Automotive industry

An automotiveassembly lineatOpel Manufacturing Polandin 2015

SEAT,Škoda,andVolkswagencars being transported by train inKutná Hora,Czech Republicin 2014

Theautomotive industrycomprises a wide range ofcompaniesandorganizationsinvolved in thedesign,development,manufacturing,marketing,selling,repairing,andmodificationofmotor vehicles.It is one of the world's largestindustriesbyrevenue(from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries such as Slovakia).

The wordautomotivecomes from theGreekautos(self), andLatinmotivus(ofmotion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed byElmer Sperry(1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.

History

Main article:History of the automobile

TheThomas B. Jeffery Companyautomobile factory inKenosha, Wisconsinaround 1916

Fiat 1800 and 2100sedans being assembled at aFiatfactory in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering thehorseless carriage.Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.

For many decades, theUnited Statesled the world in total automobile production, with the U.S.Big ThreeGeneral Motors,Ford Motor Company,andChryslerbeing the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before theGreat Depression,the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken byJapanand then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 alsoChina,which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.

Safety

Main article:Automobile safety

See also:2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls,General Motors ignition switch recalls,andFirestone and Ford tire controversy

A 2010Hyundai Tucsonused for acrash testby theNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, ormanufacturersdo not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated.Automobilesand othermotor vehicleshave to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standardISO 26262,is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotivefunctional safety.

In case of safety issues, danger,product defect,or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is calledproduct recall.Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of thevalue chainare made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

See also:Automotive industry by country

An advertisement for thePontiac 6,c. 1928

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m³) ofgasolineanddiesel fuelyearly.The automobile is a primary mode oftransportationfor many developed economies. The Detroit branch ofBoston Consulting Grouppredicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the fourBRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.Other potentially powerful automotive markets areIranandIndonesia. Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets.

According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the globallight-vehiclesales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.

In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55"legislation package,which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must bezero-emission vehiclesfrom 2035.

The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers includingGM,Ford,Volvo,BYD Auto,Jaguar Land RoverandMercedes-Benzcommitted to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well asVolkswagen,Toyota,Peugeot,Honda,NissanandHyundai,did not pledge.

Environmental impacts

Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.

The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.

In 2022, Tesla'sGigafactory Berlin-Brandenburgran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.

World motor vehicle production

World motor vehicle production

Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s:Post-war increase

1970s:Oilcrisis and tighter safety and emission regulation

1990s:Production started inNICs.

2000s:Rise of China as a top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010

To 1950:US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.

1950s:United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.

1960s:Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s:South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s:China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.

2010s:India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013:The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.

2018:India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.

World motor production (1997–2016)

By year

See also:List of countries by motor vehicle production

Year	Production	Change	Source
1997	54,434,000	—
1998	52,987,000	2.7%
1999	56,258,892	6.2%
2000	58,374,162	3.8%
2001	56,304,925	3.5%
2002	58,994,318	4.8%
2003	60,663,225	2.8%
2004	64,496,220	6.3%
2005	66,482,439	3.1%
2006	69,222,975	4.1%
2007	73,266,061	5.8%
2008	70,520,493	3.7%
2009	61,791,868	12.4%
2010	77,857,705	26.0%
2011	79,989,155	3.1%
2012	84,141,209	5.3%
2013	87,300,115	3.7%
2014	89,747,430	2.6%
2015	90,086,346	0.4%
2016	94,976,569	4.5%
2017	97,302,534	2.36%
2018	95,634,593	1.71%
2019	91,786,861	5.2%
2020	77,621,582	16%
2021	80,145,988	3.25%
2022	85,016,728	6.08%

Percentage of exported cars by country (2014)

Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

Main article:Automotive industry by country

TheOICAcounts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (boldfacedin the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).

