Jump to content

Asghar Khan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Air Marshal
Muhammad Asghar Khan
Shaheen-i-Pakistan
Asghar Khan (1921–2018)
PresidentofPakistan International Airlines
In office
20 August 1965 – 30 November 1968
Preceded byMirza Ahmad Ispahani
Succeeded byAir-Mshl.Nur Khan
Director-Generalof theCivil Aviation Authority
In office
1965–1968
Commander in Chief of Pakistan Air Force
In office
23 July 1957 – 22 July 1965
PresidentAyub Khan(1960–65)
Iskander Mirza(1956–59)
DeputyAir-Mshl.Sharbat Changezi
(Deputy Air Cdr-in-C)
Preceded byAVMArthur McDonald
Succeeded byAM.Nur Khan
Chairmanof theTehreek-e-Istiqlal
In office
29 June 1970 – 12 December 2011
Preceded byParty established
Succeeded byImran Khan
Personal details
Born
Mohammad Asghar Khan

(1921-01-17)17 January 1921
Jammu,Jammu and Kashmir,British India
(present dayJammu and Kashmir,India)
Died5 January 2018(2018-01-05)(aged 96)
Combined Military Hospital,Rawalpindi,Punjab,Pakistan
Cause of deathCardiac arrest
Resting placeAbbottabad,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
CitizenshipBritish India
(1921–1947)
Pakistan(1947–2018)
Political partyPakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
(2012–2018)
Other political
affiliations		Tehreek-e-Istiqlal
(1970–2012)
National Democratic Party
(1964–1970)
ChildrenOmar Asghar Khan(son)
Ali Asghar Khan(son)
Civilian awardsHilal-e-Pakistan
Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam
Order of Crown
Order of the Crown of Thailand: vii [1]
Nickname(s)Shaheen-i-Pakistan
Night Flyer
Military service
AllegianceBritish RajBritish India
Pakistan
Branch/serviceBritish Indian Army
Royal Indian Air Force
Pakistan Air Force
Years of service1939–68[2]
RankAir Marshal
Unit9th Deccan Horse,Armored Corps
CommandsPakistan Air Force Academy
Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force,Air AHQ
Peshawar Air Force Base
No. 9 Squadron,RIAF
Battles/wars
Military awardsCrosses of Aeronautical Merit

Air MarshalMuhammad Asghar Khan(Retd.) (Urdu:اصغر خان17 January 1921 – 5 January 2018), was a Pakistani politician and anautobiographer,later a dissident serving the cause ofpacifism,peace,andhuman rights.[3]

Born into a military family, Asghar Khan briefly served as an officer in theIndian Armybefore being deputed to theRoyal Indian Air Force(IAF) as amilitary adviserin 1941— he was later drafted into the IAF as its commanding officer on the Asian front ofWorld War II.[4]After thePartition of IndiaIn 1947, Khan chose to join thePakistan Air Force(PAF) and later secured promotion as athree starrankair officerwhen he was appointed in 1957 as Commander-in-chief to command the PAF at the age of 36 – the youngest officer at the command level in thePakistani militaryat that time. In 1965, his dissent with GeneralMusa Khan,the ArmyCommander in Chief,over theOperation Gibraltararea contingency plans, and vetoing decisions to go on theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965,eventually led to his replacement with Air MarshalMalik Nur Khan.[3]Asghar Khan continued to serve with his rank when he was deputed as aPakistan International Airlines's executive, until retiring in 1968.[2]

After his retirement from the military in 1968, Asghar Khan founded theTehrik-e-Istiqlal(Solidarity Party) with asecularandcentristpolitical program in direct opposition to thePakistan Peoples Party(PPP) and thePakistan Muslim League(PML), but failed to make any significant impact in the1970 Pakistani general elections.From the 1970s–90s, Khan's political career focused towards the 'Dharna' or 'politics of agitation', against the elected civilian governments, and gained notability when he filed multiple lawsuits, over theMehrangatebank scandal, against the PPP and the PML(N) at theSupreme Court of Pakistanin the 1990s.[5]During this time, Khan authored many political books, some very critical or given dissenting criticism of the Pakistan Army's involvement innational politics.[6][7]

In 2011, Khan merged his party with thePakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf(Pakistan Movement for Justice).[8]Khan died in January 2018 and was buried with fullstate honours.[9]

Biography

[edit]

