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From left, clockwise: the2002 Winter Olympicsare held inSalt Lake City,Utah;Queen Elizabeth The Queen Motherand her daughterPrincess Margaret, Countess of Snowdondie;East TimorgainsindependencefromIndonesiaand is admitted to theUN;the2002 FIFA World Cupis held inSouth KoreaandJapanand is won byBrazil;abombinginKutakilled 202 people; theÜberlingen mid-air collisionkills 71 people;Vladimir Putinvisiting hospitalized hostages of theMoscow theater hostage crisis;theEurobecomes the official currency of theEurozone.
This article is about the year 2002. For other uses, see2002 (disambiguation).
Millennium: 3rd millennium
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Decades:
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2002 by topic
Arts
Music
Politics and government
Science and technology
Environment
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Categories

2002(MMII) was acommon year starting on Tuesdayof theGregorian calendar,the 2002nd year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 2nd year of the3rd millenniumand the21st century,and the 3rd year of the2000sdecade.

After theSeptember 11 attacksof the previous year, foreign policy and international relations were generally united in combatingal-Qaedaand other terrorist organizations. The United States especially was a leading force in combating terrorist groups. 2002 also saw the signing and establishment of many international agreements and institutions, most notably theInternational Criminal Court,theAfrican Union,the Russian-AmericanStrategic Offensive Reductions Treaty,and theEurozone.

The global economy, partly due to the September 11 attacks, generally stagnated or declined. Stock indices, such as the AmericanDow Jones Industrial Averageand the JapaneseNikkei 225both ended the year lower than they had started. In the later parts of 2002, the world saw the beginning of aSARS epidemic,which would go on to affect mostly China, Europe, and North America.[1][2]

Population

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Theworld populationon January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people, and it increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2003.[3]An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2002.[3]The average globallife expectancywas 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001.[3]The rate ofchild mortalitywas 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27ppfrom 2001.[4]26.85% of people were living inextreme poverty,a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000.[5]

The number of global refugees was approximately 12 million at the beginning of 2002, but it declined to 10.3 million by the end of the year. Approximately 2.4 million refugees were repatriated in 2002, of which 2 million were Afghan. 293,000 additional refugees were displaced in 2002, primarily from Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic.[6]

Conflicts

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Further information:Category:Conflicts in 2002

There were 31 recognised armed conflicts in 2002, a net decrease from the previous year: seven conflicts ended in 2001, while conflicts in Angola, Congo, and Ivory Coast began or resumed in 2002.[7]The deadliest conflicts in 2002 were those in Burundi, Colombia, Kashmir, Nepal, and Sudan.[7]Among developed nations in 2002, national defense shifted towardcounterterrorismafter theSeptember 11 attacksand theinvasion of Afghanistanthe previous year. Conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Israel, and the Philippines were directly related to counteringIslamic terrorism.[8]: 87 

Internal conflicts

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TheColombian conflictescalated after far-left insurgents occupieddemilitarized zonesand kidnappedÍngrid Betancourt,effectively ending peace talks. The insurgents began bombing cities, and over 200,000 Colombians were displaced by the conflict in 2002.[8]: 91–92 

TheNepalese Civil Warescalated in 2002, with casualties approximately equaling the combined totals from 1996 to 2001; half of this increase was civilian casualties, as civilians were targeted by both the Nepali government and the communist insurgents.[8]: 88–89 Chechen insurgents in Russia escalated their attacks during theSecond Chechen War,destroyinga RussianMil Mi-26in August and causing ahostage crisisin Moscow.[8]: 93–94 TheSecond Liberian Civil Waralso escalated, causing widespread displacement of civilians.[9]: 90 

Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include theEelam War IIIin Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement on February 24,[8]: 98 and theAngolan Civil War,which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government andUNITA.[9]: 89 Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in theSecond Sudanese Civil War,[8]: 102 some factions of theSomali Civil War,[8]: 106 and theSecond Congo War,with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to createa Congolese transitional government.[8]: 100–101 Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by theTaliban insurgencyandal-Qaeda.[9]: 256 An agreement was reached with the government of Burundi and theCNDD-FDDon December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, thePalipehutu-FNL,did not participate in peace talks.[7]

