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Atkins diet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution,first published in 1972[1]

TheAtkins dietis alow-carbohydratefad dietdevised byRobert Atkinsin the 1970s, marketed with claims that carbohydrate restriction is crucial to weight loss and that the diet offered "a high calorie way to stay thin forever".[2][1]

The diet became popular in the early 2000s, with Atkins' book becoming one of the top 50 best-selling books in history, and as many as 1 in 11North Americanadults claiming to be following it. Atkins died in 2003 and in 2005Atkins Nutritionals, Inc.filed for bankruptcy following substantial financial losses.

There is no strong evidence of the diet's effectiveness in achieving durable weight loss; it is unbalanced as it promotes unlimited consumption ofproteinandsaturated fat,and it may increase the risk ofheart disease.[3][4][5][6]

Effectiveness and risks

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Further information:Low-carbohydrate diet

There is weak evidence that the Atkins diet is more effective than behavioral counseling for weight loss at 6-12 months.[5]The Atkins diet led to 0.1% to 2.9% more weight loss at one year compared to control groups which received behavioural counselling for weight loss.[5]As with other commercial weight loss programs, the effect size is smaller over longer periods.[5][7]Low-carb dieters' initial advantage in weight loss is likely a result of increased water loss, and that after the initial period, low-carbohydrate diets produce similar fat loss to other diets with similar caloric intake.[8]

Atkins did not publish any clinical data on his patients and has thus been criticized for making unsupported statements about health.[9]Because of its high saturated fat content the Atkins diet may increase the risk ofheart disease.[3][6]A medical report issued by the New York medical examiner's office a year after the author's death showed that he had a history of heart attack,congestive heart failureandhypertension.[10]The Atkins diet has been criticized by theAmerican Medical Association,American Dietetic Associationand theAmerican Heart Associationas nutritionally unbalanced.[1][11]In 2000,Journal of the American College of Nutritionconducted a study which determined that “the very high fats of Atkins diet: 60%–68%, around 26% of which are saturates, through shifting the metabolic pathway for energy production, deliver a strong boost to free radical production, thereby increasing oxidative stress on different organs”.[12]

Modified Atkins and epilepsy

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Further information:Ketogenic diet § Modified Atkins

Ketogenic dietsare used to treat epilepsy in children, where there is some evidence it has a positive effect in reducing seizures.[13]There is some evidence that adults too may experience seizure reduction derived from therapeutic ketogenic diets, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified Atkins diet, is similarly effective.[14]

Description

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Bacon and eggs, foods compatible with the Atkins diet

The Atkins diet has been described as a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-proteinfad diet.[1]It promotes the consumption ofmeat,cheese,eggsand other high-fat foods such asbutter,mayonnaiseandsour creamin unlimited amounts whilstbread,cereal,pastaand other carbohydrates are forbidden.[1][3]Atkins' bookNew Diet Revolutionhas sold 12 million copies. It has been described as "the bestselling fad-diet book ever written."[1]

Preferred foods in all categories are whole, unprocessed foods with a lowglycemic index,although restrictions for low glycemic carbohydrates (black rice, vegetables, etc.) are the same as those for high glycemic carbohydrates (sugar, white bread). Due to concerns from medical experts about the high-fat content of the diet, the Atkins Nutritionals company that market foods for the diet, recommends that no more than 20% of calories eaten while on the diet come fromsaturated fat.[15]

Proposed mechanism

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The diet was inspired by a low-carbohydrate approach published by Alfred W. Pennington, based on research Pennington did during World War II at DuPont.[16]The Atkins diet is promoted with claims that carbohydrate restriction is the "key" to weight loss.[2]

In his early books such asDr Atkins' New Diet Revolution,Atkins made the controversial argument that the low-carbohydrate diet produces ametabolic advantagebecause "burning fat takes more calories so you expend more calories"; the Atkins diet was claimed to be "a high calorie way to stay thin forever".[17][18]He cited one study in which he estimated this advantage to be 950 calories (4.0 MJ) per day. A review study published inLancet[19]concluded that there was no such metabolic advantage and dieters were simply eating fewer calories. Astrup stated, "The monotony and simplicity of the diet could inhibit appetite and food intake."David L. Katzhas characterized Atkins' claim as nonsense.[2]The idea of "metabolic advantage" of low-carbohydrate dieting has beenfalsified by experimentin a study of people following restricted-carbohydrate dieting.[17]