Family background, early life and military career in India

[edit]
Main articles:Pathans of KashmirandIndia in World War II
A flight ofGloster Meteorsin 1955: Squadron Leader Asghar Khan became theFirstIndianto qualify to fly this aircraft in 1946.[4]

Mohammad Asghar Khan was born inJammu,Kashmirin theBritish Indian Empireon 17 January 1921 into aPashtun family.[10]: iii [4]His family belonged to theAfridi tribefrom theTirah Valleyin thetribal-belt region,that settled in Jammu and Kashmir.[4]His father,BrigadierThakurRehmatullah Khan,was an army officer in theJammu and Kashmir State Forcesand later emigrated toAbbottabadafter the Partition ofBritish Indiain 1947.[11][12]

His elder brother, BrigadierAslam Khan,was also an officer in thePakistan Armywho earned his reputation as the "Legend ofBaltistan"after his participation in theIndo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948,Pakistan's first war with India.[13]

After his education at aboarding school,Asghar Khan was sent to attend theRoyal Indian Military Collegein 1933, where he secured his matriculation in 1939, subsequently joining the Kashmir State Forces in 1939.: 67 [14]After graduating from theIndian Military Academy1940, he gained acommissionin the British Indian Army as thesecond lieutenantin theRoyal Deccan Horse,attached to theArmoured Corpsof theIndian Armyin December 1940.[15]In 1941,LieutenantAsghar Khan was seconded to theRoyal Indian Air Force,joining theNo. 9 Squadronas its military adviser on the Burma front.: 15 [16][4]In 1942,CaptainKhan was transferred to theRoyal Indian Air Force,where he saw actions in thefirst front in BurmaagainstJapan,and flew bomber missions in theHawker Hurricane.: 14 [17]

In 1944,Squadron LeaderKhan served in thesecond front in Burma,commanding No. 9 Squadron alongside Squadron LeaderArjan Singh,who ledNo. 1 Squadronduring the aerial operations of theArakan Campaign 1942–43.: content [18][4]

After the end ofWorld War II in the Pacific,Squadron Leader Khan was posted toAmbala Air Force Station,where he was assigned as theflight instructorat theFlying Instructors Schooluntil 1947.: 15 [16]He was the first Indian to qualify to fly theGloster Meteorjet fighter, in theUnited Kingdomin 1946.[4]

During this time, Khan decided to transfer to thePakistan Air Force(PAF) and went to Great Britain to attend theRAF Staff CollegeatBracknell,graduating in 1949.[4]He was later directed to attend theJoint Service Defence College,located inLatimer, Buckinghamshire,and graduated in 1952.: v [10]He continued his further education at theImperial Defence Collegeand graduated in 1955.: v [10][4]

Command and war appointments in the Pakistani military

[edit]
Main article:U.S. aid to Pakistan

Upon returning to PakistanWing CommanderAsghar was appointed as the firstCommandantof thePakistan Air Force Academy(then known as RPAF College) inRisalpurin 1947 until 1949, he was attached to command thePeshawar Air Force basein 1949–50.[19]In 1948–49, Khan greetedGovernor-GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnahwhen Jinnah visited the PAF Academy (then upgraded to status of a college).[20]For a short brief of time in 1953,Group CaptainAsghar was taken in deputation in the services of thePakistan International Airlines,where he served in corporate administration.: 38 [21][better source needed]In 1955, Gp-Capt. Khan was appointed as the commander of No. 1 Group.[clarification needed]: 120 [22]: 97 [23]

In 1955–56,Air CommodoreKhan was posted toPAF Air Headquartersand briefly met with theBrigadier-GeneralSaxton of theUnited States Air Forceto discuss theMilitary Advisory Assistance Groupand equipment procurement for the Pakistan Air Force.: 97 [23]In 1957,Air Vice-MarshalKhan was appointed as the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Administration and took the initiative in establishing theAir Force Education Commandthat oversaw the establishment of thePAF Air War CollegeatPAF Base Faisal, Karachiand theCollege of Aeronautical Engineeringat PAF Academy Risalpur (now known as PAF Academy Asghar Khan).[19]

Commander-in-Chief and President of Pakistan International Airlines

[edit]
Main articles:Commander in Chief (Pakistan Air Force),1958 Pakistani coup d'état,Indo-Pakistani War of 1965,Pakistan International Airlines,andPakistan International Airlines Flight 17
Map of thenorthern frontierof Pakistan in 2004.