• Algeria
• Argentina
• Australia(main page)
• Austria
• Azerbaijan
• Bangladesh(main page)
• Belarus(main page)
• Belgium
• Brazil (main page)
• Bulgaria (main page)
• Canada (main page)
• China(main page)
• Colombia
• Czech Republic(main page)
• Ecuador
• Egypt (main page)
• Finland
• France(main page)
• Ghana(main page)
• Germany(main page)
• Hungary(main page)
• India(main page)
• Indonesia(main page)
• Iran(main page)
• Italy(main page)
• Japan(main page)
• Jordan
• Kazakhstan
• Kenya(main page)
• Republic of Korea (South Korea)(main page)
• Malaysia(main page)
• Mexico(main page)
• Morocco(main page)
• Netherlands
• Pakistan (main page)
• Philippines(main page)
• Poland (main page)
• Portugal
• Romania(main page)
• Russia(main page)
• Serbia(main page)
• Slovakia(main page)
• Slovenia
• South Africa (main page)
• Spain (main page)
• Sweden(main page)
• Syria
• Thailand(main page)
• Tunisia
• Turkey(main page)
• Ukraine(main page)
• United Kingdom(main page)
• United States(main page)
• Uzbekistan(main page)
• Venezuela
• Vietnam(main page)

Country	Produced vehicles 2023
China (plusTaiwan)	30,160,966 (30,446,928)
USA	10,611,555
Japan	8,997,440
India	5,851,507
Republic of Korea	4,243,597
Germany	4,109,371
Mexico	4,002,047
Spain	2,451,221
Brazil	2,324,838
Thailand	1,841,663
Canada	1,553,026
France	1,505,076
Turkey	1,468,393
Czechia	1,404,501
Indonesia	1,395,717
Slovakia	1,080,000
U.K.	1,025,474

By manufacturer

Main article:List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production

See also:List of car brands

Top 10 (2016–2020)

These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions sinceFiat's 2013 acquisitionof theChryslerCorporation (although thePSA Grouphad been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales untilthe merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021;onlyRenaultwas degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by bothBMW(which became the 10th largest in 2021) andChang'an.

Rank	Group	Country	Produced vehicles (2017)	Sold vehicles (2018)	Sold vehicles (2019)
1	Toyota	Japan	10,466,051	10,521,134	10,741,556
2	Volkswagen Group	Germany	10,382,334	10,831,232	10,975,352
3	General Motors (exceptSAIC-GM-Wuling)	United States	9,027,658 (6,856,880)	8,787,233	7,724,163
4	Hyundai	South Korea	7,218,391	7,437,209	7,189,893
5	Ford	United States	6,386,818	5,734,217	5,385,972
6	Nissan	Japan	5,769,277	5,653,743	5,176,211
7	Honda	Japan	5,235,842	5,265,892	5,323,319
8	Fiat-Chrysler (now part ofStellantis)	Italy / United States	4,600,847	4,841,366	4,612,673
9	Renault	France	4,153,589	3,883,987	3,749,815
10	PSA Group (now part ofStellantis)	France	3,649,742	4,126,349	3,479,152

Top 20 (2012–2013)

These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (beforethe Fiat-Chrysler merger), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.

Rank	Group	Country	Produced vehicles (2013)	Produced vehicles (2012)	Produced vehicles (2011)
1	Toyota	Japan	10,324,995	10,104,424	8,050,181
2	General Motors	United States	9,628,912	9,285,425	9,031,670
3	Volkswagen Group	Germany	9,379,229	9,254,742	8,525,573
4	Hyundai	South Korea	7,233,080	7,126,413	6,616,858
5	Ford	United States	6,077,126	5,595,483	5,516,931
6	Nissan	Japan	4,950,924	4,889,379	4,631,673
7	Fiat/FCA	Italy	4,681,704	4 498 722	2,336,954
8	Honda	Japan	4,298,390	4,110,857	2,909,016
9	PSA Peugeot Citroën	France	2,833,781	2,911,764	3,582,410
10	Suzuki	Japan	2,842,133	2,893,602	2,725,899
11	Renault	France	2,704,675	2,676,226	2,825,089
12	Daimler	Germany	1,781,507	2,195,152	2,137,067
	Chrysler	United States	part ofFCA	part of FCA	1,999,017
13	BMW	Germany	2,006,366	2,065,477	1,738,160
14	SAIC	China	1,992,250	1,783,548	1,478,502
15	Tata	India	1,062,654	1,241,239	1,197,192
16	Mazda	Japan	1,264,173	1,189,283	1,165,591
17	Dongfeng	China	1,238,948	1,137,950	1,108,949
18	Mitsubishi	Japan	1,229,441	1,109,731	1,140,282
19	Changan	China	1,109,889	1,063,721	1,167,208
20	Geely	China	969,896	922,906	897,107

