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At sign

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For the custom unit represented with @, seeArroba.
"@" redirects here. For the letter A within a circle, seeEnclosed A.For other uses, seeCircled-a (disambiguation).
Fortechnical reasons,":@" and strings beginning with "@#" redirects here. For:@, seeList of emoticons.For @#!*, seePulley (band) § Discography.For @#%&*! Smilers, seeFucking Smilers.
@
At sign
InUnicodeU+0040@COMMERCIAL AT(@)
Related
See alsoU+FF20＠FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT
U+FE6B﹫SMALL COMMERCIAL AT

Theat sign,@,is anaccountingandinvoiceabbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (e.g. 7widgets@£2 per widget = £14),[1]now seen more widely inemailaddresses andsocial mediaplatformhandles.It is normally read aloud as "at" and is also commonly called theat symbol,commercial at,oraddress sign.

The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use theFrencharobase,[2]OccitanarròbaandAragonese,Catalan,PortugueseandSpanisharroba,or to coin new words such asampersat[3]andasperand,[4]or the (visual) onomatopoeiastrudel,[5]but none of these have achieved wide use.

Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successfultypewriters,it was on at least one 1889 model[6]and the very successfulUnderwoodmodels from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types ofcomputer keyboards.

History

[edit]
@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Chronicle,c. 1345.[7]
TheAragonese@ symbol used in the 1448"taula de Ariza"registry to denote a wheat shipment fromCastileto theKingdom of Aragon.[8]
@ used to signify French "à"(" at ") from a 1674 protocol from aSwedishcourt (Arbogarådhusrätt och magistrat)

The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in aBulgariantranslation of aGreekchronicle written byConstantinos Manassesin 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letterAlpha"Α" as aninitialin the word Amen; however, the reason behind it being used in this context is still unknown. The evolution of the symbol as used today is not recorded.

It has long been used inCatalan,SpanishandPortugueseas an abbreviation ofarroba,a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from theArabicexpression of "the quarter" (الربعpronouncedar-rubʿ).[9]A symbol resembling an @ is found in the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448.[10]An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent byFlorentineFrancesco Lapi fromSevilletoRomeon May 4, 1536.[10]The document is about commerce withPizarro,in particular the price of an @ of wine inPeru.Currently, the wordarrobameans both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. InVenetian,the symbol was interpreted to meanamphora(anfora), a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century. It could also mean “adi” (standard Italian “addì”, i. e. ‘on the day of’) as used on a health pass in Northern Italy in 1667.[11]

Modern use

[edit]

Commercial usage

[edit]

In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaningatandat the rate oforat the price of.It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is not used in standardtypography.[12]

Trademark

[edit]

In 2012, "@" was registered as atrademarkwith the German Patent and Trade Mark Office.[13]A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the German Federal Patent Court in 2017.[14]

Email addresses

[edit]

A common contemporary use of @ is inemail addresses(using theSMTPsystem), as injdoe@example(the userjdoelocatedatthe domainexample).Ray TomlinsonofBBN Technologiesis credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.[4][15]This idea of the symbol representinglocated atin the formuser@hostis also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, theUnix shellcommandssh [email protected]tries to establish ansshconnection to the computer with thehostnameexample.netusing the usernamejdoe.

On web pages, organizations often obscure the email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known asaddress munging,makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.

Social media

[edit]
Further information:Mention (blogging)

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames may be prefixed with an @ (in the form@johndoe); this type of username is frequently referred to as a "handle".[citation needed]

On online forums withoutthreaded discussions,@ is commonly used to denote a reply; for instance:@Janeto respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line@Keirstento indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her.[citation needed]This also helps with mobile email users who might not see bold or color in email.

Inmicroblogging(such as onTwitter,GNU social- andActivityPub-based microblogs), an @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g.@otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. When included as part of a person's or company's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September 15, 2009.[16]InInternet Relay Chat(IRC), it is shown before users' nicknames to denote they have operator status on a channel.

