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Association for Computing Machinery

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Association for Computing Machinery
Formation1947;77 years ago(1947)
Type501(c)(3) not-for-profit membership corporation
Headquarters1601 Broadway, Times Square,
New York City
Membership
110,000
President
Yannis Ioannidis
Websiteacm.org

TheAssociation for Computing Machinery(ACM) is a US-based internationallearned societyforcomputing.It was founded in 1947 and is the world's largest scientific and educational computing society.[1]The ACM is anon-profitprofessional membership group,[2]reporting nearly 110,000 student and professional members as of 2022.[3]Its headquarters are inNew York City.[4]

The ACM is anumbrella organizationfor academic and scholarly interests incomputer science(informatics). Its motto is "Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession".

History

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In 1947, a notice was sent to various people:[5][6]

On January 10, 1947, at the Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery at the Harvard computation Laboratory, ProfessorSamuel H. Caldwellof Massachusetts Institute of Technology spoke of the need for an association of those interested in computing machinery, and of the need for communication between them. [...] After making some inquiries during May and June, we believe there is ample interest to start an informal association of many of those interested in the new machinery for computing and reasoning. Since there has to be a beginning, we are acting as a temporary committee to start such an association:

E. C. Berkeley,Prudential Insurance Co. of America,Newark, N. J.
R. V. D. Campbell,Raytheon Manufacturing Co.,Waltham, Mass.
John H. Curtiss[de],Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C.
H. E. Goheen,Office of Naval Research,Boston, Mass.
J. W. Mauchly,Electronic Control Co.,Philadelphia, Pa.
T. K. Sharpless,Moore School of Elec. Eng.,Philadelphia, Pa.
R. Taylor,Mass. Inst. of Tech.,Cambridge, Mass.
C. B. Tompkins,Engineering Research Associates,Washington, D.C.

The committee (except for Curtiss) had gained experience with computers duringWorld War II:Berkeley, Campbell, and Goheen helped buildHarvard Mark IunderHoward H. Aiken,Mauchly and Sharpless were involved in buildingENIAC,Tompkins had used "the secret Navy code-breaking machines", and Taylor had worked onBush'sDifferential analyzers.[6]

The ACM was then founded in 1947 under the nameEastern Association for Computing Machinery,which was changed the following year to the Association for Computing Machinery.[7][8][9]The ACM History Committee since 2016 has published the A.M.Turing Oral History project, the ACM Key Award Winners Video Series, and the India Industry Leaders Video project.[10]

Activities

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ACM headquarters are located at 1601 Broadway, Times Square, New York City.

ACM is organized into over 180 local professional chapters[11]and 38Special Interest Groups(SIGs),[12]through which it conducts most of its activities. Additionally, there are over 680 student chapters.[11]The first student chapter was founded in 1961 at theUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette.[13][14]

Many of the SIGs, such asSIGGRAPH,SIGDA,SIGPLAN,SIGCSEandSIGCOMM,sponsor regular conferences, which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.[15]

ACM also sponsors other computer science related events such as the worldwideACM International Collegiate Programming Contest(ICPC), and has sponsored some other events such as the chess match betweenGarry Kasparovand theIBM Deep Bluecomputer.[16]

Services

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Publications

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Main category:Association for Computing Machinery publications
Proceedings for the 1970 ACM National Conference

ACM publishes over 50 journals[17]including the prestigious[18]Journal of the ACM,and two general magazines for computer professionals,Communications of the ACM(also known asCommunicationsorCACM) andQueue.Other publications of the ACM include:

AlthoughCommunicationsno longer publishes primary research, and is not considered a prestigious venue, many of the great debates and results in computing history have been published in its pages.

ACM has made almost all of its publications available to paidsubscribersonline at itsDigital Libraryand also has aGuide to Computing Literature.ACM also offers insurance, online courses, and other services to its members.

In 1997, ACM Press publishedWizards and Their Wonders: Portraits in Computing(ISBN0897919602), written by Christopher Morgan, with new photographs byLouis Fabian Bachrach.The book is a collection of historic and current portrait photographs of figures from the computer industry.

Portal and Digital Library

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TheACM Portalis an online service of the ACM.[21]Its core are two main sections:ACM Digital Libraryand theACM Guide to Computing Literature.[22]

The ACM Digital Library was launched in October 1997.[23]It is the full-text collection of all articles published by the ACM in its articles, magazines and conference proceedings. The Guide is a bibliography in computing with over one million entries.[21]The ACM Digital Library contains a comprehensive archive starting in the 1950s of the organization's journals, magazines, newsletters and conference proceedings. Online services include a forum called Ubiquity and Tech News digest. There is an extensive underlyingbibliographic databasecontaining key works of all genres from all major publishers of computing literature. This secondary database is a rich discovery service known as The ACM Guide to Computing Literature.