Notable company relationships

Stake holding

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

• Daihatsuholds a 25% stake inPerodua.
• Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 30.01% stake inDaimler TruckandBAIC Groupholds a 6.49% stake.
• Daimler Truck holds an 89.29% stake inFuso.
• Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 3.1% stake in theRenault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance,while Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance holds a 3.1% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group.
• Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 12% stake inBAIC Group,while BAIC Group holds 5% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group.
• Dongfeng Motorholds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights inPSA Group.
• FAW Groupholds a 49% stake ofHaima Automobile.
• FCAholds a 10% stake inFerrari.
• FCA holds a 67% stake inFiat Automobili Srbija.
• FCA holds a 37.8% stake inTofaşwith another 37.8% stake hold byKoç Holding.
• Fiat Automobili Srbijaholds a 54% stake inZastava Trucks.
• Fiat Industrialholds a 46% stake inZastava Trucks.
• Fu gian Motors Groupholds a 15% stake inKing Long.FMG, Beijing Automotive Group,China Motor,and Mercedes-Benz Group has a joint venture calledFu gian Benz.FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture calledSoueast,FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
• Geely Automobileholds a 23% stake inLondon EV Company.
• Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake inProton Holdingsand a 51% stake inLotus Cars.
• Geely Holding Groupholds a 9.69% stake inMercedes-Benz Group.
• Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights inVolvo.
• General Motorsholds a 93% stake inGM IndiaandSAIC Motorholds a 7% stake.
• General Motorsholds a 48.19% stake inGM Korea.
• General Motors holds a 20% stake inIndustries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
• Isuzuholds a 10% stake inIndustries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
• Marcopoloholds a 19% stake inNew Flyer Industries.
• Mitsubishiholds a 20% stake inMitsubishi Motors.
• Nissanholds a 34% stake inMitsubishi Motorssince October 2016,thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors.
• Nissan holds a 43% stake inNissan Shatai.
• Porscheholds a 50.74% voting stake inVolkswagen Group.The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
• RenaultandNissanhave an alliance (Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding a 43.4% stake in Nissan shares, and Nissan holding a 15% stake of (non-voting) Renault shares.
• Renault holds a 25% stake inAvtoVAZ.
• Renault holds an 52.8% stake inRenault Korea.
• SAIPAholds a 51% stake inPars Khodro.
• Tata Motorsholds a 100% stake inJaguar Land Rover.
• Toyotaholds a 100% stake inDaihatsu.
• Toyota holds a 100% stake inHino.
• Toyota holds a 4.6% stake inIsuzu.
• Toyota holds a 5.05% stake inMazda,while Mazda holds a 0.25% stake in Toyota.
• Toyota holds a 16.7% stake inSubaru Corporation,parent company ofSubaru.
• Toyota holds a 4.94% stake inSuzuki,while Suzuki holds a 0.2% stake in Toyota.
• Volkswagen Groupholds a 99.55% stake in theAudi Group.
• Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake inScania(68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake inMAN SE(55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN, and its own truck division into one division.
• Paccarholds a 19% stake inTatra.
• ZAPholds a 51% stake inZhe gian g Jonway.