Sports usage

[edit]

InAmerican Englishthe @ can be used to add information about a sporting event. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a "v" (forversus), theaway teamcan be written first – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which team's home field the game will be played.[17][better source needed]This usage is not followed inBritish English,since conventionally the home team is written first.[citation needed]

Computer languages

[edit]

@ is used in variousprogramming languagesand othercomputer languages,although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

  • InActionScript,@ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.[18]
  • InAda2022, @ is thetarget namesymbol, an abbreviation of theLHSof an assignment; it is used to avoid repetition of potentially long names in assignment statements.[19]For example:A_Very_Long_Variable_Name:= A_Very_Long_Variable_Name + 1;is shortened toA_Very_Long_Variable_Name:= @ + 1;,increasing readability.
  • InALGOL 68,the @ symbol isbrief formof theatkeyword;it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For example:arrayx[@88]refers to an array starting at index 88.[20]
  • In DyalogAPL,@ is used as a functional way to modify or replace dataatspecific locations in an array.
  • In theASP.NET MVCRazortemplate markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content.[21][22]
  • InAssembly language,@ is sometimes used as adereference operator.[23]
  • InCSS,@ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.[24]
  • InC#,it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[25]As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used asidentifiers,[26]a form ofstropping.
  • InD,it denotes function attributes: like:@safe,@nogc,user defined@('from_user')which can be evaluated at compile time (with__traits) or@propertyto declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated as if they were fields or variables.[27]
  • InDIGITAL Command Language,the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type@VMSINSTALat the command prompt.
  • In theDomain Name System(DNS), @ is used to represent the$ORIGIN,typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. wikipedia.org)
  • InForth,it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
  • InHaskell,it is used in so-calledas-patterns.This notation can be used to give aliases topatterns,making them more readable.
  • inHTML,it can be encoded as@[28]
  • InJ,denotesfunction composition.
  • InJava,it has been used to denoteannotations,a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.[29]
  • InJulia,it denotes the invocation of a macro.[30]
  • InLiveCode,it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter ispassed by reference.
  • In anLXDEautostart file (as used, for example, on theRaspberry Picomputer), @ is prefixed to a command to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if it crashes.[31]
  • In aMakefile,@ specifies to not output the command before it is executed.
  • InML,it denotes list concatenation.
  • Inmodal logic,specifically when representingpossible worlds,@ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world we are "at" ).
  • InObjective-C,@ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to form string literals.
  • InPascal,@ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
  • InPerl,@ prefixesvariableswhich containarrays@array,including arrayslices@array[2..5,7,9]andhashslices@hash{'foo','bar','baz'}or@hash{qw(foo bar baz)}.This use is known as asigil.
  • InPHP,it is used just before anexpressionto make theinterpretersuppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[32]
  • InPython2.4 and up, it is used todecorate a function(wrap the function in another one at creation time). In Python 3.5 and up, it is also used as anoverloadablematrix multiplicationoperator.[33]
  • InRandS-PLUS,it is used to extract slots from S4 objects.[34]
  • InRazor,it is used forC#code blocks.[35]
  • InRuby,it functions as a sigil:@prefixesinstance variables,and@@prefixesclass variables.[36]
  • InRust,it is used to bind values matched by a pattern to a variable.[37]
  • InScala,it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.[38]
  • InSwift,@prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.
  • InT-SQL,@prefixes variables and@@prefixes "niladic" system functions.
  • In severalxBase-type programming languages, likeDBASE,FoxPro/Visual FoxProandClipper,it is used to denote position on the screen. For example:@1,1 SAY"HELLO"to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column 1.
  • In a WindowsBatch file,an@at the start of a line suppresses theechoingof that command. In other words, is the same asECHO OFFapplied to the current line only. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, but@is a rare example of a command that takes effect immediately. It is most commonly used in the form@echo offwhich not only switches off echoing but prevents the command line itself from being echoed.[40][41]
  • InWindows PowerShell,@ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.[42]

Gender neutrality in Spanish

[edit]
Protester with banner showing "La revolución está en nosotr@s"
Main article:Gender neutrality in Spanish

InSpanish,where many words end in "-o" when in the masculinegenderand end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as agender-neutralsubstitute for the default "o" ending.[43]For example, the wordamigostraditionally represents not only male friends, but also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would replace it withamig@sin these latter two cases, and useamigosonly when the group referred to is all-male andamigasonly when the group is all female. TheReal Academia Españoladisapproves of this usage.[44]

Other uses and meanings

[edit]
Bicameral@ letter as used in theKoalib language.
X-SAMPAuses an @ as a substitute forə,which it resembles in some fonts.

