Automotive industry
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Theautomotive industrycomprises a wide range ofcompaniesandorganizationsinvolved in thedesign,development,manufacturing,marketing,selling,repairing,andmodificationofmotor vehicles.[1]It is one of the world's largestindustriesbyrevenue(from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries like Slovakia).[2][failed verification]
The wordautomotivecomes from theGreekautos(self), andLatinmotivus(ofmotion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed byElmer Sperry[3][need quotation to verify](1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.[4]
History
[edit]![]() | This section needs to beupdated.(January 2024) |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Thomas_B_Jeffery_Works_Drawing.jpg/220px-Thomas_B_Jeffery_Works_Drawing.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Workers_in_Fiat_factories%2C_Turin.jpg/220px-Workers_in_Fiat_factories%2C_Turin.jpg)
The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering thehorseless carriage.Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.[5]
For many decades, theUnited Statesled the world in total automobile production, with the U.S.Big ThreeGeneral Motors,Ford Motor Company,andChryslerbeing the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before theGreat Depression,the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[6]After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken byJapanand then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 alsoChina,which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[7]
Safety
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/IIHS_Hyundai_Tucson_crash_test.jpg/220px-IIHS_Hyundai_Tucson_crash_test.jpg)
Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, ormanufacturersdo not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.
Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated.Automobilesand othermotor vehicleshave to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standardISO 26262,is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotivefunctional safety.[8]
In case of safety issues, danger,product defect,or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is calledproduct recall.Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.
Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of thevalue chainare made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.
Economy
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vintage_Pontiac_Promotion.svg/220px-Vintage_Pontiac_Promotion.svg.png)
In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) ofgasolineanddiesel fuelyearly.[9]The automobile is a primary mode oftransportationfor many developed economies. The Detroit branch ofBoston Consulting Grouppredicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the fourBRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[10]It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.[11]Other potentially powerful automotive markets areIranandIndonesia.[12] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets.
According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the globallight-vehiclesales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[13][14]However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[10]In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[15]
In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55"legislation package,[16]which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must bezero-emission vehiclesfrom 2035.[17]
The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers includingGM,Ford,Volvo,BYD Auto,Jaguar Land RoverandMercedes-Benzcommitted to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[18][19]Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well asVolkswagen,Toyota,Peugeot,Honda,NissanandHyundai,did not pledge.[20]
Environmental impacts
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The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.[23]
In 2022, Tesla'sGigafactory Berlin-Brandenburgran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.[24]
World motor vehicle production
[edit]1960s:Post-war increase
1970s:Oilcrisis and tighter safety and emission regulation
1990s:Production started inNICs.
2000s:Rise of China as a top producer
Automotive industry crisis of 2008–20101950s:United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.
1960s:Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.
1990s:South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.
2000s:China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.
2010s:India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.
2013:The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.