Society and culture

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Commercialization

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Atkins Nutritionalswas founded in 1989 by Atkins to promote the sale of Atkins-branded products. Following his death, waning popularity of the diet and a reduction in demand for Atkins products, Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on July 31, 2005 citing losses of $340 million.[20]It was subsequently purchased by North Castle Partners in 2007 and switched its emphasis to low-carb snacks.[21]In 2010, the company was acquired byRoark Capital Group.[22]In 2017, Roark Capital Group announced that it would merge Atkins Nutritionals with Conyers Park Acquisition Corp to form a public company called Simply Good Foods.[23]

History

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Atkins's ideas were first published in his 1972 bookDr. Atkins' Diet Revolution: The High Calorie Way to Stay Thin Forever.[1]

The diet gained widespread popularity in 2003 and 2004. At the height of its popularity one in elevenNorth Americanadults claimed to be on a low-carb diet such as Atkins.[24]This large following was blamed for large declines in the sales of carbohydrate-heavy foods likepastaandrice:sales were down 8.2 and 4.6 percent, respectively, in 2003. The diet's success was even blamed for a decline inKrispy Kremesales.[25]Trying to capitalize on the "low-carb craze", many companies released special product lines that were low in carbohydrates.

Around that time, the percentage of American adults on the diet declined to two percent and sales of Atkins brand products fell steeply in the second half of 2004.[26]

A 2021review articleobserved that, 50 years after it was first mooted, the Atkins diet was "coming back on the quackery scene again".[27]

Cost

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An analysis conducted byForbesmagazine found that the sample menu from the Atkins diet was one of the top five most expensive to eat, of the ten plans Forbes analyzed. This was due to the inclusion of recipes with some high-cost ingredients such as lobster tails which were put in the book to demonstrate the variety of foods which could be consumed on the diet. The analysis showed the median average cost of the ten diets was approximately 50% higher, and Atkins 80% higher, than the American national average. The Atkins diet was less expensive than theJenny Craigdiet and more expensive thanWeight Watchers.[28]