The largest attack on civilians in 2002 wasa series of bombingsinBalithat killed or injured hundreds on October 12, with Australian tourists making up a large portion of the victims.[10]: 228 The Washington D.C. area was the subject ofseveral sniper attacksthe same month, killing ten people. Europe underwent a large number ofmass shootingsthroughout the year, includingan attackon a town council meeting in France on March 27 that killed eight councilors anda school shootingin Germany on April 26—one of the deadliest in the world with 18 fatalities.[10]: 229 

International conflicts

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The only direct conflict between nations in 2002 was theIndia–Pakistan standoffin Kashmir,[7]beginning in late 2001. This conflict was primarily one ofbrinkmanship,with the threat ofnuclear warfare.[8]: 88 Riots in Gujarat and suicide bombings inJammufurther escalated tensions.[11]: 87 The two countries stood down in May.[8]: 88 

TheSecond Intifadacontinued in 2002 between theIsrael Defense Forcesand Palestinian paramilitary groups with an escalation in violence. Palestinian suicide bombings became coordinated to maximize the number of civilian casualties, while the Israeli military killed approximately twice as many Palestinians in retaliation.[11]: 73 In response to the suicide bombings, Israel carried outOperation Defensive Shieldin March.[9]: 413 Under this operation, Israel occupied much ofWest Bank,[9]: 413 and it and briefly held Palestinian presidentYasser Arafatunder house arrest.[8]: 95 TheBattle of Jeninwas particularly destructive, with theUnited Nationsfinding both parties to be irresponsible regardingcollateral damage.[8]: 96 

Culture

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Art and architecture

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Main articles:2002 in artand2002 in architecture

Economic downturn and aftermath the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to givepatronage,and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East.[12]: 502 TheDocumenta11exhibition took place inKassel,Germany, contributing to the early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition.[12]: 503 [13]Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 includeThe Upper Room,a collection of paintings byChris Ofilibased on a drawing of a monkey byAndy Warhol,[14]andDispersion,an abstract work byJulie Mehretu.[15]

The architecture world focused on the rebuilding of theWorld Trade Center,and various exhibitions were held to showcase design concepts. TheTribute in Lightwas implemented onthe siteduring the interim.[10]: 155 Egypt began accepting designs for theGrand Egyptian Museum.[10]: 234 

New structures constructed or opened in 2002 include theAustrian Cultural Forumin New York, theImperial War Museum NorthinManchester,theGallery of Horyuji Treasuresin Tokyo,[10]: 156 The Gherkinin London, theCathedral of Our Lady of the Angelsin Los Angeles, and theBibliotheca AlexandrinainAlexandria.[12]: 506 TheBronx Developmental Centerin New York,Fallingwaterin Pennsylvania, and theLever Housein New York were all renovated, and theMaslon Housewas demolished in California.[10]: 157 

Media

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Main articles:2002 in film,2002 in music,2002 in radio,and2002 in video games
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The highest-grossing films globally in 2002 wereThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers,Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,andSpider-Man.The highest-grossing non-English film wasHero(Mandarin), the 28th highest-grossing film of the year.[16]Film was marked by several unexpected successes and failures in 2002, including the underwhelming performances of theStar WarsfilmAttack of the Clones,theJames BondfilmDie Another Day,and theDisneyfilmTreasure Planet,as well as theword-of-mouthsuccess ofMy Big Fat Greek Wedding.[17]Critically acclaimed films from 2002 includeAdaptation,[18][19][20]Far from Heaven,[19][20][21]andTalk to Her.[19][20][21]

Music sales in 2002 amounted to about 3 billion units, a decline of 8% from 2001.CDalbums remained the dominant form of music, making up 89% of the market.DVDmusic sales increased by 40%, whilecassette tapemusic sales decreased by 36%.[22]Pop musicsaw a major decline in 2002 as it was overtaken bycountry musicandhip hop music.[23]Globally, the best-selling albums in 2002 wereThe Eminem ShowbyEminem,Let GobyAvril Lavigne,and theElvis Presleygreatest hits albumELV1S: 30 No. 1 Hits.The best-selling non-English album wasMensch(transl. Human) by German singerHerbert Grönemeyer,the 29th best-selling album overall.[24]