In 1957, theGovernment of Pakistanannounced the retirement of theRoyal Air Force'sAir Vice-MarshalSir Arthur McDonald,and promoted Air Vice-Marshal Asghar Khan totwo-star rank.: v [10]In 1957, Khan took over the command of thePakistan Air Forceas its first and youngestAir Commanderin the military– he was only 36 at the time of his promotion.[24]In 1958, Khan's rank was upgraded tothree-star rank.: v [10][24]

Soon after his promotion in 1958,Air MarshalKhan become involved innational politicsand harboured strong feelings towards the nation's politicians involved infinancial corruption.: 104 [25]He sided withArmy Commander,GeneralAyub Khanagainst theNavy Commander,Vice-AdmiralH. M. S. Choudhri,over the contingency plans and management of theJoint Staff.: 381–382 [26]Eventually, Khan played a crucial role in support of the1958 Pakistani coup d'état,and consolidating control in support of General Ayub Khan, along with AdmiralA. R. Khanand the 'Gang of Four', four air force and army generals,Azam Khan,Amir Kan,Wajid Burkk,who were instrumental in Ayub Khan's rise to the Presidency.[25]

The overthrow of PresidentIskander Mirzawas welcomed in public circles. Khan backed the enforcement ofmartial law,which he viewed as a necessary step to eradicate the corrupt practices found in the nation's politics.: 104 [25][27]In 1960, Air-Mshl. Khan was given an extension and was allowed to continue commanding the Air Force.: 37 [28]In 1963, his second extension was approved by President Ayub Khan, which was set until 1965.[29]During this time, Air-Mshl. Khan maintained close ties with the U.S. Air Force to continue training and supported the test pilot program where many Pakistan Air Force pilots qualified as careertest pilotson U.S. military aircraft.[23]

In 1965, Air-Marshal Khan reportedly was in conflict with thearmy department,led by itsarmy commanderGeneralMusa Khan,when he questioned contingency plans andsecret infiltrationofIndian-held Kashmir.[30]Air-Mshl. Khan reported that neither the Air Force nor thePakistan Navywas kept informed by military planners when theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965(the second war with India) broke out.[31]Before thedeclaration of warby either side, Khan reportedly spoke with Air-MarshalArjan Singh,theIndian Air Force'sChief of the Air Staff,where both reached a mutual understanding to avoid bombing each other's residential cities.: 17 [32]

Khan boldly came out against the war with India during a meeting with President Ayub Khan and correctly calculated that "a provoked India is likely to respond along the border in an all-out war."[29]However, President Ayub took the war option after being convinced by the arguments presented by hisForeign MinisterZulfikar Ali Bhutto.[29]

In August 1965, President Ayub Khan reportedly refused to approve Asghar Khan's extension papers for a third term and Khan was replaced by Air Vice MarshalNur Khan.: 67 [28]: 148 [33]By the time Asghar was replaced, the Pakistan Air Force had become a formidable branch of the armed forces.[31]

Afterward, President Ayub Khan appointed Ashgar Khan as thePresidentofPakistan International Airlines(PIA), which he served with his rank.[34][35][36]There, Khan qualified to flycommercial aircraftand obtained hiscommercial pilot license.[36]Khan transformed the corporate culture into professionalism when he introduced new uniforms for the air hostesses and stewards, which earned admiration at domestic and international airports.[37]

After the deadlyPakistan International Airlines Flight 17incident took place in 1966 involving the PIAEast Pakistan Helicopter Service,Khan stressedaviation safety,which led to PIA achieving the lowest aircraft accident rate, and highest net profit of Pakistan, and was a formidable competitor in the world airline business.[38]In addition, Asghar Khan briefly served as theDirector-Generalof the PakistaniCivil Aviation Authority(CAA) from 1965 until retiring in 1968.: 196 [39]His tenure as PIA President is often remembered as the "Golden Ageof PIA "by his supporters.[38]In 1968, Khan retired from military service and also left the airline.[2]

Political career in Pakistan

[edit]

Solidarity Party, politics of agitation and support for martial law

[edit]
Main articles:Conservatism in Pakistan,Right-wing populism,andDharna
An example ofDharna.Asghar Khan instigated multipleDharnamovements to remove the elected civilian governments in Pakistan over the accusations ofmonetary corruptionthroughout the 1970s and 1990s.[5]