2018:India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_motor_production_%281997-2016%29.png/707px-World_motor_production_%281997-2016%29.png)
By year
[edit]Year | Production | Change | Source |
---|---|---|---|
1997 | 54,434,000 | — | [27] |
1998 | 52,987,000 | ![]() |
[27] |
1999 | 56,258,892 | ![]() |
[28] |
2000 | 58,374,162 | ![]() |
[29] |
2001 | 56,304,925 | ![]() |
[30] |
2002 | 58,994,318 | ![]() |
[31] |
2003 | 60,663,225 | ![]() |
[32] |
2004 | 64,496,220 | ![]() |
[33] |
2005 | 66,482,439 | ![]() |
[34] |
2006 | 69,222,975 | ![]() |
[35] |
2007 | 73,266,061 | ![]() |
[36] |
2008 | 70,520,493 | ![]() |
[37] |
2009 | 61,791,868 | ![]() |
[38] |
2010 | 77,857,705 | ![]() |
[39] |
2011 | 79,989,155 | ![]() |
[40] |
2012 | 84,141,209 | ![]() |
[41] |
2013 | 87,300,115 | ![]() |
[42] |
2014 | 89,747,430 | ![]() |
[43] |
2015 | 90,086,346 | ![]() |
[44] |
2016 | 94,976,569 | ![]() |
[45] |
2017 | 97,302,534 | ![]() |
[46] |
2018 | 95,634,593 | ![]() |
[47] |
2019 | 91,786,861 | ![]() |
[48] |
2020 | 77,621,582 | ![]() |
[49] |
2021 | 80,145,988 | ![]() |
[50] |
2022 | 85,016,728 | ![]() |
[51] |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2014_Cars_Countries_Export_Treemap.png/300px-2014_Cars_Countries_Export_Treemap.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Global_imports_and_exports_of_cars.png/300px-Global_imports_and_exports_of_cars.png)
By country
[edit]TheOICAcounts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (boldfacedin the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).[53]
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Australia(main page)
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh(main page)
- Belarus(main page)
- Belgium
- Brazil (main page)
- Bulgaria (main page)
- Canada (main page)
- China(main page)
- Colombia
- Czech Republic(main page)
- Ecuador
- Egypt (main page)
- Finland
- France(main page)
- Ghana(main page)
- Germany(main page)
- Hungary(main page)
- India(main page)
- Indonesia(main page)
- Iran(main page)
- Italy(main page)
- Japan(main page)
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya(main page)
- Republic of Korea (South Korea)(main page)
- Malaysia(main page)
- Mexico(main page)
- Morocco(main page)
- Netherlands
- Pakistan (main page)
- Philippines(main page)
- Poland (main page)
- Portugal
- Romania(main page)
- Russia(main page)
- Serbia(main page)
- Slovakia(main page)
- Slovenia
- South Africa (main page)
- Spain (main page)
- Sweden(main page)
- Syria
- Thailand(main page)
- Tunisia
- Turkey(main page)
- Ukraine(main page)
- United Kingdom(main page)
- United States(main page)
- Uzbekistan(main page)
- Venezuela
- Vietnam(main page)
Country | Produced vehicles 2023[54] |
---|---|
China (plusTaiwan) |
30,160,966 (30,446,928) |
USA | 10,611,555 |
Japan | 8,997,440 |
India | 5,851,507 |
Republic of Korea | 4,243,597 |
Germany | 4,109,371 |
Mexico | 4,002,047 |
Spain | 2,451,221 |
Brazil | 2,324,838 |
Thailand | 1,841,663 |
Canada | 1,553,026 |
France | 1,505,076 |
Turkey | 1,468,393 |
Czechia | 1,404,501 |
Indonesia | 1,395,717 |
Slovakia | 1,080,000 |
U.K. | 1,025,474 |
By manufacturer
[edit]Top 10 (2016–2020)
[edit]These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,[55]of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions sinceFiat's 2013 acquisitionof theChryslerCorporation (although thePSA Grouphad been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales untilthe merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021;onlyRenaultwas degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by bothBMW(which became the 10th largest in 2021) andChang'an.[56]
Rank[a] | Group | Country | Produced vehicles (2017)[55] |
Sold vehicles (2018) |
Sold vehicles (2019)[57] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Toyota | Japan | 10,466,051 | 10,521,134 | 10,741,556 |
2 | Volkswagen Group | Germany | 10,382,334 | 10,831,232 | 10,975,352 |
3 | General Motors (exceptSAIC-GM-Wuling)[b] |
United States | 9,027,658 (6,856,880) |
8,787,233 | 7,724,163 |
4 | Hyundai | South Korea | 7,218,391 | 7,437,209 | 7,189,893 |
5 | Ford | United States | 6,386,818 | 5,734,217 | 5,385,972 |
6 | Nissan | Japan | 5,769,277 | 5,653,743 | 5,176,211 |
7 | Honda | Japan | 5,235,842 | 5,265,892 | 5,323,319 |
8 | Fiat-Chrysler (now part ofStellantis) |
Italy / United States |
4,600,847 | 4,841,366 | 4,612,673 |
9 | Renault | France | 4,153,589 | 3,883,987 | 3,749,815 |
10 | PSA Group (now part ofStellantis) |
France | 3,649,742 | 4,126,349 | 3,479,152 |
Top 20 (2012–2013)
[edit]These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (beforethe Fiat-Chrysler merger), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.