SonyandMicrosoftintroduced online gaming services for thePlayStation 2andXboxconsoles, respectively.[10]: 174 Critically acclaimed video games released in 2002 includeEternal Darkness,Grand Theft Auto: Vice City,Metroid Prime,Metroid Fusion,andSuper Mario Sunshine.[25][26][27]Medal of Honor: Allied Assaultwas influential in the war-basedfirst-person shootergenre with its portrayal of grand cinematic battles. 2002 was the final year of traditionalsurvival horrorbefore it was overtaken by action-based survival horror games in franchises such asResident Evil.[28]

Libraries, press, and radio

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Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance infree speechwhen it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials.[10]: 275 Radio in Indiabecame more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations inMumbaibreaking thestate monopolyin April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios.Good Evening Afghanistanpremiered in September to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, andRadio Libertywas expelled from Russia in October.[10]: 272 An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks.[10]: 273 The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as a separate controversy when the February 11 issue ofNewsweek Internationalwas banned throughout theMuslim worldfor itsdepiction of Muhammed.[10]: 275 

TheBritish Librarydigitized a 700-year-old edition of theQuran,and theLibrary of Congressmade high resolution scans of aGutenberg Biblefor closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services were interrupted several times in 2002. Librarians' strikes affected the United Kingdom and the United States, while funding problems led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States.[10]: 233 

Sports

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Main article:2002 in sports

The2002 Winter Olympicswere held inSalt Lake City,with Norway winning the most gold medals.Allegationsthat a figure skating judge was bribed to favor Russia in afigure skating eventled to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event.[12]: 515 [29]TheCommonwealth Gameswere held inManchester.[12]: 516 

The2002 FIFA World Cupwas held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically.[12]: 513 

In bo xing, theLennox Lewis vs. Mike Tysonwas preceded by a scuffle during a press conference.Lennox Lewiswent on to defeatMike Tyson.[12]: 520 [29]InAmerican football,theTuck Rule Gamebetween theNew England Patriotsand theOakland Raidersbecame a national controversy after officials cited the obscuretuck ruleto challenge a pass byTom Brady.[30]Bruno Peyronset the record for the fastestcircumnavigationby sailing in 2002, making the trip in 64 days.[12]: 521 

Economy

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Further information:Category:2002 in economic history
See also:2002 world oil market chronology

International tradeincreased by 1.9% in 2002, correcting from a decrease in 2001.[31]: 11 Most countries experienced only limited growth of output and employment in the year, and economic policy within the largest economies focused primarily on combatinginflation.[31]: 1 Thegross world productincreased by 1.7%, the second lowest growth in a decade after that of 2001.[31]: 2 Most developed nations began 2002 in abudgetsurplus and ended in a deficit.[31]: 8 TheEuro,a single official currency for the nations of theEuropean Union,was introduced on January 1.[12]: 6 

Theearly 2000s recessionbegan to stabilize in the final months of the year.[31]: 1 Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half[31]: 35 as stock markets entered into adownturn.[32]By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002.[10]: 185 Particularly affected wasAOL-Time Warner,with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall.[11]: 100 The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002[10]: 170 before it began its recovery from thedot-com crashthat had previously affected it.[12]: 458 The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely.[10]: 176 

The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002.[31]: 7 Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth.[10]: 185 Latin American economies with large deficits wereseverely affectedby lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering the region, requiring further increases to the deficit.[31]: 3 The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002.[31]: 4 Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region.[31]: 12 Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year.[31]: 13 

The United States recovered in part from the recession that had affected the Western world, while Europe's recovery was more limited.[12]: 10 South America saw significant economic challenges:Argentina's economic crisiscontinued from 2001, Brazil had low confidence in its economy, and Venezuela's economy suffered amid political upheaval.[12]: 13 Unlike the Western world, Eastern Europe and Asia showed strong growth in 2002.[12]: 11 Africa did not share this growth, as it also experienced a weak economy during the year.[12]: 14 

Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002. These included theWorldCom scandalthat led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year'sEnron scandal.[32]: 92–93 Xeroxand the French companyVivendiwere found to be reporting artificially inflated profits.[10]: 186 Others incidents included theImClone stock trading caseand fraud cases atAdelphiaandTyco.These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives,[11]negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting,[10]: 185 and increased the volatility of global stock markets.[10]: 186 

Environment and weather

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Main articles:2002 in the environmentandWeather of 2002
See also:List of earthquakes in 2002andTropical cyclones in 2002
Typhoon Rusaon August 27