After retiring from his military service, Asghar Khan announced he was forming a political party, theTehrik-e-Istiqlal(TeI) (lit.Movement for Solidarity Party), in response toZulfikar Ali Bhutto's announcement of the formation of thePakistan Peoples Party(PPP).[29]The TeI was acentristpolitical party founded in direct opposition to the left-wing PPP, though both were opposing theAyub administration.: 169 [40]Despite itscenteristandsecular program,the TeI attracted theright-wingconservative vote bankand support from theMuttahida Majlis-e-Amalsultraconservative clergy.: 169 [40][41]During the election campaign in 1969–70, Khan placed the blame on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for starting thesecond war with Indiain 1965 after reading a statement from Ayub Khan after meeting the latter.: 23–24 [42]

He also was very critical of Bhutto andMujibur Rahman(Mujib) when they quietly sustained the overturn of theGovernment of Pakistanunder PresidentYahya Khan.: 89–90 [43]He was later imprisoned alongside Bhutto and Mujib for sometime, sharing the limelight in the news for his imprisonment.: 76 [44]In protest in 1969, Khan renounced thecivil awardsbestowed to him by the Government of Pakistan.: vii [45]He later advised President Yahya Khan on transferring the control of the government to Mujibur Rahman to prevent thebreaking-up the unityof Pakistan as early as 1971.: contents [46]

During the nationwide1970 Pakistani general elections,Khan decided to run on theRawalpindi's constituencies,believing that the city's population would vote in appreciation of a retired air force general who is also close to the military establishment.: 76 [44]However, Khan clearly lost the election to the less-known politician, Khurshid Hasan Mir of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); the Tehrik-e-Istiqlal (TeI) generally lost the election without winning any seats for theNational Assembly of Pakistanas the PPP had performed well to claim theexclusive mandatein theFour ProvincesofPakistan.: 159 [47]

After the disastrousIndo-Pakistani War of 1971,the third war with India, Khan joined the National Assembly, only to be served in theOpposition benchled byWali Khanof the left-wingedAwami National Party.: 159 [47][36]AfterYahya administrationturned over the civilian government to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto asPresident,Khan accused Bhutto of escalating the situation that led to thecreation of Bangladeshand noting that: "We are living virtually underone-party state... The outstanding feature is suppression. "[41]

In 1973, his criticism of Prime Minister Bhutto grew further and Khan held him directly responsible for authorizing the1970s military operationsto curb nationalism inBalochistan, Pakistan.: 205 [48][41]In 1974, Khan criticized thenationalization of industry in Pakistanand his party benefitted from financial support from industrialists such asNawaz Sharif,Javed Hashmi,Shuja'at Hussainto oppose such policy measures.[4]In 1975–76, Khan eventually supported and was instrumental in forming theNational Front,a massive nine-party conservative alliance, and was said to be determined to oust Bhutto and his party from the government and power.: 163 [49]

Khan participated in the1977 Pakistani general electionon his previous constituency but lost the elections to less-known politicians, much to his surprise.: 76 [44]He refused the election results and leveled charges on the government ofvote rigging,immediately calling for the massivedharnasagainst the government.: 76 [44]When provincial governments led the arrests of workers from the National Front, it was reported by historians that it was Khan who penned a letter to theChairman Joint ChiefsAdmiralMohammad ShariffandArmy ChiefGeneralZia-ul-Haqreminding them of not to obey the law of their civilian superiors.: 68 [50]: contents [51]Excerpts of this letter was later published by the historians as Khan later asking the military to renounce their support for the "Illegal regime of Bhutto", and asked the military leadership to "differentiate between a" lawful and an unlawful "command... and save Pakistan.".: 181 [52]

To the historians and observer, the letter was a pivot for the military to engage in establishingmartial lawagainst Prime Minister Bhutto in 1977.: 68 [50][52]Khan was reportedly offered a cabinet post in theZia administrationbut he declined to serve.[52]

Imprisonment and political struggle to maintain image

[edit]

After the imposing of martial law by the bloodless 5 July 1977Operation Fair Playcoup by the Army Chief, GeneralMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq,Khan began opposing theZia administrationand called for support forrestoring democracy.[52]On television interviews with news channels, Khan strongly defended his letter as according to him, "nowhere in the letter had he asked for the military to take over", and he had written it in response to a news story he read in which an Army Major had shot a civilian showing him the "V sign".[52]