Names in other languages

[edit]

In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol after animals is also common.

  • InAfrikaans,it is calledaapstert,meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to theDutchuse of the word (aapis the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' inDutch,stertcomes from the Dutchstaart).
  • InArabic,it isآتْ(at).
  • InArmenian,it isշնիկ(shnik), which means 'puppy'.
  • InAzerbaijani,it isət(at) which means 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration ofat.
  • InBasque,it isa bildua('wrapped A').
  • InBelarusian,it is calledсьлімак(sʹlimak,meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
  • InBosnian,it isludo a('crazy A').
  • InBulgarian,it is calledкльомба(klyomba– 'a badly written letter'),маймунско а(maymunsko a– 'monkey A'),маймунка(maimunka– 'little monkey'), orбаница(banitsa– a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character)
  • InCatalan,it is calledarrova(a unit of measure) orensaïmada(aMallorcanpastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
  • InChinese:
  • InCroatian,it is most often referred to by the English wordat(pronouncedet), and less commonly and more formally, with the prepositionpri(with the addressee in thenominative case,notlocativeas per usualrectionofpri), meaning 'at', 'chez' or 'by'. Informally, it is called amanki,coming from the local pronunciation of the English wordmonkey.Note that the Croatian words for monkey,majmun,opica,jopec,šimijaare not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
  • InCzechit is calledzavináč,which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used inSlovak.
  • InDanish,it issnabel-a('elephant's trunk A'). It is not used for prices, where in Danishàmeans 'at (per piece)'.
  • InDutch,it is calledapenstaart('monkey's tail'). Theais the first character of the Dutch wordaapwhich means 'monkey' or 'ape';apenis the plural ofaap.However, the use of the Englishathas become increasingly popular in Dutch.
  • InEsperanto,it is calledĉe-signo('at' – for the email use, with an address like "[email protected]" pronouncedzamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org),po-signo('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), orheliko(meaning 'snail').
  • InEstonian,it is calledätt,from the English wordat.
  • InFaroese,it iskurla,hjá('at'),tranta,orsnápil-a('[elephant's] trunk A').
  • InFinnish,it was originally calledtaksamerkki( "fee sign" ) oryksikköhinnan merkki( "unit price sign" ), but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officiallyät-merkki,according to the national standardization instituteSFS;frequently also spelledat-merkki.Other names includekissanhäntä('cat's tail') andmiuku mauku('miaow-meow') or short; “miu-mau”.
  • InFrench,it is now officially thearobase[52][53](also spelledarrobaseorarrobe), ora commercial(though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should normally only be used when quoting prices; it should always be calledarobaseor, better yet,arobaswhen in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of theSpanishword, which could be derived from theArabicar-roub(‏اَلرُّبْع‎). In France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the English wordatwhen spelling out an email address.[citation needed]In everydayQuébec French,one often hearsa commercialwhen sounding out an e-mail address, while TV and radio hosts are more likely to usearobase.
  • InGeorgian,it isat,spelledეთ–ი(კომერციული ეთ–ი,ḳomerciuli et-i).
  • InGerman,it has sometimes been referred to asKlammeraffe(meaning 'spider monkey') orAffenschwanz(meaning 'monkeytail').KlammeraffeorAffenschwanzrefer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey.[54]More recently,[when?]it is commonly referred to asat,as in English.
  • InGreek,it is calledπαπάκιmeaning 'duckling'.
  • InGreenlandic,an Inuit language, it is calledaajusaqmeaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
  • InHebrew,it is colloquially known asשְׁטְרוּדֶל(shtrúdel), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cut of astrudelcake. The normative term, invented by theAcademy of the Hebrew Language,isכְּרוּכִית(krukhít), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
  • InHindi,it isat,from the English word.
  • InHungarian,it is calledkukac(a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
  • InIcelandic,it is referred to asatmerkið( "the at sign" ) orhjá,which is a direct translation of the English wordat.
  • InIndian English,speakers often sayat the rate of(with e-mail addresses quoted as "exampleat the rate ofexample ").[citation needed]
  • InIndonesian,it is usuallyet.Variations exist – especially if verbal communication is very noisy – such asa bundaranda bulat(both meaning 'circledA'),a keong('snailA'), and (most rarely)a monyet('monkeyA').
  • InIrish,it isag(meaning 'at') orcomhartha @/ag(meaning 'at sign').
  • InItalian,it ischiocciola('snail') ora commerciale,sometimesat(pronounced more often[ˈɛt]and rarely[ˈat]) orad.
  • InJapanese,it is calledatto māku(アットマーク,from the English wordsat mark). The word iswasei-eigo,a loan word from the English language.
  • InKazakh,it is officially calledайқұлақ(aıqulaq,'moon's ear').
  • InKorean,it is calledgolbaeng-i(골뱅이,meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal form ofwhelk.
  • InKurdish,it isatoret(LatinHawar script),ئەت(Perso-ArabicSorani script) coming from the English wordat.
  • InLatvian,it is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian[æ]is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written aset.
  • InLithuanian,it is pronouncedeta(equivalent to the Englishat).
  • InLuxembourgishit used to be calledAfeschwanz('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is now calledat,as in English.
  • InMacedonian,it is calledмајмунче(majmunče,[ˈmajmuntʃɛ],'little monkey').
  • InMalaysia,it is calledaliaswhen it is used in names anddiwhen it is used in email addresses,dibeing theMalayword for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviateatauwhich means 'or', 'either'.
  • InMorse code,it is known as a "commat",consisting of the Morse code for the" A "and" C "which run together as one character:▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄.The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[55]the only official change to Morse code sinceWorld War I.
  • InNepali,the symbol is called "at the rate." Commonly, people will give their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".[citation needed]
  • InNorwegian,it is officially calledkrøllalfa('curlyAlpha' or ' Alpha twirl'), and commonly asalfakrøll.Sometimessnabel-a,the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Commonly, people will call the symbol[æt](as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses. The computer manufacturerNorsk Dataused it as the command prompt, and it was often called "grisehale" (pig's tail).
  • InPersian,it isات,at,from the English word.
  • InPolish,it is commonly calledmałpa('monkey'). Rarely, the English wordatis used.
  • InPortuguese,it is calledarroba(from the Arabicar-roub,‏اَلرُّبْع‎). The wordarrobais also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are calledarroba.In Brazil,cattleare still priced by thearroba– now rounded to 15 kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure.
  • InRomanian,it is most commonly calledat,but also colloquially calledcoadădemaimuță( "monkey tail" ) ora-rond.The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the wordround(from its shape), but that is nothing like the mathematical symbolA-rond(rounded A). Others call itaron,orla(Romanian word for 'at').
@ on aDVKSoviet computer (c. 1984)