Rank[c] | Group | Country | Produced vehicles (2013)[58] |
Produced vehicles (2012)[59] |
Produced vehicles (2011)[60] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Toyota | Japan | 10,324,995 | 10,104,424 | 8,050,181 |
2 | General Motors | United States | 9,628,912 | 9,285,425 | 9,031,670 |
3 | Volkswagen Group | Germany | 9,379,229 | 9,254,742 | 8,525,573 |
4 | Hyundai | South Korea | 7,233,080 | 7,126,413 | 6,616,858 |
5 | Ford | United States | 6,077,126 | 5,595,483 | 5,516,931 |
6 | Nissan | Japan | 4,950,924 | 4,889,379 | 4,631,673 |
7 | Fiat/FCA | Italy | 4,681,704 | 4 498 722[d] | 2,336,954 |
8 | Honda | Japan | 4,298,390 | 4,110,857 | 2,909,016 |
9 | PSA Peugeot Citroën | France | 2,833,781 | 2,911,764 | 3,582,410 |
10 | Suzuki | Japan | 2,842,133 | 2,893,602 | 2,725,899 |
11 | Renault | France | 2,704,675 | 2,676,226 | 2,825,089 |
12 | Daimler | Germany | 1,781,507 | 2,195,152 | 2,137,067 |
Chrysler | United States | part ofFCA | part of FCA | 1,999,017 | |
13 | BMW | Germany | 2,006,366 | 2,065,477 | 1,738,160 |
14 | SAIC | China | 1,992,250 | 1,783,548 | 1,478,502 |
15 | Tata | India | 1,062,654 | 1,241,239 | 1,197,192 |
16 | Mazda | Japan | 1,264,173 | 1,189,283 | 1,165,591 |
17 | Dongfeng | China | 1,238,948 | 1,137,950 | 1,108,949 |
18 | Mitsubishi | Japan | 1,229,441 | 1,109,731 | 1,140,282 |
19 | Changan | China | 1,109,889 | 1,063,721 | 1,167,208 |
20 | Geely | China | 969,896 | 922,906 | 897,107 |
Notable company relationships
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Stake holding
[edit]It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]
- Daihatsuholds a 25% stake inPerodua.[61]
- Mercedes-Benz Groupformally held a 10.0% stake inKAMAZ.
- Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 30.01% stake inDaimler TruckandBAIC groupholds a 6.49% stake.
- Daimler Truck holds an 89.29% stake inMitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation.
- Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 3.1% in theRenault-Nissan Alliance,whileRenault-Nissan Allianceholds a 3.1% share in Mercedes-Benz Group.
- Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 12% stake inBAIC Group,whileBAIC Groupholds 5% stake in Mercedes-BenzGroup.[62]
- Dongfeng Motorholds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights inPSA Groupe.
- FAW Groupowns 49% ofHaima Automobile.
- FCAholds a 10% stake inFerrari.
- FCA holds a 67% stake inFiat Automobili Srbija.
- FCA holds 37.8% ofTofaşwith another 37.8% owned byKoç Holding.
- Fiat Automobili Srbijaowns a 54% stake inZastava Trucks.
- Fiat Industrialowns a 46% stake inZastava Trucks.
- Fu gian Motors Groupholds a 15% stake inKing Long.FMG, Beijing Automotive Group,China Motor,and Mercedes-Benz Group has a joint venture calledFu gian Benz.FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture calledSoueast,FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
- Geely Automobileholds a 23% stake inThe London Taxi Company.
- Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake inPROTON Holdingsand a 51% stake inLotus Cars.[63]
- Geely Holding Groupholds a 9.69% stake inMercedes-Benz Group.[64]
- Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights inVolvo.
- General Motorsholds a 93% stake inGM IndiaandSAIC Groupholds a 7% stake.
- General Motorsholds a 48.19% stake inGM Korea.
- General Motors holds a 20% stake inIndustries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
- Isuzuowns 10% ofIndustries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
- Marcopoloowns 19% ofNew Flyer Industries.