Joint ventures

China joint venture

• Beijing Automotive Grouphas a joint venture withMercedes-Benz GroupcalledBeijing Benz,both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture calledBeijing Foton Daimler Automobile.
• Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture withHyundaicalledBeijing Hyundai,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• BMWandBrilliancehave a joint venture calledBMW Brilliance.BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
• Changan Automobilehas a joint venture withPSA Group(Changan PSA), and both hold a 50-50% stake.
• Changan Automobile has a joint venture withSuzuki(Changan Suzuki), and both hold a 50-50% stake.
• Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture withMazda(Changan Mazda).
• Changan Automobile andFordhave a 50-50% joint venture calledChangan Ford.
• Changan Automobile andJMCGhave a joint venture calledJiangling Motor Holding.
• Cheryhas a joint venture withJaguar Land RovercalledChery Jaguar Land Rover,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Chery andIsrael Corporationhave a joint venture calledQoros,and both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Dongfeng Motor CorporationandNissanhave a 50-50% joint venture calledDongfeng Motor Company.
• Mercedes-Benz GroupandBYD Autohave a joint venture calledDenza,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Mercedes-Benz Group andGeely Holding Grouphave a joint venture calledsmart Automobile,both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Dongfeng Motor andPSA Grouphave a 50-50% joint venture calledDongfeng Peugeot-Citroën.
• Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture withHondacalledDongfeng Honda.
• Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture withAB VolvocalledDongfeng Nissan-Diesel.
• Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture withRenaultnamedDongfeng RenaultinWuhan,which was founded in the end of 2013
• FAW GroupandGeneral Motorshas a 50-50 joint venture calledFAW-GM.
• FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture withVolkswagen GroupcalledFAW-Volkswagen.
• FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture withToyotacalledSichuan FAW Toyota Motorand both companies also have another joint venture calledRanz.
• General MotorsandSAIC Motor,both have two joint ventures inSAIC-GMandSAIC-GM-Wuling.
• Navistar InternationalandJAChas a joint venture calledAnhui Jianghuai Navistar.

Outside China

• FordandInternational Motorshave a 50-50 joint venture calledBlue Diamond Truck.
• Ford andSollers JSChave a 50-50 joint venture calledFord Sollers.
• Ford andKoç Holdinghave a 50-50 joint venture calledFord Otosan.
• Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture calledFord Lio Ho,Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
• General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture calledGM Uzbekistan,UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%.
• General Motors,AvtoVAZ,andEBRDhave a joint venture calledGM-AvtoVAZ,Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
• Hyundai Motor Companyand Kibar Holding has a joint venture calledHyundai Assan Otomotiv,Hyundaiowns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
• Isuzuand Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture calledAnadolu Isuzu.
• Isuzu andGeneral Motorshas a 50-50% joint venture calledIsuzu Truck South Africa.
• Isuzu,Sollers JSC,and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture calledSollers-Isuzu,Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
• Mahindra & MahindraandInternational Motorshave a joint venture calledMahindra Trucks and Buses Limited.Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and International Motors owns 49%.
• MAN SEand UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture calledMAN Auto-Uzbekistan,UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%.
• PSAandToyotahave a 50-50% joint venture calledToyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech.
• PSA andCK Birla Group(AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd.
• Sollers JSCis involved in joint ventures withFord(Ford Sollers) andMazdato produce cars.
• Tata Motorsalso formed a joint venture in India withFiatand gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.
• Tata Motors andMarcopolohave a joint venture calledTata Marcopolo,where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
• VolvoandEicher Motorshave a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.

See also

• 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis
• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• Automotive industry by country
• Automotive industry in the United States
• Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
• Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States
• List of countries by motor vehicle production
• Automotive acronyms and abbreviations
• Motocycle

Further reading

• Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars."Solid State Technology64.2 (2021): 503–512.online
• Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" inEntrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability(Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.
• Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation."Business Strategy and the Environment29.2 (2020): 727–743online.
• Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN."International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management18.4 (2018): 345–370.
• Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy."Research in Transportation Economics84 (2020): 100849.online
• Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry."Brookings Papers on economic activity1987.3 (1987): 729–781.online
• Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." inNew Frontiers of the Automobile Industry(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.
• Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." inHandbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia(2020): 249–263.
• Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management20.2 (2020): 156–177.online
• Kawahara, Akira.The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
• Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry."RRC Working PaperSeries 15 (2009): 1–12.online
• Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea."Journal of technology management & innovation15.4 (2020): 71–80.online
• Link, Stefan J.Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order(2020)excerpt;influential overview
• Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors."IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021)online
• Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." inInnovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China(Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.
• Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition(FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021).online
• Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells.The new European automobile industry(Springer, 2016).
• Rubenstein, James M.The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis(Routledge, 2002).
• Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy."Journal of Convergence for Information Technology11.6 (2021): 40–48.online
• Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources."Energies14.1 (2021): 78+online
• Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." onIndustry and Business in Japan(Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.
• Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review."Materials Today: Proceedings(2021)online.
• Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context."Politics in Central Europe13.1 (2017): 69–89.online
• Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China."Computers & Industrial Engineering135 (2019): 211–226.online

External links

• The dictionary definition ofautomotive industryat Wiktionary
• Media related toAutomotive industryat Wikimedia Commons