2002 was the second hottest year on record, exceeded only by1998.[33]There was below average precipitation in 2002, with droughts in Australia, northern China,India,andwestern United States.[33]Heavy rains in late 2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia[33]and central Europe.[11]: 77 The effects of theAsian brown cloudwere documented in August by theUnited Nations Environment Programme,warning of severe agricultural and meteorological effects in Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan.[10]: 184 

The thirdGlobal Environment Outlookreport was published in May.[12]: 465 TheWorld Summit on Sustainable Developmentwas held inJohannesburgbeginning on August 26. A number of proposals were endorsed in the summit, though environmentalists criticized the United States for not supporting stronger measures.[10]: 209 The European Union ratified theKyoto Protocol,while China and Russia announced their intent to do so. Australia and the United States rejected the protocol.[10]: 211 The war in Afghanistan caused widespread environmental issues, with forests destroyed, wildlife poached by refugees,[10]: 213 and theKabul Zoorequiring international support.[10]: 215 TheKitulo National Parkopened in Tanzania to preserve the endemic orchid species.[10]: 239 

Efforts to promotecarbon sequestrationwere mixed in 2002. An experiment to study whether there were risks of pollution was shuttered following pressure from environmentalist groups such asGreenpeaceand theWorld Wide Fund for Nature,butStatoilreported success in a six-year-long experiment in theNorth Sealater in the year.[10]: 212 

The January eruption ofMount Nyiragongobrought destruction toGoma,prompting an evacuation of 400,000 people, with 12,000 finding themselves homeless with damage across 14 villages.[10]: 182 Amajor oil spilltook place off the coast ofGalicia,Spain, when theMVPrestigeruptured and sank in November.[11]: 87 The deadliest earthquake in 2002 wasa 6.1-magnitude earthquakethat struck northern Afghanistan on March 25, killing approximately 1,000 people.[34]A 6.5 magnitude earthquakein Iran killed approximately 200 people the following June.[10]: 182 North America saw one of its most intense earthquakes whena 7.9 magnitude earthquakestruck Alaska on November 3, but the remote location prevented any fatalities.[10]: 181 

The2002 Atlantic hurricane seasonsaw 12named storms,a near-average number. Most of them were relatively minor, with only 4 four becoming hurricanes, of which two attained major hurricane status. The season's activity was limited to between July and October, a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The two major hurricanes,Hurricane IsidoreandHurricane Lili,both made landfall in Cuba and the United States, and combined were responsible for most of the season's damages and deaths.[35]The2002 Pacific typhoon seasonentailed a typical number of typhoons, but they were above average in intensity with 46% of typhoons reaching "intense strength".Typhoon Rusawas the deadliest typhoon in 2002, killing at least 113 people in South Korea.[36]

Health

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Further information:Category:2002 in health

TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in the 2002World Health Report.[37]Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields.[10]: 146 Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[12]: 6 Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food.[10]: 146 The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years.[10]: 149 

A 2001ebolaoutbreak in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo continued through 2002.[10]: 221 The United States and the Dutch companyCrucellcollaborated to begin development on an ebola vaccine in response.[10]: 222 The year's increased focus on terrorism, particularly after the2001 anthrax attacks,prompted many countries to invest in vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals as a precaution againstbioterrorism.[10]: 221 Renewed attention was brought to the case of family doctorHarold Shipmanwhen it was announced in July that he had killed 200 other people under his care beyond the 15 for which he was prosecuted.[10]: 232 

Politics and law

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Main article:2002 in politics
Hamid Karzai(right) is elected president of Afghanistan

2002 saw the creation of a new sovereign nation inEast Timor.[12]: 1 Brazil, Lesotho, and Senegal established democracy in 2002 through the acceptance of fair elections, while Bahrain and Kenya moved toward democracy through the strengthening of political institutions. Democracy was disestablished in Ivory Coast and Togo following mass political violence and unfair elections, respectively.[38]: 14 Afghanistan underwent significantliberalizationunder atransitional governmentfollowing end of major fighting in theWar in Afghanistan,particularly in the capital ofKabul,though distant regions of the country remained oppressed by warlords.[38]: 15 Civil rights also increased following the end of conflicts in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia.[38]: 15–16 Turkey lessened its restrictions on the country'sKurdish population.[38]: 16 