In 1983, Khan went on to join the left-wing alliance, theMovement for Restoration of Democracy(MRD) led byBenazir Bhutto,supported by the communist parties at that time.[53]

Khan was kept under house arrest at his Abbottabad residence from 16 October 1979 to 2 October 1984 and was named aprisoner of consciencebyAmnesty International.[54]In 1986, Khan left the MRD, which was under the influence of thePakistan Peoples Party(PPP) andAwami National Party(ANP), and had paving a way for theBhuttoismwhich had irked Khan.: 51–52 [55]His decision of boycotting thenon-partisan1985 Pakistani general electioneventually led to many of his party's key member defecting to thePakistan Muslim Leagueled by itsPresidentM. K. Junejo.: 134 [56]

In 1988, his letter calling for support formartial lawbecame a public matter Khan and failed to defend his multiple constituencies against the PPP's politicians when the1988 Pakistani general electionswere held.: 114–115 [57]He also lost the 1988 general elections and leveled accusations on the military of financing (Mehrangate) the conservativePakistan Muslim League (N)(PML(N)) and PPP.: 187 [58]He eventually took his case to theSupreme Court of Pakistanwhere the hearings of his case are still being heard by theNisar Court of present.[5]In 1997, Khan boycotted the1997 Pakistani general elections.: 703 [59]

Public disapproval and merging with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

[edit]

Since 1990, Khan's political image had failed to sustain any political influence in Pakistan.[60]In 1998–99, Asghar Khan made unsuccessful attempts to merge his party's cause toImran Khan'sPTI.: 887 [61]

In 2002, he handed over his party to his elder son,Omar Asghar Khan,who was a cabinet minister in the earlyMusharraf administration.[60]After his son's death in 2002, Khan joined theNational Democratic Partyin 2004, which he remained part of until 2011.: 428 [62]On 12 December 2011, Asghar Khan announced his full support of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) andImran Khan.[63]He praised Imran Khan for his struggle and endorsed him as the only hope left for the survival of Pakistan.[63]This endorsement came at a crucial time for Imran Khan, when many tainted politicians were joining his party.[63][64]

Dissent: Criticism on state, military and politicians

[edit]
Main articles:Criticism of Pakistan,Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism,Gang of Four,andCivilian control of the military

During this political career, Khan was very critical of thePakistan Army's involvement in politics and issued a strong criticism to the Pakistan Army's general, in the first instance in 1980, which led to his imprisonment– he stressed the importance ofcivilian controlof the military foreconomic development.: 133 [65]On various occasion, Khan called for normalisation ofIndo-Pakistani relationsand reportedly accused the Pakistan Army of inciting deliberate attempts to start the conflict with India.[66]Khan also renounced thenuclear test operationsconducted by Pakistan, targeting Prime MinisterNawaz Shariffor making that decision[66][better source needed]In 2011 Khan maintained that:

In thelast over 60 years,India hasnever attacked Pakistan,as it cannot afford it. Indians know well, if Pakistan is destroyed, they will be the next target... It was made our problem that one day India would invade us. But we did sofour timesand thefirst attack was on Kashmir,whereMaharajawas not prepared to accede to India for he wanted to join Pakistan and waited for this for 21 days. Indian forces came to East-Pakistan when people were being slaughtered there. Moreover, again at Kargil, Indian never mounted an assault...

— Asghar Khan, 2011,[66]

In 1972, Khan accusedZulfikar Ali Bhuttofor theBangladesh Liberation Warcausing the break-up of the country, later blatantly blaming Bhutto for starting theBalochistan conflictin Western Pakistan in 1976, and the Bangladesh Liberation War in Eastern Pakistan in 1971, terming it "inflexible attitude" of Bhutto.[66][67]

Commenting on his political collapse, Khan accusedPakistani societyfor his failure, and marked that: "the majority in Pakistan voted for the (corrupt) politicians, as they also wanted their job done by" hook or by crook ".[66]

In the 1990s, he briefly fought several legal battles against his country's elected politicians where he accused them of involved in monetary corrupt practices, and eventuallyfiled a lawsuitagainst thePakistan Peoples PartyandPakistan Muslim League (N)in theSupreme Court of Pakistan.[66]He held numerous televised press conferences where he attached the case file of his lawsuits and penned an article to the public:Is Hamam Main Sab Nangay…(lit.Everyone's naked in this bathroom...).[68]