Unicode

[edit]

In Unicode, the at sign is encoded asU+0040@COMMERCIAL AT(@). The named entity@was introduced in HTML5.[57]

Variants

[edit]
Character information
Preview @ ＠ ﹫
Unicode name COMMERCIAL AT FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT SMALL COMMERCIAL AT
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 64 U+0040 65312 U+FF20 65131 U+FE6B
UTF-8 64 40 239 188 160 EF BC A0 239 185 171 EF B9 AB
Numeric character reference @ @ ＠ ＠ ﹫ ﹫
Named character reference @
ASCIIandextensions 64 40
EBCDIC(037, 500,UTF)[58][59][60] 124 7C
EBCDIC(1026)[61] 174 AE
Shift JIS[62] 64 40 129 151 81 97
EUC-JP[63] 64 40 161 247 A1 F7
EUC-KR[64]/UHC[65] 64 40 163 192 A3 C0
GB 18030[66] 64 40 163 192 A3 C0 169 136 A9 88
Big5[67] 64 40 162 73 A2 49 162 78 A2 4E
EUC-TW 64 40 162 233 A2 E9 162 238 A2 EE
LaTeX[68] \MVAt

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Short Cuts"Archived2012-07-23 at theWayback Machine,Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. 10 · 28 May 2009 page 18, London Review of Books
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[edit]
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