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Auto-Tune

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Auto-Tune
Original author(s)Andy Hildebrand
Developer(s)Antares Audio Technologies
Initial releaseSeptember 19, 1997;27 years ago(1997-09-19)[1][2]
Stable release
10[3]
Operating systemWindowsandmacOS
TypePitch correction
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.antarestech

Auto-Tuneisaudio processorsoftware released on September 19, 1997, by the American companyAntares Audio Technologies.[1][4]It uses a proprietary device to measure andcorrect pitchin music.[5]It operates on different principles from thevocoderortalk boxand produces different results.[6]

Auto-Tune was initially intended to disguise orcorrectoff-keyinaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectlytuned.The 1998Chersong "Believe"popularized the technique of using Auto-Tune to distort vocals. Cher's song was produced with the assistance of the musical duoRoy Vedas,who had released two months earlier the song "Fragments of Life", which features the technique. It has since been used by many artists in different genres, includingDaft Punk,Radiohead,T-PainandKanye West.In 2018, the music criticSimon Reynoldsobserved that Auto-Tune had "revolutionized popular music", calling its use for effects "the fad that just wouldn't fade. Its use is now more entrenched than ever."[7]

Function

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Screenshot ofAudacityshowingspectrogramsof an audio clip withportamento(upper panel) and the same clip after applyingpitch correctionshowing frequencies clamped to discrete values (lower panel)

Auto-Tune is available as aplug-infordigital audio workstationsused in a studio setting and as a stand-alone,rack-mountedunit for live performance processing.[8]The processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true, correctsemitone(to the exact pitch of the nearest note in traditionalequal temperament). Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect todistortthe human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly,[9]such that the voice is heard to leap from note to note stepwise, like asynthesizer.[10]

Auto-Tune has become standard equipment in professionalrecording studios.[11]Instruments such as thePeaveyAT-200 guitar seamlessly use Auto-Tune technology for real-time pitch correction.[12]

Development

[edit]
Antares Vocal Processor AVP-1 (middle)

Auto-Tune was developed by Andy Hildebrand, a Ph.D. research engineer who specialized instochasticestimation theory anddigital signal processing.[1]He conceived the vocal pitch correction technology on the suggestion of a colleague's wife, who had joked that she would benefit from a device to help her sing in tune.[13][7]

Over several months in early 1996, Hildebrand implemented the algorithm on a customMacintoshcomputer. Later that year, he presented the result at theNAMM Show,where it became instantly popular.[13]Hildebrand's method fordetecting pitchinvolvedautocorrelationand proved superior to attempts based onfeature extractionthat had problems processing elements such asdiphthongs,leading to soundartifacts.[13]Music engineers had previously considered autocorrelation impractical because of the massive computational effort required. Hildebrand found a mathematical method to overcome this, "a simplification [that] changed a millionmultiply addsinto just four ".[13]

According to the Auto-Tunepatent,the referred implementation detail consists, when processing new samples, of reusing the former autocorrelation bin, and adding the product of the new sample with the older sample corresponding to a lag value, while subtracting the autocorrelation product of the sample that correspondingly got out of window.[5]

Originally, Auto-Tune was designed to discreetly correct imprecise intonations to make music more expressive, with the original patent asserting: "When voices or instruments are out of tune, the emotional qualities of the performance are lost."[7]Auto-Tune was launched in September 1997.[1]

Use

[edit]
The American singerCher(pictured in 1998) popularized Auto-Tune with her 1998 single "Believe".

TheAphex Twintrack "Funny Little Man", from the 1997 EPCome To Daddy,was one of the earliest songs to use Auto-Tune, released less than a month after Auto-Tune.[1][14]The song "Fragments of Life" by the duoRoy Vedaswas released on August 17, 1998, heavily using the distorted Auto-Tune technique.Cher's producer,Mark Taylor,heard the song and brought the duo to assist in the production of a song for Cher utilizing similar distortion.[15][16][17]Two months later, Cher's 1998 song "Believe"popularized distorted Auto-Tune vocals.[18]While Auto-Tune was designed to be used subtly to correct vocal performances, the "Believe" producers used extreme settings to create unnaturally rapid corrections in Cher's vocals, thereby removingportamento,the natural slide between pitches in singing.[19]Though Auto-Tune had been commercially available for about a year, according toPitchfork,"Believe" was the first song "where the effect drew attention to itself... announcing its technological artifice".[7]In an attempt to protect their method, the producers initially claimed the effect was achieved with avocoder.[19]It was widely imitated and became known as the "Cher effect".[19]