ACM adopted a hybridOpen Access(OA) publishing model in 2013. Authors who do not choose to pay the OA fee must grant ACM publishing rights by either a copyright transfer agreement or a publishing license agreement.[24]

ACM was a "green" publisher before the term was invented.[25]Authors may post documents on their own websites and in their institutional repositories with a link back to the ACM Digital Library's permanently maintained Version of Record.

All metadata in the Digital Library is open to the world, includingabstracts,linked references and citing works, citation and usage statistics, as well as all functionality and services. Other than the free articles, the full-texts are accessed by subscription. In addition, starting on April 7, 2022, ACM made its publications from 1951 to 2000 open access through the Digital Library in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the organisation's founding.[26]

In 2020, ACM launched a major push to become a fully open access publisher by 2026. ACM restructured its pricing for the ACM Digital Library on the basis of publishing activity by affiliatedlead authorsin ACM's journals, magazines, and conference proceedings. Under this model, termed "ACM Open," institutions pay set fees for full access to ACM Digital Library contents as well as unlimited open access publishing by their affiliated authors. Authors not affiliated with a participating institution will be expected to pay anarticle processing charge.[27][28]As of May 2024, ACM reported that more than 1,340 institutions worldwide had signed on for ACM Open, putting ACM at just over halfway to meeting its target of 2,500 participating institutions by 2026.[29]

Membership grades

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Main category:Members of the Association for Computing Machinery

In addition to student and regular members, ACM has several advanced membership grades to recognize those with multiple years of membership and "demonstrated performance that sets them apart from their peers".[30]

The number of Fellows, Distinguished Members, and Senior Members cannot exceed 1%, 10%, and 25% of the total number of professional members, respectively.[31]

Fellows

[edit]
Main article:ACM Fellow
For a more comprehensive list, seeList of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery.

TheACM FellowsProgram was established by Council of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1993 "to recognize and honor outstanding ACM members for their achievements in computer science and information technology and for their significant contributions to the mission of the ACM." There are 1,310 Fellows as of 2020[32]out of about 100,000 members.

Distinguished Members

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In 2006, ACM began recognizing two additional membership grades, one which was called Distinguished Members. Distinguished Members (Distinguished Engineers, Distinguished Scientists, and Distinguished Educators) have at least 15 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous ACM membership and "have made a significant impact on the computing field". In 2006 when the Distinguished Members first came out, one of the three levels was called "Distinguished Member" and was changed about two years later to "Distinguished Educator". Those who already had the Distinguished Member title had their titles changed to one of the other three titles.

List of Distinguished Members of the Association for Computing Machinery[33]

Senior Members

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Also in 2006, ACM began recognizing Senior Members. According to the ACM, "The Senior Members Grade recognizes those ACM members with at least 10 years of professional experience and 5 years of continuous Professional Membership who have demonstrated performance through technical leadership, and technical or professional contributions".[34]Senior membership also requires 3 letters of reference

Distinguished Speakers

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While not technically a membership grade, the ACM recognizes distinguished speakers on topics in computer science. A distinguished speaker is appointed for a three-year period. There are usually about 125 current distinguished speakers. The ACM website describes these people as 'Renowned International Thought Leaders'.[35]The distinguished speakers program (DSP) has been in existence for over 20 years and serves as an outreach program that brings renowned experts from Academia, Industry and Government to present on the topic of their expertise.[36]The DSP is overseen by a committee[37]

Chapters

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ACM has three kinds of chapters:Special Interest Groups,[38]Professional Chapters, andStudent Chapters.[39]

As of 2022,ACM has professional & SIG Chapters in 56 countries.[40]

As of 2022,there exist ACM student chapters in 41 countries.[41]

Special Interest Groups

[edit]
Main category:Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
  • SIGACCESS:Accessible Computing
  • SIGACT:Algorithms and Computation Theory
  • SIGAda:AdaProgramming Language
  • SIGAI:Artificial Intelligence
  • SIGAPP: Applied Computing
  • SIGARCH:Computer Architecture
  • SIGBED: Embedded Systems
  • SIGBio: Bioinformatics
  • SIGCAS:Computers and Society
  • SIGCHI:Computer–Human Interaction
  • SIGCOMM:Data Communication
  • SIGCSE:Computer Science Education
  • SIGDA:Design Automation
  • SIGDOC:Design of Communication
  • SIGecom: Electronic Commerce
  • SIGEVO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
  • SIGGRAPH:Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques
  • SIGHPC:High Performance Computing
  • SIGIR:Information Retrieval
  • SIGITE: Information Technology Education
  • SIGKDD:Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
  • SIGLOG: Logic and Computation[42]
  • SIGMETRICS:Measurement and Evaluation
  • SIGMICRO: Microarchitecture
  • SIGMIS: Management Information Systems
  • SIGMM:Multimedia
  • SIGMOBILE:Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing
  • SIGMOD:Management of Data
  • SIGOPS:Operating Systems
  • SIGPLAN:Programming Languages
  • SIGSAC: Security, Audit, and Control
  • SIGSAM:Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation
  • SIGSIM: Simulation and Modeling
  • SIGSOFT:Software Engineering
  • SIGSPATIAL: Spatial Information
  • SIGUCCS:University and College Computing Services
  • SIGWEB:Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web

