autonomously, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately 130 km (81 mi) above the surface at 12:57 UTC.[108][109]The spacecraft performed another burn on November 25, firing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) for one minute and twenty-eight seconds, changing Orion's velocity by 363 ft/s (398 km/h) finally entering orbit.[110]On November 26, at 13:42 UTC, Orion broke the record for the farthest distance from Earth traveled by an Earth-returninghuman-rated spacecraft.The record was formerly held by theApollo 13mission at 400,171 km (248,655 mi).[110][111][6]

On November 28, Orion reached a distance of 432,210 km (268,563 mi) from Earth, the maximum distance achieved during the mission.[112]On November 30, the Orion spacecraft performed a maintenance burn to maintain its trajectory and decrease its velocity for a planned burn on December 1, at 21:53 UTC, to depart its distant retrograde orbit around the Moon, beginning its journey back to Earth.[113]

On December 5 at 16:43 UTC the spacecraft reached 128 km (80 mi) from the lunar surface at its closest approach right before an earthbound burn, the "powered return flyby burn", to leave the zone of lunar gravitational influence. The spacecraft once again passed behind the Moon, losing communications with mission control for about half an hour.[114]Shortly before the flyby, Orion experienced an electrical anomaly, which was soon resolved.[115]

Return flight

[edit]

On December 6 at 7:29 UTC, Orion exited the lunar sphere of influence. It then conducted a minor course correction burn and an inspection of the crew module's thermal protection system and theESM.[116]Over the next few days the mission control team continued to conduct system checks and prepared for reentry and splashdown. On December 10, mission planners announced that the final landing site would be near Guadalupe Island off theBaja peninsulain Mexico.[117]The final trajectory correction burn of six total trajectory burns throughout the mission took place the next day five hours before reentry.[118]

Reentry and splashdown

[edit]
Reentry video of Artemis I

The spacecraft separated from its service module at around 17:00 UTC on December 11 and then reentered Earth's atmosphere at 17:20 UTC travelling near 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph).[119]It was the first United States use of a "skip entry", a form ofnon-ballistic atmospheric entryinto the atmosphere, pioneered byZond 7,in which two phases of deceleration would expose human occupants to relatively less intense G-forces than would be experienced during an Apollo-style reentry.[120]The Orion capsule splashed down at 17:40 UTC (9:40 am PST) west of Baja California nearGuadalupe Island.[18]Following splashdown, NASA personnel and the crew ofUSSPortlandrecovered the spacecraft after planned ocean testing of the capsule.[121]The recovery team spent about two hours performing tests in open water and imaging the craft, namely to investigate signs of atmospheric re-entry, then used a winch and several tending lines to pull the craft into a securing assembly in thewell dockof the USSPortland.The recovery team included personnel from theUS Navy,Space Force,Kennedy Space Center,Johnson Space Center,andLockheed Martin Space.[122]On December 13, the Orion capsule arrived at thePort of San Diego.[123]

Payloads

[edit]

The Orion spacecraft carried three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.[124]The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named afterArturo Campos,a NASA engineer during theApollo program),[125]occupied the commander's seat inside Orion and was equipped with two radiation sensors in its Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also had sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.[126]

AstroRadvest on theInternational Space Station

Alongside Moonikin were two phantom torsos, "Helga" and "Zohar" (named by theGerman Aerospace Centerand theIsrael Space Agencyrespectively[127]), who took part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with theGerman Aerospace Centerand theIsrael Space Agency,measured the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar was shielded with theAstrorad radiation vestand equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga did not wear a vest. The phantoms measured the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and activedosimetersdistributed at sensitive and highstem cell-concentration tissues.[128]The test provided data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.[129]In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carried a plush doll of NASA'sSnoopyas zero-g indicator[130]and aShaun the Sheeptoy[131]representing the ESA's European Service Module contribution to the mission.

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis I also carried commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.[132]A technology demonstration called Callisto, named afterthe mythical figureassociated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration withAmazonandCisco,was also aboard. Callisto used video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and used theAmazon Alexavirtual assistantto respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public could submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the mission.[133][needs update]

Cubesats

[edit]
Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed

Ten low-costCubeSats,all in six-unit configurations,[134]flew assecondary payloads.[135]They were carried within the Stage Adapter above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA'sNext Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships,three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through theScience Mission Directorate,and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.[136]These CubeSats were:[135]

Three other CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis I but missed the integration deadline, and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contained thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.[142]

Media outreach

[edit]
Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis I mission

The Artemis Imission patchwas created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft andExploration Ground Systemsteams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis I was launched. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis I.[149] The Artemis I flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,[150][151]though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.[152]To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted were written to a flash drive stored inside the Orion spacecraft.[153][154]Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[155]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^An Orion capsule wasflownin 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
  2. ^The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in theNASA Authorization Act of 2010to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.[29]

References

[edit]
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