- Mitsubishi Groupholds 20% ofMitsubishi Motors.
- Nissanowns 34% ofMitsubishi Motorssince October 2016,[65]thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors.
- Nissan owns 43% ofNissan Shatai.
- Porsche Automobil Holding SEhas a 50.74% voting stake inVolkswagen Group.The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
- RenaultandNissan Motorshave an alliance (Renault-Nissan Alliance) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 43.4% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares.
- Renault holds a 25% stake inAvtoVAZ
- Renault holds an 80.1% stake inRenault Samsung.
- SAIPAholds a 51% stake inPars Khodro.
- Tata Motorsholds a 100% stake inJaguar Land Rover.
- Toyotaholds a 100% stake inDaihatsu.
- Toyota holds a 100% stake inHino.
- Toyota holds a 4.6% stake inIsuzu.
- Toyota holds a 5.05% stake inMazda,while Mazda holds 0.25% stake in Toyota.[66]
- Toyota holds a 16.7% stake inSubaru Corporation,parent company ofSubaru.
- Toyota holds a 4.94% stake inSuzuki,while Suzuki holds 0.2% stake in Toyota.[67]
- Volkswagen Groupholds a 99.55% stake in theAudi Group.
- Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake inScania(68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake inMAN SE(55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN, and its own truck division into one division.
- Paccarhas a 19% stake inTatra.
- ZAPholds a 51% stake inZhe gian g Jonway.
Joint ventures
[edit]China joint venture
[edit]- Beijing Automotive Grouphas a joint venture withMercedes-Benz Group AGcalledBeijing Benz,both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture calledBeijing Foton Daimler Automobile.
- Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture withHyundaicalledBeijing Hyundai,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- BMWandBrilliancehave a joint venture calledBMW Brilliance.BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
- Changan Automobilehas a joint venture withGroupe PSA(Changan PSA), and both hold a 50-50% stake.
- Changan Automobile has a joint venture withSuzuki(Changan Suzuki), and both hold a 50-50% stake.
- Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture withMazda(Changan Mazda).
- Changan Automobile andFordhave a 50-50% joint venture calledChangan Ford.
- Changan Automobile andJMCGhave a joint venture calledJiangling Motor Holding.
- Cheryhas a joint venture withJaguar Land RovercalledChery Jaguar Land Rover,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[68]
- Chery andIsrael Corporationhave a joint venture calledQoros,and both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- Dongfeng MotorandNissanhave a 50-50% joint venture calledDongfeng Motor Company.
- Mercedes-Benz GroupandBYD Autohave a joint venture calledDenza,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- Mercedes-Benz Group andGeely Holding Grouphave a joint venture calledsmart Automobile,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.[69]
- Dongfeng Motor andPSA Grouphave a 50-50% joint venture calledDongfeng Peugeot-Citroën.
- Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture withHondacalledDongfeng Honda.
- Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture withAB VolvocalledDongfeng Nissan-Diesel.
- Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture withRenaultnamedDongfeng RenaultinWuhan,which was founded in the end of 2013
- FAW GroupandGeneral Motorshas a 50-50 joint venture calledFAW-GM.
- FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture withVolkswagen GroupcalledFAW-Volkswagen.
- FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture withToyotacalledSichuan FAW Toyota Motorand both companies also have another joint venture calledRanz.
- General MotorsandSAIC Motor,both have two joint ventures inSAIC-GMandSAIC-GM-Wuling.
- Navistar InternationalandJAChas a joint venture calledAnhui Jianghuai Navistar.
Outside China
[edit]- FordandNavistar Internationalhave a 50-50 joint venture calledBlue Diamond Truck.
- Ford andSollers JSChave a 50-50 joint venture calledFord Sollers.
- Ford andKoç Holdinghave a 50-50 joint venture calledFord Otosan.
- Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture calledFord Lio Ho,Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
- General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture calledGM Uzbekistan,UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%.
- General Motors,AvtoVAZ,andEBRDhave a joint venture calledGM-AvtoVAZ,Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
- Hyundai Motor Companyand Kibar Holding has a joint venture calledHyundai Assan Otomotiv,Hyundaiowns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
- Isuzuand Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture calledAnadolu Isuzu.