Khan was a prolific political writer and historian where he penned criticism on the politics of Pakistans' Army and the role of the military establishment in a country's political system. Of 13 books, three of his popular bibliography included:We've Learnt Nothing from History,Pakistan at the CrossroadsandGenerals in Politics.[19]

Pakistan Football Federation

[edit]

Khan served as president of thePakistan Football Federationbetween 1962 and 1964.[69]

Personal life, death and funeral

[edit]

Asghar Khan was married to Amina Shamsie (Amina Asghar Khan) in 1942.: 103 [70]Asghar Khan died on 5 January 2018, two weeks shy of his 97th birthday.[71][3]The government of Pakistan buried him with full state honours and he was given a state funeral.[72]

Selected books

[edit]

English

[edit]
  • Khan, Ashghar (1969).Pakistan at the Cross Roads.Karachi: Ferozsons.OCLC116825.
  • —— (1979).The First Round, Indo-Pakistan War 1965.Sahibabad: Vikas.ISBN0-7069-0978-X.
  • —— (1983).Generals in Politics.New Delhi: Vikas.ISBN0-7069-2215-8.
  • —— (1985).The Lighter side of the Power Game.Lahore: Jang Publishers.OCLC15107608.
  • —— (2005).We've Learnt Nothing from History.Karachi: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-597883-8.
  • —— (2008).My Political Struggle.Karachi: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-547620-0.
  • —— (2009).Milestones in a Political Journey.Islamabad: Dost Publications.ISBN978-9694963556.

Urdu

[edit]
  • Khan, Ashghar (1985).Sada-i-Hosh(in Urdu). Lahore: Jang Publishers.OCLC14214332.
  • —— (1998).Chehray nahi Nizam ko Badlo(in Urdu). Islamabad: Dost Publications.ISBN978-9694960401.
  • —— (1999).Islam – Jamhooriat aur Pakistan(in Urdu). Islamabad: Dost Publications.ISBN978-9694960852.
  • —— (1999).Ye Batain Hakim Logon Ki(in Urdu). Islamabad: Dost Publications.ISBN978-9694960876.

