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Artemisia(plant)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Artemisia
Artemisia cina(Levant wormseed)[1]
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Anthemideae
Genus: Artemisia
L.
Type species
Artemisia vulgaris
L.
Synonyms[2]
  • AbsinthiumMill.
  • ChamartemisiaRydb.
  • OligosporusCass.
  • ArtemisiastrumRydb.
  • Artanacetum(Rzazade) Rzazade
  • AbrotanumMill.
  • DraconiaHeist. ex Fabr.
  • Artemisiasubg.SeriphidiumLess.
  • HydrophytumEschw.
  • Seriphidium(Besser ex Less.) Fourr.
  • DracunculusRuppr. ex Ledeb. 1845,illegitimate homonym, notDracunculusMill. 1754 (Araceae)[2]

Artemisia(/ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/)[3]is a large, diversegenusof plants belonging to the daisy familyAsteraceae,with almost 500 species. Common names for various species in the genus includemugwort,wormwood,andsagebrush.

Artemisiacompriseshardyherbaceous plantsandshrubs,which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in theiressential oils.Artemisiaspecies grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species includeA. vulgaris(common mugwort),A. tridentata(big sagebrush),A. annua(sagewort),A. absinthium(wormwood),A. dracunculus(tarragon), andA. abrotanum(southernwood). Theleavesof many species are covered with white hairs.

Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes fromterpenoidsandsesquiterpene lactones,which discourageherbivory,and may have had a selective advantage.[4]The small flowers arewind-pollinated.[4]Artemisiaspecies are used as food plants by thelarvaeof a number ofLepidopteraspecies.

Somebotanistssplit the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis[5]does not support the maintenance of the generaCrossostephium,Filifolium,Neopallasia,Seriphidium,andSphaeromeria;three othersegregategenera—Stilnolepis,Elachanthemum,andKaschgaria—are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with theSalviasages in the familyLamiaceae.

Taxonomy

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The genus was erected byCarl Linnaeusin 1753. The nameArtemisiaderives from the Greek goddessArtemis(Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II.[6]A more specific reference may be toArtemisia II of Caria,a botanist and medical researcher (also a queen and naval commander), who died in 350 BC.[7][8]

Species

[edit]
Main article:List of Artemisia species

As of June 2024,Plants of the World Onlineaccepted almost 500 species, including:[9]

Formerly placed here

[edit]

Classification

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Classification ofArtemisiais difficult.[4]Divisions ofArtemisiaprior to 2000 into subgenera or sections have not been backed up by molecular data,[5]but much of the molecular data, as of 2006, are not especially strong.[4]The following identified groups do not include all the species in the genus.

SubgeneraArtemisiaandAbsinthium

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SubgeneraArtemisiaandAbsinthiumare sometimes, but not always, considered the same. SubgenusArtemisia(originallyAbrotanumBesser) is characterized by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, glabrous receptacle.AbsinthiumDC, though sometimes merged with subgenusArtemisiais characterized by heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, hairy receptacle. Generally, previously proposed monotypic and non-monophyletic subgenera have been merged with the subgenusArtemesiadue to molecular evidence. For example, in 2011 using ribosomal DNA analysis of their own and a review of molecular data (such as ITS sequence analysis) of others, S. Garcia and colleagues argued that it was logical to rename severalSphaeromeriaandPicrothamnus(formerly designated sister genera toArtemisia) species asArtemisia,as well as to revert someSphaeromeriaspecies back toArtemisia,where they had been categorized previously.[12]Part of this was due to research by Watson and colleagues, who found that the four subgenera were not monophyletic except forDracunculus,after analyzing and matching the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA from manySeriphidiumandArtemisiaspecies, and the related generaArctanthemumandDendranthema.The authors concluded that inflorescence morphology is not alone reliable for categorizing the genus or some subgenera, as qualities that previously demarcated them (such as homogamous, discoid, ray-less inflorescences) seemed to have undergone paralleled evolution up to seven times.[5]PicrothamnusNutt. ( "bud sage" ), now consideredArtemisia spinescensandSphaeromeriaNutt. ( "chicken sage" ) are some examples, both endemic to North America.[12]