- Isuzu andGeneral Motorshas a 50-50% joint venture calledIsuzu Truck South Africa.
- Isuzu,Sollers JSC,and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture calledSollers-Isuzu,Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
- Mahindra & MahindraandNavistar Internationalhave a joint venture calledMahindra Trucks and Buses Limited.Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
- MAN SEand UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture calledMAN Auto-Uzbekistan,UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%.
- PSAandToyotahave a 50-50% joint venture calledToyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech.
- PSA andCK Birla Group(AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd.
- Sollers JSCis involved in joint ventures withFord(Ford Sollers) andMazdato produce cars.
- Tata Motorsalso formed a joint venture in India withFiatand gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.
- Tata Motors andMarcopolohave a joint venture calledTata Marcopolo,where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
- Volvo GroupandEicher Motorshave a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.
See also
[edit]- 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
- Automotive industry by country
- Automotive industry in the United States
- Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
- Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States
- List of countries by motor vehicle production
- Automotive acronyms and abbreviations
- Motocycle
Notes
[edit]- ^As of 2017
- ^OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.
- ^As of 2012
- ^Fiat acquired Chrysler in 2012. However, Fiat and Chrysler was still listed separately by OICA in 2012, and combined first from 2013. Separately, the production by Fiat was 2,127,295 and by Chrysler 2,371,427.
References
[edit]- ^Automotive industryat theEncyclopædia Britannica
- ^"The 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard"(PDF).European Commission.Retrieved27 February2022.
- ^Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States(Eighth ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164.Retrieved25 March2014.
- ^"Automotive Industry".carbidebur.Retrieved26 November2023.
- ^Jarvis, Alice-Azania (24 September 2010)."The Timeline: Car manufacturing".The Independent.Retrieved19 April2024.
- ^"U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles".Popular Science.Vol. 115, no. 5. November 1929. p. 84.Retrieved6 August2013.
- ^Aichner, Thomas; Coletti, Paolo (2013)."Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization".Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice.15(1): 20–35.doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34.S2CID167801827.
- ^"ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262".International Organization for Standardization.Retrieved25 March2014.
- ^"Automobile Industry Introduction".Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 19 December 2010.Retrieved25 March2014.
- ^abKhor, Martin."Developing economies slowing down".twnside.org.sg.Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2012.Retrieved21 July2015.
- ^"2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study: Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe"(PDF).Deloittelcom. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 July 2015.Retrieved3 July2015.
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Further reading
[edit]- Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars."Solid State Technology64.2 (2021): 503–512.online
- Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" inEntrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability(Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.
- Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation."Business Strategy and the Environment29.2 (2020): 727–743online.
- Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN."International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management18.4 (2018): 345–370.
- Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy."Research in Transportation Economics84 (2020): 100849.online
- Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry."Brookings Papers on economic activity1987.3 (1987): 729–781.online
- Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." inNew Frontiers of the Automobile Industry(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.
- Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." inHandbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia(2020): 249–263.
- Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management20.2 (2020): 156–177.online
- Kawahara, Akira.The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
- Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry."RRC Working PaperSeries 15 (2009): 1–12.online
- Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea."Journal of technology management & innovation15.4 (2020): 71–80.online
- Link, Stefan J.Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order(2020)excerpt;influential overview
- Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors."IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021)online
- Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." inInnovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China(Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.
- Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition(FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021).online
- Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells.The new European automobile industry(Springer, 2016).
- Rubenstein, James M.The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis(Routledge, 2002).
- Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy."Journal of Convergence for Information Technology11.6 (2021): 40–48.online
- Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources."Energies14.1 (2021): 78+online
- Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." onIndustry and Business in Japan(Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.
- Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review."Materials Today: Proceedings(2021)online.
- Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context."Politics in Central Europe13.1 (2017): 69–89.online
- Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China."Computers & Industrial Engineering135 (2019): 211–226.online
External links
[edit]The dictionary definition ofautomotive industryat Wiktionary
Media related toAutomotive industryat Wikimedia Commons