Further reading

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Khan, Mohammad Asghar (1969).Pakistan at the cross-roads.Ferozsons.Retrieved11 April2018.
  2. ^abcNaseeruddin., G. (1968).Trade and Industry.
  3. ^abcNaveed Siddiqui,Dawn(5 January 2018)."Air Marshal Asghar Khan passes away in Islamabad".DAWN.COM.Retrieved5 January2018.
  4. ^abcdefghijStaff report."Air Marshal Muhammad Asghar Khan".Pakistan Herald, 14 March 2012.Archived fromthe originalon 10 June 2015.Retrieved14 March2012.
  5. ^abcAbbas, Mazhar (15 May 2018)."A story behind Asghar Khan case?".Mazhar Abbas report on GEO TV.GEO News. GEO TV.Retrieved19 May2018.
  6. ^"Asghar Khan: India An Imagined Enemy".YouTube.28 November 2009.Retrieved21 May2018.
  7. ^"Air Marshal Asghar Khan Exposes Pakistan Army From 1947 to 1999".YouTube.5 September 2015.Retrieved21 May2018.
  8. ^"Reinforcement: Asghar Khan is latest PTI recruit".eTribune.12 December 2011.
  9. ^"State funeral prayer for Air Marshal Asghar Khan offered in Rawalpindi - BOL News".YouTube.5 January 2018.
  10. ^abcdeKhan, Mohammad Asghar (1969).Pakistan at the Cross Roads.Lahore, Pakistan: Ferozsons.
  11. ^Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (2013),Nothing But!: Book Three: What Price Freedom,Partridge Publishing, p. 260,ISBN978-1-4828-1625-9
  12. ^Wasim Khalid,Kashmiri man who laid foundation of modern Pak air Force dies at 96Archived12 April 2018 at theWayback Machine,Kashmir Reader, 6 January 2018.
  13. ^Muqeet Malik,The Legend of Baltistan: Brigadier Muhammad Aslam Khan,The Nation, 21 August 2015.
  14. ^Singh, Bikram; Mishra, Sidharth (1997)."§Air Marshal Asghar Khan"(google books).Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College: Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997.New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers. p. 125.ISBN9788170236498.
  15. ^Webdesk, staff (6 January 2018)."Air Marshal Asghar Khan laid to rest".thenews.pk.News International, 2018. News International.Retrieved11 April2018.
  16. ^abAero News.Kitab. 1965.
  17. ^London Calling.British Broadcasting Corporation. 1945.
  18. ^Subramaniam, Arjun (2017).India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971.Naval Institute Press.ISBN9781682472422.
  19. ^abc"Mohammad Asghar Khan".prideofpakistan.Pride of Pakistan.Retrieved11 April2018.
  20. ^Kazi (MMBS) (25 September 2011)."The Founder visiting PAF Base Risalpur with Wing Commander Asghar Khan, 1948".Flicker photo, 1948.Retrieved14 March2012.
  21. ^Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation.English Universities. 1953.
  22. ^Shuja., Nawaz (2008).Crossed swords: Pakistan, its army, and the wars within.Oxford University Press. p. 655.ISBN9780195476606.
  23. ^abcHussain, Syed Shabbir; Qureshi, M. Tariq (1982).History of the Pakistan Air Force, 1947-1982(1st ed.). Islamabad: ISPR, Pakistan Air Force. p. 332.ISBN978-0-19-648045-9.
  24. ^abPress release."Air Marshal M Asghar Khan, HPk, HQA".PAF Falcons.PAF Falcons, Chiefs of Air Staff. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2010.Retrieved14 March2012.
  25. ^abcRizvi, H. (15 May 2000).Military, State and Society in Pakistan.Springer, Rizvi.ISBN9780230599048.
  26. ^Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008).The Military Factor in Pakistan.Lancer Publishers, Singh.ISBN9780981537894.
  27. ^SoP (1 June 2003)."Ouster of President Iskander Mirza".Story of Pakistan, Mirza's ouster section.Retrieved3 November2016.
  28. ^abAkhtar, Jamna Das (1969).Political conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit(1st ed.). Lahore, Punjab,Pakistan: Punjabi Pustak Bhandar. p. 380.
  29. ^abcdTaqi, Mohammad (10 January 2018)."Asghar Khan: From Air Marshal to Dogged Opponent of Military Rule in Pakistan - The Wire".The Wire.Islamabad: Taqi at The Wire.Retrieved17 May2018.He firmly believed Pakistan does not face an offensive threat from India and has nothing to fear on its eastern front unless it keeps provoking its giant neighbour...
  30. ^Chaudhry, Shehza (31 October 2012)."The military-military divide".The Express Tribune.Islamabad: Express Tribune. Express Tribune.Retrieved17 May2018.
  31. ^ab"Nur Khan reminisces '65 war".DAWN.COM.Dawn Newspapers. 6 September 2005.Retrieved17 May2018.
  32. ^Ganguly, Sumit (2016).Deadly Impasse: Indo-Pakistani Relations at the Dawn of a New Century(1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 17.ISBN978-1-316-69236-3.
  33. ^Sahni, Naresh Chander (1969).Political Struggle in Pakistan(1st ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: New Academic Publishing Company. p. 239.ISBN9780842617246.
  34. ^PIA History."PIA's Finest Men and Women".PIA History.Retrieved14 March2012.
  35. ^PIA History."The Legengs".PIA History.
  36. ^abcKhan, M. Asghar (23 August 2010)."My political struggle".The News International.Retrieved14 March2012.
  37. ^PIA."Photo Gallery of PIA's Finest Men and Women".The PIA Historical Department.Retrieved14 March2012.