Tridentatae

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SectionTridentataeconsists of eleven to thirteen species of coarse shrubs often known colloquially as "sagebrushes", which are very prominent parts of the flora in western North America.[13]In some classifications, they have previously been considered part of the genus or subgenusSeriphidium,although recent studies have contested this lineage to Old World species.[5]Tridentataewas first articulated as a section by Rydberg in 1916, and it was not until McArthur et al. in 1981 thatTridentataewas elevated to a separate subgenus fromSeriphidium.The principal motive for their separation was geographical distribution, chemical makeup, and karyotype.[14]Much of the debate surrounding Tridentatae is phytogeographic, thus habitat and geography are frequently cited when understanding the evolution of this endemic North American subgenus. Evolutionary cycles of wet and dry climates encouraged "diploid and polyploid races which are morphologically similar if not indistinguishable" (McArthur 598).

Autopolyploidy among plants is not uncommon, howeverTridentataeexhibits a remarkable amount of chromosomal differences at the population level, rather than the taxon level. This contributes to the difficulty in determiningTridentatae'sphylogeny. The subgenus' relative homogeneity within ploidies has enabled it to habitually hybridize and backcross, resulting in a high degree of genetic variation at the population level rather than the taxon level.[15]For instance, some articles suggest that to be monophyletic, sectionTridentataeshould excludeArtemisia bigeloviiandArtemisia palmeri.[5][13]and includeArtemisia pygmaeaandArtemisia rigida.[16]These results were supported by extensive chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nrDNA sequencing which departed from prior morphological, anatomical, and behavioral data.

Traditional lineages withinTridentataewere proposed on the basis of leaf morphology, habitat preference, and the ability to leaf-sprout, among other morphological and behavioral characteristics.[13]For instance, sagebrush in theArtemisia tridentatalineage have tridentate leaves, live in especially arid habitats, and are unable to root-sprout.[13]This method of delimitation is problematic for species that do not fully adhere to the characteristics of a given lineage. The dry habitat and the presence of interxylary cork has often made the case forTridentataeas a subgenus of its own,[17]and there is some ribosomal molecular evidence of a "Tridentataecore "group for the subgenus.[18]In 2011, Garcia and colleagues proposed enlargingTridentataeand organized it into the sectionsTridentatae,Nebulosae,andFilifoliaebased on previous research establishing relationships via ribosomal and nuclear DNA.[19][12]

Intergrading forms are particularly common in recently radiated subgenera such asTridentatae,given their frequent reversals andconvergent evolution.Global reviews ofArtemisiausingITSanalysis support the hypothesis thatTridentataehas independent origins from Old WorldSeriphidium[5]These findings were compared withcapitulamorphology, challenging past assumptions based on floral characteristics. To better understand the rapid diversification and radiation relative to Old WorldArtemisia,a closer study of Beriginian or Arctic species may provide missing links.[20]

SectionTridentataeincludes above species with exception ofArtemisia longiloba,which is treated as a subspecies ofArtemisia arbuscula.SectionNebulaeincludesArtemisia californica,Artemisia nesiotica,andArtemisia filifolia.[21]

Seriphidium

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The Old World species which different classifications put into the genus or subgenusSeriphidiumconsist of about 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, with the largest number of species in Central Asia.[22]Some classifications, such as that of theFlora of North America,exclude any New World plants fromSeriphidium.[4]They areherbaceous plantsor small shrubs.[22]

SeriphidiumBesser was morphologically categorized by a homogamous flower head with all hermaphrodite florets and fertile and glabrous receptacle.Tridentataewas originally categorized as withinSeriphidiumdue to floral, inflorescence, and leaf morphological similarities, until McArthur et al.'s analysis in 1981, which explained these similarities as convergent evolution.[23]Old WorldSeriphidium,with 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, was a previous classification ofSeriphidium. North American or "New World" Seriphidium and Old World Seriphidium.[clarification needed]North AmericanSeriphidiumwere later placed intoTridentataeRydb due to geographical distribution, growth habit, and karyotypic and chemotaxonomic similarities (such as presence of certain terpenols).[24]

SubgenusDracunculus

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One group which is well-supported by molecular data is subgenusDracunculus.It consists of 80 species found in both North America and Eurasia,[4]of which the best-known is perhapsArtemisia dracunculus,the spicetarragon.