Failed lawsuit

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In 2004, Jody Gorran sued the estate of Robert Atkins and his company seeking $28,000 in damages.[29][30]Gorran stated that he had followed the Atkins diet for two years and it raised hisLDL-cholesterolso much that a major artery became clogged and he required anangioplastyandstentinsertion to open it.[4][29]On the Atkins diet he was eating large amounts of cheese which is high in saturated fat. Gorran commented that "the issue with the Atkins Diet was not so much that my cholesterol went up but it's the fact that the Atkins empire constantly stated that in the absence of refined carbohydrates, eating a great deal of saturated fat would not be a problem and that was a lie."[31]The lawsuit was dismissed in 2007 as the Atkins diet consists of only "advice and ideas" that are protected by theFirst Amendment.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdefgGardiner S, Gilman SL (2008)."Atkins, Robert, MD (1930-2003)".In Gilman SL (ed.).Diets and Dieting: A Cultural Encyclopedia.Routledge. p. 12.ISBN978-1-135-87068-3.
  2. ^abcKatz DL (2003). "Pandemic obesity and the contagion of nutritional nonsense".Public Health Rev.31(1): 33–44.PMID14656042.
  3. ^abcLonge, Jacqueline L. (2008).The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition.The Gale Group. pp. 84-87.ISBN978-1-4144-2991-5
  4. ^ab"Alleged Atkins Diet Victim Files Suit".Quackwatch. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  5. ^abcdGudzune, KA; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Vakil, RM; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM (7 April 2015)."Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review".Annals of Internal Medicine.162(7): 501–12.doi:10.7326/M14-2238.PMC4446719.PMID25844997.Atkins resulted in 0.1% to 2.9% greater weight loss at 12 months than counseling.
  6. ^abAlters, Sandra; Schiff, Wendy (22 February 2012).Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. Chapter 10: Body Weight and Its Management(Sixth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 327.ISBN978-1-4496-3062-1.
  7. ^Harper, A; Astrup, A (2004)."Can we advise our obese patients to follow the Atkins diet?".Obesity Reviews(editorial).5(2): 93–94.doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00137.x.PMID15086862.S2CID40176596.Despite the popularity and apparent success of the Atkins diet, documented scientific evidence in support of its use unfortunately lags behind.
  8. ^Freedman, Marjorie R; King, Janet; Kennedy, Eileen (2001)."Executive Summary".Obesity Research.9:1S–40S.doi:10.1038/oby.2001.113.PMID11374180.
  9. ^Riche, William Harding le(1981)."Foods, fads and fallacies".Modern Medicine.6(10): 5–15.hdl:10520/AJA02599333_832.
  10. ^"Report Details Dr. Atkins's Health Problems".Wall Street Journal.RetrievedJanuary 1,2015.
  11. ^St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH (October 2001)."Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association".Circulation.104(15): 1869–74.doi:10.1161/hc4001.096152.PMID11591629.
  12. ^Anderson, J. W.; Konz, E. C.; Jenkins, D. J. (October 2000)."Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review".Journal of the American College of Nutrition.19(5): 578–590.doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718955.ISSN0731-5724.PMID11022871.S2CID25815308.
  13. ^Treadwell, Jonathan R.; Wu, Mingche; Tsou, Amy Y. (2022-10-25).Management of Infantile Epilepsies(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer252.
  14. ^Freeman, JM; Kossoff, EH; Hartman, AL (March 2007). "The ketogenic diet: one decade later".Pediatrics.119(3): 535–43.doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2447.PMID17332207.S2CID26629499.
  15. ^"Atkins diet Boss: 'Eat less fat'".BBC News.BBC. January 19, 2004.RetrievedSeptember 12,2007.
  16. ^Martin, Douglas (April 18, 2003)."Dr. Robert C. Atkins, Author of Controversial but Best-Selling Diet Books, Is Dead at 72".The New York Times.
  17. ^abHall KD (2017). "A review of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity".Eur J Clin Nutr(Review).71(3): 323–326.doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.260.PMID28074888.S2CID54484172.
  18. ^Atkins, Robert(2003-09-25).Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution, Revised Edition..Evans.ISBN978-1-59077-002-3.
  19. ^Astrup, Arne; Larsen, Thomas Meinert; Harper, Angela (2004). "Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: Hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?".The Lancet.364(9437): 897–9.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16986-9.PMID15351198.S2CID24756993.
  20. ^Atkins Nutritionals files for bankruptcy – AP 1 August 2005.
  21. ^"Atkins firm seeks financial help".BBC News.August 1, 2005.
  22. ^Bills, Steve (20 March 2013)."Atkins delivers $118 mln dividend to Roark Capital".Reuters.
  23. ^Allison, David (11 April 2017)."Atlanta's Roark Capital in deal to form The Simply Good Foods Company".bizjournals.Retrieved2019-11-19.
  24. ^Kaufman, Wendy (August 3, 2005)."Atkins Bankruptcy a Boon for Pasta Makers".NPR.
  25. ^Schooler, Larry (June 22, 2004)."Low-Carb Diets Trim Krispy Kreme's Profit Line".NPR.Retrieved12 March2017.
  26. ^Howard, Theresa (1 August 2005)."Atkins Nutritionals files for bankruptcy protection".USA Today.Retrieved11 November2012.
  27. ^Schutz Y, Montani JP, Dulloo AG (March 2021)."Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets in body weight control: A recurrent plaguing issue of fad diets?".Obes Rev(Review).22(Suppl 2): e13195.doi:10.1111/obr.13195.PMID33471427.
  28. ^Costly CaloriesForbes
  29. ^ab"Dieter Sues Atkins Estate and Company".The New York Times.Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  30. ^"Atkins dieter sues after heart op".BBC News. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  31. ^"Gorran: Atkins suit a 'quest for knowledge'".CNN. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  32. ^"Judge tosses suit of Florida man on Atkins diet"[dead link].Reuters. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
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