Asud
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TheAsud(Mongolian Cyrillic:Асуд,IPA:/ˈasʊt/) were a military group ofAlaniorigin. TheMongolclan Asud is the plural of As, the Arabic name for theAlans.[1]
Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide and conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and after the Cumans followed their suggestion the Mongols then attacked the Cumans[2]after defeating the Alans.[3]Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the formerKingdom of Qochoand inBesh Balikhthe Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).[4]Alan and Kipchak guards were used by Kublai Khan.[5]In 1368 at the end of the Yuan dynasty in China Toghan Temür was accompanied by his faithful Alan guards.[6]Mangu enlisted in his bodyguard half the troops of the Alan prince, Arslan, whose younger son Nicholas took a part in the expedition of the Mongols against Karajang (Yunnan). This Alan imperial guard was still in existence in 1272, 1286 and 1309, and it was divided into two corps with headquarters in the Ling pei province (Karakorúm).[7]In 1254 Rubruquis found a Russian deacon amongst the other Christians at Karakoram. The reason why the earlier Persian word tersa was gradually abandoned by the Mongols in favour of the Syro - Greek word arkon, when speaking of Christians, manifestly is that no specifically Greek Church was ever heard of in China until the Russians had been conquered; besides, there were large bodies of Russian and Alan guards at Peking throughout the last half of the thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and the Catholics there would not be likely to encourage the use of a Persian word which was most probably applicable in the first instance to the Nestorians they found so degenerated.[8]The Alan guards converted to Catholicism as reported by Odorico.[9]Alans were converted to Roman Catholic Christianityin addition toArmenians in ChinabyJohn of Montecorvino.
After theMongol invasion of Rus,many Alans submitted to theMongol Empire.Some of them resisted theGolden Hordelonger. Many warriors moved fromNorthern CaucasiatoMongolia.It is also claimed that they helped their new masters to fight against theCircassiansand that they participated in theMongol invasion of Europe.Under the rule ofMöngke Khan,many were brought east tofight against the ChineseSong DynastyandKingdom of DaliinYunnan in 1258-1259.The Alan imperial guard was divided into two corps with headquarters inKarakorum.
After the coronation ofKublai Khan,those Alans participated in the campaign againstAriq Bökeand laterQaiduunder theYuan Dynasty.They suffered heavy losses from Song resistance when they were under the command ofBayan of the BaarinandAju.
Kublai Khan organized them into the Jasin guard (Alan guard) of 3,000 soldiers around 1271, along with some of theKipchaks[citation needed].The Alani guard reached its peak during the reign ofTugh Temürand their number expanded to 30,000.[citation needed]During the 15-16th centuries, they formed part of the Yungshebiyutumenin central Inner Mongolia and the Asud were large tribe of Southern Mongolia[citation needed].
Today, there are few people with the clan name Asud in Ar Khorchin banner,Inner Mongolia.Mongolian Asuds live inUlaanbaatar,Dundgovi,Tövand other aimags.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Foltz, Richard(2022).The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus.London: Bloomsbury, pp. 50-1.ISBN9780755618453.
- ^Sinor, Denis. 1999. “The Mongols in the West”.Journal of Asian History33 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 1–44.https:// jstor.org/stable/41933117.
- ^Halperin, Charles J. 2000. “The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 235.https:// jstor.org/stable/1559539.
- ^Morris Rossabi (1983).China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries.University of California Press. pp. 255–.ISBN978-0-520-04562-0.
- ^David Nicolle (January 2004).The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane.Brockhampton Press. p. 85.ISBN978-1-86019-407-8.
- ^Arthur Thomas Hatto(1991).Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi.Peter de Ridder Press. p. 36.
- ^Sir Henry Yule (1915).Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China.Asian Educational Services. pp. 187–.ISBN978-81-206-1966-1.
- ^Edward Harper Parker (1905).China and religion.E.P. Dutton. pp.232–.
alan guard mongols.
- ^Lauren Arnold (1999).Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250-1350.Desiderata Press. pp. 79–.ISBN978-0-9670628-0-8.
- ^Үндэсний Статистикийн Хороо. Асуд.