According toPitchfork,1999 "Too Much of Heaven"by the Italian Europop groupEiffel 65features "the very first example ofrappingthrough Auto-Tune ".[7]The Eiffel 65 memberGabry Pontesaid they were inspired by Cher's "Believe".[20]The English rock bandRadioheadused Auto-Tune on their 2001 albumAmnesiacto create a "nasal, depersonalized sound" and to process speech into melody. According to the Radiohead singer,Thom Yorke,Auto-Tune "desperately tries to search for the music in your speech, and produces notes at random. If you've assigned it a key, you've got music."[21]

Later in the 2000s,T-Painused Auto-Tune extensively, further popularizing the use of the effect.[22]He cited thenew jack swingproducerTeddy RileyandfunkartistRoger Troutman's use of thetalk boxas inspirations.[18]T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he had an iPhone app named after him that simulated the effect, "I Am T-Pain".[23]Eventually dubbed the "T-Pain effect",[7]the use of Auto-Tune became a fixture of late 2000s music, where it was used in other hip hop/R&B artists' works, includingSnoop Dogg'ssingle"Sexual Eruption",[24]Lil Wayne's "Lollipop",[25]andKanye West's album808s & Heartbreak.[26]In 2009 theBlack Eyed Peas' number-one hit "Boom Boom Pow",made heavy use of Auto-Tune on their vocals to create a futuristic sound.[7]The use of Auto-Tune in hip hop gained a resurgence in the mid-2010s, especially intrap music.FutureandYoung Thugare widely considered to be the pioneers of modern trap music and have mentored or inspired popular artists such asLil Baby,Gunna,Playboi Carti,Travis Scott,andLil Uzi Vert.[7][27]

The effect has also become popular inraïmusic and other genres from Northern Africa.[28]According to theBoston Herald,the country singersFaith Hill,Shania Twain,andTim McGrawuse Auto-Tune in performance, calling it a safety net that guarantees a good performance.[29]However, other country singers, such asAllison Moorer,[30]Garth Brooks,[31]Big & Rich,Trisha Yearwood,Vince GillandMartina McBride,have refused to use Auto-Tune.[32]

Reception

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Positive

[edit]

Some critics have argued that Auto-Tune opens up new possibilities in pop music, especially inhip-hopandR&B.Instead of using it as a correction tool for poor vocals—its original purpose—some musicians intentionally use the technology to mediate and augment their artistic expression. When the electronic duoDaft Punkwas questioned about their use of Auto-Tune in their single "One More Time",Thomas Bangalterreplied, "A lot of people complain about musicians using Auto-Tune. It reminds me of the late '70s when musicians in France tried to ban the synthesizer... They didn't see that you could use those tools in a new way instead of just for replacing the instruments that came before."[33]

T-Pain,theR&Bsinger and rapper who reintroduced the use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect in pop music with his albumRappa Ternt Sangain 2005, said, "My dad always told me that anyone's voice is just another instrument added to the music. There was a time when people had seven-minute songs, and five minutes were just straight instrumental.... I got a lot of influence from [the '60s era]. I thought I might as well turn my voice into a saxophone."[34]Following in T-Pain's footsteps,Lil Wayneexperimented with Auto-Tune between his albumsTha Carter IIandTha Carter III.At the time, he was heavily addicted topromethazine codeine,and some critics see Auto-Tune as a musical expression of Wayne's loneliness and depression.[35]Mark Anthony Nealwrote that Lil Wayne's vocal uniqueness, his "slurs, blurs, bleeps and blushes of his vocals, index some variety of trauma."[36]And Kevin Driscoll asks, "Is Auto-Tune not thewah pedalof today's black pop? Before he transformed himself into T-Wayne on "Lollipop",Wayne's pop presence was limited to guest verses and unauthorized freestyles. In the same way that Miles equippedHendrixto stay pop-relevant, Wayne's flirtation with the VST plugin du jour brought him updial fromJAMN 94.5toKISS 108."[37]

Kanye West's808s & Heartbreakwas generally well received by critics, and it similarly used Auto-Tune to represent a fragmented soul, following his mother's death.[38]The album marks a departure from his previous album,Graduation.Describing the album as a breakup album,Rolling Stonemusic criticJody Rosenwrote, "Kanye can't really sing in the classic sense, but he's not trying to. T-Pain taught the world that Auto-Tune doesn't just sharpen flat notes: It's a painterly device for enhancing vocal expressiveness and upping the pathos... Kanye's digitized vocals are the sound of a man so stupefied by grief, he's become less than human."[39]

YouTuberConor Maynard,who received criticism for his use of Auto-Tune, defended it in an interview on theZach Sang Showin 2019, stating: "It doesn't mean you can't sing... Auto-Tune can't make anyone who can't sing sound like they can sing... It just tightens it up slightly because we're human and not perfect, whereas [Auto-Tune] is literally digitally perfect."[40][41]

