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Automotive electronics

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Automotive electronicsareelectronic systemsused invehicles,includingenginemanagement,ignition,radio,carputers,telematics,in-car entertainment systems,and others. Ignition, engine and transmission electronics are also found intrucks,motorcycles,off-road vehicles,and otherinternal combustionpowered machinery such asforklifts,tractorsandexcavators.Related elements for control of relevant electrical systems are also found onhybrid vehiclesandelectric cars.

Electronic systems have become an increasingly large component of the cost of an automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to around 30% in 2010.[1]Modernelectric carsrely onpower electronicsfor the main propulsion motor control, as well as managing thebattery system.Futureautonomous carswill rely on powerful computer systems, an array of sensors, networking, and satellite navigation, all of which will require electronics.

History[edit]

The earliest electronic systems available as factory installations werevacuum tubecar radios,starting in the early 1930s. The development ofsemiconductorsafterWorld War IIgreatly expanded the use ofelectronicsin automobiles, withsolid-statediodesmaking the automotivealternatorthe standard after about 1960, and the firsttransistorizedignition systemsappearing in 1963.[2]

The emergence ofmetal–oxide–semiconductor(MOS) technology led to the development of modern automotive electronics.[3]TheMOSFET(MOS field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), invented byMohamed M. AtallaandDawon KahngatBell Labsin 1959,[4][5]led to the development of thepower MOSFETbyHitachiin 1969,[6]and thesingle-chipmicroprocessorbyFederico Faggin,Marcian Hoff,Masatoshi ShimaandStanley MazoratIntelin 1971.[7]

The development ofMOS integrated circuit(MOS IC) chips and microprocessors made a range of automotive applications economically feasible in the 1970s. In 1971,Fairchild SemiconductorandRCA Laboratoriesproposed the use of MOSlarge-scale integration(LSI) chips for a wide range of automotive electronic applications, including atransmission control unit(TCU),adaptive cruise control(ACC),alternators,automatic headlight dimmers,electric fuel pumps,electronic fuel-injection,electronic ignitioncontrol, electronictachometers,sequential turn signals,speed indicators,tire-pressure monitors,voltage regulators,windshield wipercontrol,Electronic Skid Prevention(ESP), andheating, ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC).[8]

In the early 1970s, theJapanese electronics industrybegan producing integrated circuits andmicrocontrollersfor theJapanese automobile industry,used for in-car entertainment, automatic wipers, electronic locks, dashboard, and engine control.[9]TheFord EEC(Electronic Engine Control) system, which utilized theToshibaTLCS-12PMOSmicroprocessor, went into mass production in 1975.[10][11]In 1978, theCadillac Sevillefeatured a "trip computer" based on a6802microprocessor. Electronically-controlled ignition and fuel injection systems allowed automotive designers to achieve vehicles meeting requirements for fuel economy and lower emissions, while still maintaining high levels of performance and convenience for drivers. Today's automobiles contain a dozen or more processors, in functions such as engine management, transmission control, climate control, antilock braking, passive safety systems, navigation, and other functions.[12]

The power MOSFET and themicrocontroller,a type of single-chip microprocessor, led to significant advances inelectric vehicletechnology. MOSFETpower convertersallowed operation at much higher switching frequencies, made it easier to drive, reduced power losses, and significantly reduced prices, while single-chip microcontrollers could manage all aspects of the drive control and had the capacity forbattery management.[3]MOSFETs are used invehicles[13]such asautomobiles,[14]cars,[15]trucks,[14]electric vehicles,[3]andsmart cars.[16]MOSFETs are used for theelectronic control unit(ECU),[17]while the power MOSFET andIGBTare used as the loaddriversfor automotiveloadssuch asmotors,solenoids,ignition coils,relays,heatersandlamps.[13]In 2000, the average mid-rangepassenger vehiclehad an estimated $100–200 ofpower semiconductorcontent, increasing by a potential 3–5 times for electric andhybrid vehicles.As of 2017,the average vehicle has over 50actuators,typically controlled by power MOSFETs or otherpower semiconductor devices.[13]

Another important technology that enabled modern highway-capableelectric carsis thelithium-ion battery.[18]It was invented byJohn Goodenough,Rachid YazamiandAkira Yoshinoin the 1980s,[19]and commercialized bySonyandAsahi Kaseiin 1991.[20]The lithium-ion battery was responsible for the development of electric vehicles capable of long-distance travel, by the 2000s.[18]

Types[edit]