DracunculusBesser. has historically been characterized morphologically by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, but with a female-sterile, glabrous receptacle.Dracunculusis the most supported and resolved subgenus ofArtemisia,which includesArtemisiadracunculusL., known as the cooking spice tarragon. Chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis in 2011 supported monophyly with two clades, one of which includes some North American endemic species as well as most species of Europe and Asia, while the second clade includes justA. salsoloidesandA. Tanaitica,found in Eastern Europe and Siberia to the Western Himalayas.[25]This study placesDracunculusas one of the more recent subgenera within Artemisia, situatingA. Salisoidesmore basally on the tree, with North American endemic groups such as the sagebrushes having derived on the other end of a split from a common ancestor withDracunculus.Formerly proposed generaMausolea,NeopallasiaandTuraniphytumare now argued to be within the subgenusDracunculusdue to ribosomal and chloroplast DNA evidence, with further species resolved as sister groups toDracunculusdue to phytochemical relationships.[25][26]

Cultivation and uses

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The aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste.A. dracunculus(tarragon) is widely used as aculinary herb,particularly important inFrench cuisine.

Artemisia vulgaris(mugwort) was used to repelmidges(mug > midge),fleasandmoths,intestinal worms, and inbrewing(mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares.

Artemisia absinthiumis used to make the highly potent spiritabsinthe.Malörtalso contains wormwood. The aperitifvermouth(derived from theGermanwordWermut,"wormwood" ) is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood.

Artemisia pycnocephala(beach sagewort) flowers
Artemisia abrotanum
Artemisia annua
Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia californica(California sagebrush) leaves
Artemisia mauiensis(Maui wormwood)
Artemisia nilagirica(Nilagiri wormwood)
Artemisia pontica(Roman wormwood)

Artemisia arborescens(tree wormwood, orsheebainArabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to theMiddle Eastused in tea, usually withmint.

A few species are grown asornamental plants,the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun.

Artemisia stellerianais known as Dusty Miller, but several other species bear that name, includingJacobaea maritima(syn.Senecio cineraria),Silene coronaria(syn.Lychnis coronaria), andCentaurea cineraria.

The largest collection of living Artemisia species, subspecies and cultivars is held in the National Collection of Artemisia inSidmouth,Devon,UK,which holds about 400 taxa. The National Collection scheme is administered by Plant Heritage (formerly National Council for Conservation of Plants and Gardens,NCCPG) in the British Isles.[27]

Medicinal

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Artemisinin(fromArtemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds used to treatmalaria.[28][29]Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused byPlasmodium falciparum.[28]AdministeringArtemisia annuaas dried whole leaves may cause resistance to develop more slowly than if it is administered as pure artemisenin.[30]

Tu Youyoureceived the2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinefor her discovery of the semisynthetic derivatives. She conducted research on traditional Chinese medicine and potential contributions to cures for malaria,[31]on the basis of folk medicine and ancient Chinese texts.[32]Before Tu and her team discoveredartemisinin,240,000 compounds had already been tested for use in potential antimalaria drugs, none of which had worked.[33]From reviewing ancient Chinese texts, they found that the compound artemisinin was optimally extracted at lower temperatures, as high temperature water poured over sweet wormwood leaves destroyed essential treatment properties.