Negative

[edit]

At the51st Grammy Awardsin 2009, the bandDeath Cab for Cutiemade an appearance wearing blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune.[42]Later that year,Jay-Ztitled the lead single of his albumThe Blueprint 3as "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)".Jay-Z said he wrote the song because of personal beliefs that the trend had become a gimmick that had become too widely used.[43][44]Christina Aguileraappeared in public in Los Angeles on August 10, 2009, wearing a T-shirt that read "Auto Tune is for Pussies". When interviewed bySirius/XM,she said Auto-Tune could be used "in a creative way" and noted her song "Elastic Love" fromBionicuses it.[45]

Opponents have argued that Auto-Tune has a negative effect on society's perception and consumption of music. In 2004, theDaily Telegraphmusic critic Neil McCormick called Auto-Tune a "particularly sinister invention that has been putting an extra shine on pop vocals since the 1990s" by taking "a poorly sung note and transpos[ing] it, placing it dead centre of where it was meant to be".[46]In 2006, the singer-songwriterNeko Casesaid a studio employee once told her that she andNelly Furtadowere the only singers who had never used it in his studio. Case said "it's cool that she has some integrity".[47]

In 2009,Timequoted an unnamed Grammy-winning recording engineer as saying, "Let's just say I've had Auto-Tune save vocals on everything fromBritney SpearstoBollywoodcast albums. And every singer now presumes that you'll just run their voice through the box. "The same article expressed" hope that pop's fetish for uniform perfect pitch will fade ", speculating that pop-music songs have become harder to differentiate from one another, as" track after track has perfect pitch. "[48]According toTom Lord-Alge,Auto-Tune is used on nearly every record these days.[49]

In 2010, the reality TV showThe X Factoradmitted to using Auto-Tune to improve the voices of contestants.[50]Also in 2010,Timeincluded Auto-Tune in their list of "The 50 Worst Inventions".[51]

Used by stars fromSnoop DoggandLil WaynetoBritney Spearsand Cher, Auto-Tune has been criticized as indicative of an inability tosing on key.[52][53][54][55][56]Trey Parkerused Auto-Tune on theSouth Parksong "Gay Fish",and found that he had to sing off-key in order to sound distorted; he said," You had to be a bad singer in order for that thing to actually sound the way it does. If you use it and sing into it correctly, it doesn't do anything to your voice. "[57]The singerKeshahas used Auto-Tune in her songs extensively, putting her vocal talent under scrutiny.[53][58][59][60][61]In 2009, the producerRick Rubinwrote that "Right now, if you listen to pop, everything is in perfect pitch, perfect time and perfect tune. That's how ubiquitous Auto-Tune is."[62]TheTimejournalistJosh Tyrangielcalled Auto-Tune "Photoshopfor the human voice ".[62]

Thebig bandsingerMichael Bublécriticized Auto-Tune as making everyone sound the same – "like robots" – but said he used when recording pop music.[63]Ellie GouldingandEd Sheeranhave called for honesty in live shows by joining the "Live Means Live" campaign. "Live Means Live" was launched by songwriter/composerDavid Mindel.When a band displays the "Live Means Live" logo, the audience knows, "there's no Auto-Tune, nothing that isn't 100 percent live" in the show, and there are nobacking tracks.[64]In 2023, multiple creators on the social media platformTikTokwere accused of using Auto-Tune in post-production to correct the pitch of singing videos presented to appear as live, casual performances.[65]

Impact and parodies

[edit]

The US TV comedy seriesSaturday Night Liveparodied Auto-Tune using the fictional white rapperBlizzard Man,who sang in a sketch: "Robot voice, robot voice! All the kids love the robot voice!"[66][67]

Satirist"Weird Al" Yankovicpoked fun at the overuse of Auto-Tune, while commenting that it seemed here to stay, in a YouTube video commented on by various publications such asWired.[68]

Starting in 2009, the use of Auto-Tune to create melodies from the audio in video newscasts was popularized by Brooklyn musician Michael Gregory, and later by the bandthe Gregory Brothersin their seriesSongify the News.The Gregory Brothers digitally manipulated the recorded voices of politicians, news anchors, and political pundits to conform to a melody, making the figures appear to sing.[69][70]The group achieved mainstream success with their "Bed Intruder Song"video, which became the most-watchedYouTubevideo of 2010.[71]

The Simpsonsseason 12 episode 14, "New Kids on the Blecch",satirizes the use of Auto-Tune. In 2014, during season 18 of the animated showSouth Park,the characterRandy Marshuses Auto-Tune software to make the singing voice ofLorde.In episode 3, "The Cissy",Randy shows his son Stan how he does it on his computer.[72]

See also

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References

[edit]
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