Automotive electronics or automotive embedded systems are distributed systems, and according to different domains in the automotive field, they can be classified into:

  1. Engine electronics
  2. Transmission electronics
  3. Chassis electronics
  4. Passive safety
  5. Driver assistance
  6. Passenger comfort
  7. Entertainment systems
  8. Electronic integrated cockpit systems

On average, a 2020s car has 50–150chips,according to Chris Isidore of CNN Business.[21]

Engine electronics[edit]

One of the most demanding electronic parts of an automobile is theengine control unit(ECU). Engine controls demand one of the highest real-time deadlines, as the engine itself is a very fast and complex part of the automobile. Of all the electronics in any car, the computing power of the engine control unit is the highest, typically a 32-bit processor.[citation needed]

A modern car may have up to 100 ECU's and a commercial vehicle up to 40.[citation needed]

An engine ECU controls such functions as:

In adiesel engine:

In a gasoline engine:

  • Lambdacontrol
  • OBD (On-Board Diagnostics)
  • Cooling system control
  • Ignition system control
  • Lubricationsystem control (only a few have electronic control)
  • Fuel injection rate control
  • Throttle control

Many more engine parameters are actively monitored and controlled in real-time. There are about 20 to 50 that measure pressure, temperature, flow, engine speed, oxygen level andNOxlevel plus other parameters at different points within the engine. All these sensor signals are sent to the ECU, which has the logic circuits to do the actual controlling. The ECU output is connected to differentactuatorsfor the throttle valve, EGR valve, rack (inVGTs), fuel injector (using apulse-width modulatedsignal), dosing injector and more. There are about 20 to 30 actuators in all.

Transmission electronics[edit]

These control the transmission system, mainly the shifting of the gears for better shift comfort and to lower torque interrupt while shifting.Automatic transmissionsuse controls for their operation, and also many semi-automatic transmissions having a fully automatic clutch or a semi-auto clutch (declutching only). The engine control unit and the transmission control exchange messages, sensor signals and control signals for their operation.

Chassis electronics[edit]

The chassis system has a lot of sub-systems which monitor various parameters and are actively controlled:

Passive safety[edit]

Main article:Passive safety

These systems are always ready to act when there is acollisionin progress or to prevent it when it senses a dangerous situation:

Driver assistance[edit]

Main article:Advanced driver-assistance systems

Passenger comfort[edit]

  • Automatic climate control
  • Electronic seat adjustment with memory
  • Automatic wipers
  • Automatic headlamps - adjusts beam automatically
  • Automatic cooling - temperature adjustment

Entertainment systems[edit]

All of the above systems form an infotainment system. Developmental methods for these systems vary according to each manufacturer. Different tools are used for both hardware andsoftwaredevelopment.

Electronic integrated cockpit systems[edit]

These are new generation hybrid ECUs that combine the functionalities of multiple ECUs of Infotainment Head Unit, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Instrument Cluster, Rear Camera/Parking Assist, Surround View Systems etc. This saves on the cost of electronics as well as mechanical/physical parts like interconnects across ECUs etc. There is also a more centralized control so data can be seamlessly exchanged between the systems.

There are of course challenges too. Given the complexity of this hybrid system, a lot more rigor is needed to validate the system for robustness, safety and security. For example, if the infotainment system's application which could be running an open-source Android OS is breached, there could bepossibility of hackers to take control of the car remotelyand potentially misuse it for anti-social activities. Typically so, usage of a hardware+software enabled hypervisors are used to virtualize and create separate trust and safety zones that are immune to each other's failures or breaches. Lot of work is happening in this area and potentially will have such systems soon if not already.

Functional safety requirements[edit]

In order to minimize the risk of dangerous failures, safety-related electronic systems have to be developed following the applicable product liability requirements. Disregard for, or inadequate application of these standards can lead to not only personal injuries, but also severe legal and economic consequences such as product cancellations orrecalls.

TheIEC 61508standard, generally applicable to electrical/electronic/programmable safety-related products, is only partially adequate for automotive-development requirements. Consequently, for the automotive industry, this standard is replaced by the existingISO 26262,currently released as a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS). ISO/DIS 26262 describes the entireproduct life-cycleof safety-related electrical/electronic systems for road vehicles. It has been published as an international standard in its final version in November 2011. The implementation of this new standard will result in modifications and various innovations in the automobile electronics development process, as it covers the complete product life-cycle from theconcept phaseuntil its decommissioning.