TheWorld Health Organizationdoes not support the promotion or use ofArtemisiaplant material in any form for the prevention or treatment of malaria. They note that the plant form of medication has several problems. These include a lack of consistentArtemisiacontent, the content being low enough that recurrence of malaria often occurs, that the use of the plant may contribute to widespread artemisinin resistance, and that the plant form is not effective in malaria prevention.[34][35]

As of June 2020, there is no evidence thatArtemisiacan treat or prevent COVID-19.[36]

Culture

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Artemisiahas been mentioned and used in popular culture for centuries. A few examples are:

  • Artemisia herba-albais thought to be the plant translated as "wormwood" in English language versions of the Bible (apsinthosin the Greek text). Wormwood is mentioned seven times in theJewish Bible,always with the implication of bitterness. It is mentioned once in theNew Testament.[37]Wormwood is the "name of the star" in the Book ofRevelation 8:11(kai to onoma tou asteros legetai ho Apsinthos) thatJohn of Patmosenvisions as cast by the angel and falling into the waters, making them undrinkably bitter. Further references in the Bible show wormwood was a common herb known for its bitter taste. (Deuteronomy 29:17,Proverbs 5:4,Jeremiah 9:15,25:15,Lamentations 3:15,19,Amos 5:7)
  • In Shakespeare's playHamlet,the titular character says "Wormwood, wormwood" to comment on the bitter implications of what the Player Queen has just said.

Ecology

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Artemisiaspecies are found on every continent except Antarctica,[38]and have become part of many ecosystems around the world as a result. Below is currently a partial view of the importance ofArtemisiaspecies in ecosystems around the world.

North American ecology ofArtemisia

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In North America, several species ofArtemisiahave become important parts of local environments, with wide adaptability.Artemisia papposadescribed by S.F.Blake & Arthur Cronquist can grow in the harsh, dry expanses of alkali flats, but also adapts to meadowlands.[39]

Sagebrushes likeA. papposa(of theTridenteaesubgenus) in general are found in the north and southwest areas of the North American continent. In the Intermountain West, in a habitat known as Sagebrush Steppe,A. tridentata,A. tripartite,andA. arbusculagrow alongside various grasses and species of bitter bush, creating an important environment for mule deer, pygmy rabbits, antelopes, and the sage grouse.[40]Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among the sagebrushes has been helpful in understanding the relationships among these plants and their environments, as well as learning more about how these plants formed these communities over long stretches of time.[12]Sagebrushes, which includeA.ludovicianaandA. Tridentataamong others, can often also be found growing near junipers, particularly in the Elkhorn Mountain region, where the Juniper Woodlands form an ecosystem which provide cover for many animal species in both summer and winter months and storms. Because the habitat should burn only every 400–600 years,[41]with sagebrush shrubs living as long as 200 years (though potentially typically 88), this particular combination ofArtemisiawith other flora form an enduring habitat.[24]As it often goes, however, governments and farming businesses have often cleared sagebrush-juniper communities to create land for cow and domestic animal feedcrops, and Artemisia species may be declining due to this and invasive species such as cheatgrass.[42]Destabilization of the vegetation creates higher risk of fires, causing concern among the local conservation and wildlife groups.[40][42]

Due to their often extensive rhizome systems and other potential characteristics, however, some Artemisia species are often resilient to mowing or pulling, giving some species of Artemisia the ability to easily become invasive if introduced to comfortable, though non-native habitats.

  • A. annua(native to Eurasia) is found in wetland habitats, and though it has been naturalized in much of North America it is considered weedy or invasive by some localities, such as Kentucky.[43]
  • This is particularly true ofArtemisia vulgaris,known as "common mugwort", in North America, where it was introduced by European colonists and settlers in the 1600s, when Jesuit priests and other colonizers may have first brought the herb for ointments and teas and likely also let into port cities via ballast dumping.[44]Artemisia vulgariswill grow in dense groups and out-compete other plants in an area, in part due to its ability to grow on poorly enriched soils. Disturbed habitats, cities and roadsides or parking lots can easily become a field ofA. vulgaris,which is the Artemisia species designated as invasive by New York State.[45]

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Further reading

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