Conferences

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Main category:Association for Computing Machinery conferences

ACM and its Special Interest Groups (SIGs) sponsors numerous conferences worldwide.ACM Conferences pagehas an up-to-date complete list while a partial list is shown below. Most of the SIGs also have an annual conference. ACM conferences are often very popular publishing venues and are therefore very competitive. For example,SIGGRAPH2007 attracted about 30000 attendees, while CIKM 2005 andRecSys2022 had paper acceptance rates of only accepted 15% and 17% respectively.[43]

The ACM is a co–presenter and founding partner of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) with theAnita Borg Institute for Women and Technology.[49]

Some conferences are hosted by ACM student branches; this includes Reflections Projections, which is hosted by UIUC ACM.[50]In addition, ACM sponsors regional conferences. Regional conferences facilitate increased opportunities for collaboration between nearby institutions and they are well attended.

For additional non-ACM conferences, see thislist of computer science conferences.

Awards

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The ACM presents or co–presents a number of awards for outstanding technical and professional achievements and contributions in computer science and information technology.[51][52][53]

Over 30 of ACM's Special Interest Groups also award individuals for their contributions with a few listed below.[57]

Leadership

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See also:Category:Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery

The President of ACM for 2022–2024 isYannis Ioannidis,Professor at theNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens.[58]He is successor ofGabriele Kotsis(2020–2022), Professor at theJohannes Kepler University Linz;Cherri M. Pancake(2018–2020), professor emeritus atOregon State Universityand Director of the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering (NACSE); Vicki L. Hanson (2016–2018), Distinguished Professor at theRochester Institute of Technologyand visiting professor at theUniversity of Dundee;Alexander L. Wolf(2014–2016), Dean of theJack Baskin School of Engineeringat theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz;Vint Cerf(2012–2014), American computer scientist and Internet pioneer; Alain Chesnais (2010–2012); andDame Wendy Hallof theUniversity of Southampton,UK (2008–2010).[59]

ACM is led by a council consisting of the president, vice-president, treasurer, past president, SIG Governing Board Chair, Publications Board Chair, three representatives of the SIG Governing Board, and seven Members-At-Large. This institution is often referred to simply as "Council" inCommunications of the ACM.

Infrastructure

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ACM has numerous boards, committees, and task forces which run the organization:[60]

  1. ACM Council
  2. ACM Executive Committee
  3. Digital Library Board
  4. Education Board
  5. Practitioner Board
  6. Publications Board
  7. SIG Governing Board
  8. DEICouncil
  9. ACM Technology Policy Council
  10. ACM Representatives to Other Organizations
  11. Computer Science Teachers Association

ACM Council on Women in Computing

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Main article:ACM Council on Women in Computing

ACM-W,[61]the ACM council onwomen in computing,supports, celebrates, and advocates internationally for the full engagement of women in computing. ACM–W's main programs are regional celebrations of women in computing, ACM-W chapters, and scholarships for women CS students to attend research conferences. In India and Europe these activities are overseen by ACM-W India and ACM-W Europe respectively. ACM-W collaborates with organizations such as theAnita Borg Institute,theNational Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT),andCommittee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W). The ACM-W gives an annual Athena Lecturer Award to honor outstanding women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to computer science.[62]This program began in 2006. Speakers are nominated by SIG officers.[63]

Partner organizations

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ACM's primary partner has been theIEEE Computer Society(IEEE-CS), which is the largest subgroup of theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE). The IEEE focuses more on hardware and standardization issues than theoreticalcomputer science,but there is considerable overlap with ACM's agenda. They have many joint activities including conferences, publications and awards.[64]ACM and its SIGs co-sponsor about 20 conferences each year with IEEE-CS and other parts of IEEE.[65]Eckert-Mauchly AwardandKen Kennedy Award,both major awards in computer science, are given jointly by ACM and the IEEE-CS.[66]They occasionally cooperate on projects like developing computing curricula.[67]

ACM has also jointly sponsored on events with other professional organizations like theSociety for Industrial and Applied Mathematics(SIAM).[68]

Criticism

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In December 2019, the ACM co-signed a letter with over one hundred other publishers to PresidentDonald Trumpsaying that anopen accessmandate would increase costs to taxpayers or researchers and hurtintellectual property.This was in response to rumors that he was considering issuing anexecutive orderthat would require federally funded research be made freely available online immediately after being published. It is unclear how these rumors started.[69]Many ACM members opposed the letter, leading ACM to issue a statement clarifying that they remained committed to open access,[70]and they wanted to see communication with stakeholders about the potential mandate. The statement did not significantly assuage criticism from ACM members.[71]

TheSoCG conference,while originally an ACM conference, parted ways with ACM in 2014[72]because of problems when organizing conferences abroad.[73]

See also

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References

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