Security[edit]

See also:Automotive security

As more functions of the automobile are connected to short- or long-range networks,cybersecurityof systems against unauthorized modification is required. With critical systems such as engine controls, transmission, airbags, and braking connected to internal diagnostic networks, remote access could result in a malicious intruder altering the function of systems or disabling them, possibly causing injuries or fatalities. Every new interface presents a new "attack surface".The same facility that allows the owner to unlock and start a car from a smartphone app also presents risks due to remote access. Auto manufacturers may protect the memory of various control microprocessors both to secure them from unauthorized changes and also to ensure only manufacturer-authorized facilities can diagnose or repair the vehicle. Systems such askeyless entryrely on cryptographic techniques to ensure "replay"or"man-in-the-middle attacks"attacks cannot record sequences to allow later break-in to the automobile.[22]

In 2015 theGerman general automobile clubcommissioned an investigation of the vulnerabilities of one manufacturer's electronics system, which could have led to such exploits as unauthorized remote unlocking of the vehicle.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^https:// statista /statistics/277931/automotive-electronics-cost-as-a-share-of-total-car-cost-worldwide/Automotive electronics cost as a share of total car cost, retrieved July 11, 2017
  2. ^VinceC (2019-05-07)."Automotive History: Electronic Ignition – Losing the Points, Part 1".Curbside Classic.Retrieved2022-10-03.
  3. ^abcGosden, D.F. (March 1990)."Modern Electric Vehicle Technology using an AC Motor Drive".Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.10(1).Institution of Engineers Australia:21–7.ISSN0725-2986.
  4. ^"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated".The Silicon Engine.Computer History Museum.
  5. ^"Who Invented the Transistor?".Computer History Museum.4 December 2013.Retrieved20 July2019.
  6. ^Oxner, E. S. (1988).Fet Technology and Application.CRC Press.p. 18.ISBN9780824780500.
  7. ^"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip".The Silicon Engine.Computer History Museum.Retrieved22 July2019.
  8. ^Benrey, Ronald M. (October 1971)."Microelectronics in the '70s".Popular Science.199(4).Bonnier Corporation:83–5, 150–2.ISSN0161-7370.
  9. ^"Trends in the Semiconductor Industry: 1970s".Semiconductor History Museum of Japan.Archived fromthe originalon 27 June 2019.Retrieved27 June2019.
  10. ^"1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)"(PDF).Semiconductor History Museum of Japan.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 June 2019.Retrieved27 June2019.
  11. ^Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1978).Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 10 - Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification.CRC Press.p. 402.ISBN9780824722609.
  12. ^http:// embedded /electronics-blogs/significant-bits/4024611/Motoring-with-microprocessorsMotoring with microprocessors, retrieved July 11, 2017
  13. ^abcEmadi, Ali (2017).Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives.CRC Press.p. 117.ISBN9781420028157.
  14. ^ab"Design News".Design News.27(1–8). Cahners Publishing Company: 275. 1972.Today, under contracts with some 20 major companies, we're working on nearly 30 product programs—applications of MOS/LSI technology for automobiles, trucks, appliances, business machines, musical instruments, computer peripherals, cash registers, calculators, data transmission and telecommunication equipment.
  15. ^"NIHF Inductee Bantval Jayant Baliga Invented IGBT Technology".National Inventors Hall of Fame.Retrieved17 August2019.
  16. ^"MDmesh: 20 Years of Superjunction STPOWER™ MOSFETs, A Story About Innovation".ST Microelectronics.11 September 2019.Retrieved2 November2019.
  17. ^"Automotive Power MOSFETs"(PDF).Fuji Electric.Retrieved10 August2019.
  18. ^abScrosati, Bruno; Garche, Jurgen; Tillmetz, Werner (2015).Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles.Woodhead Publishing.ISBN9781782423980.
  19. ^"IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipients".IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Retrieved29 July2019.
  20. ^"Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices – keyword 1991".Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.
  21. ^Chris Isidore (22 Mar 2021) Computer chip shortage starting to hit automakers where it hurts
  22. ^https:// eetimes /document.asp?doc_id=1279038Tech Trends:Security concerns for next-generation automotive electronics,retrieved November 11, 2017
  23. ^Auto, öffne dich! Sicherheitslücken bei BMWs ConnectedDriveArchived2020-11-23 at theWayback Machine,c't, 2015-02-05.

Further reading[edit]

  • William B. Ribbens and Norman P. Mansour (2003).Understanding automotive electronics(6th ed.). Newnes.ISBN9780750675994.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_electronics&oldid=1227858417"