TheChinese Communist PartychoseHu Jintaoas its next leader in a November meeting.[11]: 87 TheAfrican Unionformally came into existence in July.[12]: 7 The United Kingdom helda Golden Jubileecelebration for QueenElizabeth II,marking fifty years as the monarch.[11]: 78 In Latin America, thegreat depression in Argentinacontinued into 2002, causing significant political turmoil. Venezuela also underwent political crisis withan attempted coupagainst PresidentHugo Chávezin April anda national strikeagainst his administration later in the year.[39]Brazil elected the leftist presidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silvain response to the economic instability.[11]: 86 

NATOestablished a diplomatic relationship with Russia through theNATO-Russia Councilin May, and NATO announced seven new members in November: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. This expansion meant that NATO countries bordered Russia for the first time.[10]: 282 Russia and the United States signed theTreaty of Moscownuclear disarmament agreement in May, but the United States left theAnti-Ballistic Missile Treatythe following month, and Russia then left theSTART IItreaty. TheInternational Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferationwas signed by over 90 countries in November.[10]: 277 

Crime and international law

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TheRome Statuteentered into force in July, establishing theInternational Criminal Court.[12]: 469 TheInternational Court of Justiceruled in three cases: it ruled thatdiplomatic immunityapplied to all crimes, includingcrimes against humanity,and it settled two territorial disputes, ruling in favor of Cameroon over Nigeria and in favor of Malaysia over Indonesia.[12]: 471–472 A lesser court was established by the United Nations in Sierra Leone to prosecute figures associated with the nation's civil war.[40]: 470 

The prosecution of former YugoslavianSlobodan Miloševićbegan in February,[10]: 225 but it was delayed and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped.[11]: 86 Biljana Plavšić,the former president ofRepublika Srpska,plead guilty to crimes against humanity in a related case.[10]: 225 In August, theInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwandasaw the arrests of nine more people accused of genocide, including army chief of staffAugustin Bizimungu.Efforts failed to create a similar tribunal in Cambodia to prosecuteKhmer Rouge.[10]: 226 Former military dictator of ArgentinaLeopoldo Galtieriwas arrested in July for his actions in theDirty War.Two generals from theSalvadoran Civil Warwere found liable for torture in an American court, and they were ordered to pay $54.6 million in damages.[10]: 282 A major espionage case in the United States ended in May withRobert Hanssensentenced to life in prison for spying on behalf of the Soviet Union.[10]: 232 

Serbia and Montenegro abolished capital punishment to qualify for entry to theCouncil of Europe,and Turkey did so to garner support for its incorporation into the European Union. Prisoners in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey engaged in deadly strikes and riots in response to poor conditions in 2002.Urso Branco Prisonwas the location of a deadly gang fight, and approximately 150 inmates escaped from a Haitian prison when a bulldozer was driven through a wall to free a local leader.[10]: 232 

War on terror

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Terrorismdominated politics internationally in 2002, with both terrorist acts and attempts to declare groups as terrorist organizations being prevalent throughout the year.Islamic terrorismwas widely seen as responsible for terrorist attacks throughout the year. In response, the United States began providing military assistance against terrorists in several countries as part ofOperation Enduring Freedom.[12]: 2 International lawregarding these actions had yet to be settled, and international organizations spent the year debating how action against terrorist groups should be carried out.[12]: 469 

Pakistan arrested al-Qaeda operativeRamzi bin al-Shibhin September on suspicions of involvement in the September 11 attacks and extradited him to the United States. The United States arrested an addition fifteen suspects across several states for involvement in the preparation of future terrorist attacks.[10]: 228 American treatment of prisoners in the war on terror came under scrutiny, particularly inCamp X-Rayin theGuantanamo Bay Naval Base.[10]: 232 

Australia, Russia, and the United States all declared a right topreemptive strikesagainst foreign terrorist groups in 2002.[10]: 278 George W. Bushdefined an "axis of evil"inan addressin January, naming Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as foreign adversaries of the United States.Increasing tensionsbetween Iraq and the United States became a major geopolitical issue in 2002 amidsuspicionsthat Iraq had resumedits production of weapons of mass destruction.The United Nations deliveredan ultimatumfor Iraq to comply with weapons inspections in late 2002.[39]Because of this dispute, as well Hussein's involvement with terrorist groups amid thewar on terror,aninvasion of Iraqby the United States was widely expected.[11]: 66–71 