  38. ^abMasood Hasan (23 October 2011)."The promise".The News International, Sunday, 23 October 2011.Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2012.Retrieved14 March2012.
  39. ^The Commonwealth Office Year Book.H.M. Stationery Office. 1968.
  40. ^abChari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen P. (2009).Four Crises and a Peace Process: American Engagement in South Asia.Brookings Institution Press.ISBN978-0815713869.
  41. ^abcSaeed Shafqat, PhD (1997).Civil-military relations in Pakistan.Peshawar, Pakistan: Boulder: West View Press. pp. 283 pages.ISBN978-0813388090.
  42. ^"Indian and Foreign Review".Indian and Foreign Review.17(8–24). Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1980.
  43. ^Kapur, Ashok (2006).Pakistan in Crisis.Routledge.ISBN9781134989775.
  44. ^abcdBurki, Shahid Javed (2015).Historical Dictionary of Pakistan.Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN9781442241480.
  45. ^Khan, Mohammad Asghar (1969).Pakistan at the cross-roads.Ferozsons.
  46. ^Sengupta, Nitish (2011).Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib.Penguin UK.ISBN9788184755305.
  47. ^abLyon, Peter (2008).Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO.ISBN9781576077122.
  48. ^Pakistan), Sayad Hashmi Reference Library (Karachi (2008).The Balochistan chronicles: the archives of the Times, London and the New York Times on Balochistan, from 1842-2007.Sayad Hashmi Reference Library.
  49. ^Rizvi, H. (2000).Military, State and Society in Pakistan.Springer.ISBN9780230599048.
  50. ^abSingh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008).The Military Factor in Pakistan.Lancer Publishers.ISBN9780981537894.
  51. ^Kapur, Ashok (2006).Pakistan in Crisis.Routledge.ISBN9781134989768.
  52. ^abcdeTalbot, Ian (1998).Pakistan A Modern History.United States.: St. Martin's Press. pp.181–200.ISBN0-312-21606-8.
  53. ^Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989).Pakistan, Zia and After--.New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 52.ISBN81-7017-253-5.The Tehrik-i-Istiqlal of retired air marshal Asghar Khan had also joined the MRD by [1984]... The so-called 'three Khans' – Nazrullah Khan of the Pakistan Democratic Party, Walid Khan of National Awami Party and Asghar Khan of the Tehrik – opposed [participation in the 1985 elections] and carried the rest with them.
  54. ^"Pakistan".Amnesty International.1981.Retrieved22 January2012.
  55. ^Pakistan Review.S. Ahmad. 1985.
  56. ^Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989).Pakistan, Zia and After--.New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 134.ISBN81-7017-253-5.Once the [1988] National Assembly elections were over... Air Marshal Asghar Khan, leader of the Tehrik-i-Istiklal party, has been swept aside, in both the constituencies where he contested the elections from.
  57. ^Electoral Politics in Pakistan: National Assembly Elections 1993: Report of Saarc-Ngo Observers.International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 1995.ISBN9780706987317.
  58. ^Tushnet, Mark; Khosla, Madhav (2015).Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia.Cambridge University Press. p. 400.ISBN9781316419083.
  59. ^Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (2016).Political Handbook of the World 1998.Springer.ISBN9781349149513.
  60. ^abZia Khan (13 December 2011)."Reinforcement: Asghar Khan is latest PTI recruit".The Express Tribune.Retrieved14 March2012.
  61. ^Banks, William C.; Muller, T.; Overstreet, W. (2005).Political Handbook of theWorld 2005-2006.CQ Press.ISBN9781568029528.
  62. ^South Asia 2004.Taylor & Francis. 2003.
  63. ^abcPress Release (12 December 2011)."Asghar Khan backs Imran's PTI".Dawn Newspapers, 2011.Retrieved14 March2012.
  64. ^Press Release (12 December 2011)."Air Marshal (retd) Asghar Khan to join PTI".Pakistan Tribune.Retrieved14 March2012.
  65. ^Degenhardt, Henry W.; Day, Alan John (1983).Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements.Gale Research Company.ISBN9780582902558.Retrieved20 May2018.asghar khan national democratic party.
  66. ^abcdefAlvi, Mumtaz (21 October 2011)."Asghar Khan claims Pakistan attacked India four times since 1947".The News International, October 2011.Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2012.Retrieved15 March2012.
  67. ^Inam R Sehri (2015).The Living History of Pakistan Vol-I.GHP Surrey UK. pp. 1651–76.
  68. ^Inam R Sehri (2012).Judges & Generals in Pakistan Vol-I.GHP Surrey UK. pp. 168–73.
  69. ^"Pakistan Football Federation".
  70. ^Vikrant.1973.
  71. ^"First Muslim air chief of PAF Asghar Khan dies".En.dailypakistan.pk.5 January 2018.Retrieved5 January2018.
  72. ^"State funeral for former air chief Asghar Khan held at Nur Khan Airbase - The Express Tribune".The Express Tribune.6 January 2018.Retrieved21 May2018.
[edit]
Military offices
Preceded by Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Air Force
1957–1965 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asghar_Khan&oldid=1246827147"