Religion

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TheChurch of Englanddetermined in July that divorcees could marry in the church. Then in December, the church saw its first leader in centuries from outside its own membership when the WelshRowan Williamswas confirmed asArchbishop of Canterbury.[12]: 447 TheCatholic Church sexual abuse scandalcontinued from 2001. The church adopted rules on how to address sexual abuse allegations on January 8, andPope John Paul IImade his second papal statement on the matter on March 22.[12]: 448 Belarus made theRussian Orthodox Church in Belarusinto the state's legally recognized religion, curtailing practice of other religions.[12]: 449 Islam grappled with the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacksin 2002, facing both the expansion ofIslamic terrorismand of United States military action in combating it.[12]: 450 

The relationship between religion and education shifted in several nations in 2002. The removal of the Taliban from power allowed girls to attend school in Afghanistan for the first time, and textbooks funded by the United States included images of women. Pakistan introduced a law to regulate Islamicmadrasaschools under pressure from Western nations, but it saw backlash from the schools. State-fundedfaith schoolsbecame a polarizing issue when the government suggested increasing their number. TheSupreme Courtof the United Statesruledthatschool vouchersallowed students to seek religious education.[10]: 204–205 

Science and technology

[edit]
Main article:2002 in science

Archeological finds in 2002 includedthe alleged ossuaryofJames, brother of Jesus;red ochrecave art in theBlombos Cavein South Africa, created approximately 77,000 years ago and the oldest known artwork; the largestEtruscan civilizationsettlement found to date, from approximately 2,600 years ago;a collection of bamboo slipsfeaturing 200,000 characters of calligraphy from theQin dynasty;two stone slabsfeaturing the Indian emperorAshoka;ancient irrigation canals underTucson, Arizona;aMayan muralinSan Bartolo,Guatemala; an Aztec shrine onPico de Orizabain Mexico; and the Palace of Parliament ofUpper Canadathat had been destroyed in theWar of 1812.[10]: 152–154 A major study published in 2002 provided evidence against theBlack Sea deluge hypothesisthat had been popularized in 1996.[10]: 180 TheEgyptian Museumheld anexhibition for artifactsfrom thetomb of Tutankhamun,including some items never seen by the public.[10]: 234 

Chemists in 2002 synthesizeduraniumfromnoble gases,observed ablackberry-shaped molecular structure inmolybdenum blue,fluorinatedcarbonnanotubes,synthesized a stablecyclopentadienyl cation,discovered the oxidation-resistant goldAu
55,incorporated aphotonic latticeinto a tungstenfilament,invented the ITQ-21zeoliteto more efficiently refinepetroleum,and developed a method to createcrystalline oxide filmwithout extreme heat.[10]: 261–263 A team led by Rüdeger Köhler developed a laser that emitsterahertz radiation.[10]: 263–264 Early study ofBose–Einstein condensatescontinued in 2002, as did that ofquantum dots.[10]: 264 A major study intoantimatteracross 70 institutions took place in 2002 with results suggesting that antimatter may not be a precise opposite of matter.[10]: 263 

The discovery of a largetrans-Neptunian object,Quaoar,in October prompted reconsideration of how to define a planet, including doubts about whetherPlutoshould be considered a planet.[10]: 264 Study with theCosmic Background Imagerrevealed a more detailed image ofcosmic background radiation,and telescopes were able to counteract the scattering effect of Earth's atmosphere throughadaptive optics.[41]The largest known volcanic eruption in the solar system was discovered on the moonIoin November 2002, using imaging that had been taken in February 2001.[10]: 183 The youngest knownpulsarwas discovered in 2002, originating froma supernova documented in 1181.[10]: 266 

Two major breakthroughs were made innumber theoryin 2002:Manindra Agrawalled a team in developing theAKS primality test,andPreda Mihăilescucreated a proof for the 150-year-oldCatalan's conjecture.[10]: 261 

The September 11 attacks of the previous year caused a shift in focus among cultural anthropologists in 2002 toward the study of violence in society.[10]: 151 

Biology

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New species of animals described in 2002 include therupicolous gerbil,thelesser Congo shrew,and thebald parrot.[10]: 215 Bavarian pine voleswere discovered in Austria after being thought extinct in the 1960s.[12]: 467 Several paleological discoveries in China strong evidence supporting a relation betweentheropodsand birds.[10]: 241 The hominid ancestorSahelanthropuswas identified in 2002 from fossils found in Chad.[10]: 150 A new genus ofconifer,Xanthocyparis,was discovered in Vietnam.[10]: 239 

Major genetic advances in 2002 included the discovery ofsmall RNA,the genome sequence forindica rice,and the genome sequences for malaria carriersanopheles gambiaeandplasmodium falciparum.[12][41]: 456–457 Scientists at theSan Diego Zoosuccessfully created cloned egg cells for the endangeredbantengby applying banteng DNA to egg cells from cows.[10]: 216 Scientists in the United States announced in July that they had reconstructed apoliovirusspecimen using its genetic sequence.[10]: 221 

Two experiments in 2002 were successful in producing plants from old seeds: a lotus plant was grown from a 500-year-old seed, and two other plants were grown after their seeds were bottled and laid dormant since 1879.[10]: 239 A newherbicidewas discovered by extracting thecatechintoxin of thespotted knapweed.[10]: 238 Controversy aboutgenetically modified cropsincreased when it was discovered that pest-resistant genes can be transferred toweedsand that crops resistant to some pests can become more vulnerable to others.[10]: 238 

Other biology developments from 2002 include an understanding ofTRP channelsin taste, the role of light in acircadian rhythm,and the development of3D imagery of cells.[41]Major advances in the development and application ofstem cellstriggered an ethics debate that defined the field, in part because stem cells were commonly developed from the humanfetus.[10]: 239–240 Study of hormones led to the identification of two related to appetite:ghrelinto encourage eating andpeptide YYto discourage it.[10]: 223 

Technology

[edit]
See also:2002 in spaceflight
A 2002Toyota Prius

61 successful and four failed space launches took place in 2002.NASAlaunches included theReuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager,theAquaresearch satellite, and aPolar Operational Environmental Satellite.[42]TheCONTOURprobe was put into orbit on July 3 but lost when activated on August 15.[10]: 267 TheEuropean Space Agencylaunched theMeteosat 8satellite in August and theINTEGRALobservatory in October. It also saw the launch of theEnvisatsatellite.[12]: 453–454 China launched theShenzhou 3andShenzhou 4missions in March and December, respectively.[12]: 454 The creation of theInternational Space Stationremained the largest focus of global space programs, but its development was halted for several months after potentially deadly cracks were found on severalspace shuttles.[10]: 266 

Theopen-source-software movementsaw growth throughout the year, in part because of Microsoft's success in avoiding tighter regulations in court.[12]: 458 China blockedGoogle SearchandAltaVistain August,[10]: 233 provoking ahacktivistmovement in the United States that worked to circumvent such restrictions in authoritarian nations.[10]: 175 Some parts of Google were restored on September 12.[10]: 233 New developments inpeer-to-peersharing allowed decentralizedfile sharingbetween computers, causing a proliferation ofonline piracy.Bloggingalso became a common practice in 2002.[12]: 460 Klezwas acomputer wormthat spread extensively in 2002 before public awareness limited its effectiveness.[10]: 175 Hybrid vehiclesfirst saw widespread popularity in 2002.[11]: 94–95 

Events

[edit]

January

[edit]
1eurocoin

February

[edit]
TheOlympic flameduring the2002 Winter Olympics

March

[edit]
A model of theEnvisatsatellite

April

[edit]
Israel Defense Forcesoldiers during theBattle of Nablus
Vladimir PutinandGeorge W. Bushsign theStrategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

May

[edit]

June

[edit]
The trans-Neptunian dwarf planetQuaoarand its moonWeywot.Quaoar'stwo ringsare not resolved in this image.

July

[edit]
The flag of theAfrican Union

August

[edit]

September

[edit]
American and French soldiers inOperation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

October

[edit]

November

[edit]
Cleanup after theMVPrestigedisaster

December

[edit]

Births and deaths

[edit]
Main pages:Category:2002 birthsandDeaths in 2002

Nobel Prizes

[edit]


References

[edit]
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