Jump to content

Rockwell B-1 Lancer

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromB-1R)

B-1 Lancer
Top view of B-1B in-flight with white clouds scattered underneath. Its wings are swept fully forward.
A B-1B flying with 20―degree wing sweep
Role Supersonicstrategicheavy bomber
National origin United States
Manufacturer Original:North American Rockwell/Rockwell International
Current contractor:Boeing[1]
First flight 23 December 1974;49 years ago(1974-12-23)
Introduction 1 October 1986
Status In service
Primary user United States Air Force
Produced 1973–1974, 1983–1988
Number built 104[a]

TheRockwell B-1 Lancer[b]is a supersonicvariable-sweep wing,heavy bomberused by theUnited States Air Force.It has been nicknamed the "Bone" (from "B-One" ).[2][3]It is one of the Air Force's threestrategic bombers,along with theB-2 Spiritand theB-52 Stratofortress,as of 2024.Its 75,000-pound (34,000 kg) payload is the heaviest of any U.S. bomber.[4]

The B-1 was first envisioned in the 1960s as a bomber that would combine the Mach 2 speed of theB-58 Hustlerwith the range and payload of the B-52, ultimately replacing both. After a long series of studies,North American Rockwell(subsequently renamedRockwell International,B-1 division later acquired byBoeing) won the design contest for what emerged as the B-1A. Prototypes of this version could flyMach2.2 at high altitude and long distances at Mach 0.85 at very low altitudes. The program was canceled in 1977 due to its high cost, the introduction of theAGM-86cruise missilethat flew the same basic speed and distance, and early work on the B-2 stealth bomber.

The program was restarted in 1981, largely as an interim measure due to delays in theB-2 stealth bomberprogram. The B-1A design was altered, reducing top speed to Mach 1.25 at highaltitude,increasing low-altitude speed to Mach 0.96, extensively improving electronic components, and upgrading the airframe to carry more fuel and weapons. Dubbed the B-1B, deliveries of the new variant began in 1985; the plane formally entered service withStrategic Air Command(SAC) as a nuclear bomber the following year. By 1988, all 100 aircraft had been delivered.

With the disestablishment of SAC and its reassignment to theAir Combat Commandin 1992, the B-1B's nuclear capabilities were disabled and it was outfitted for conventional bombing. It first served in combat duringOperation Desert Foxin 1998 and again during theNATO action in Kosovothe following year. The B-1B has supported U.S. andNATOmilitary forces inAfghanistanandIraq.As of 2021 the Air Force has 45 B-1Bs.[5]TheNorthrop Grumman B-21 Raideris to begin replacing the B-1B after 2025; all B-1s are planned to be retired by 2036.[6]

Development

[edit]

Background

[edit]
Main article:North American XB-70 Valkyrie

In 1955, the USAF issued requirements for a new bomber combining the payload and range of theBoeing B-52 Stratofortresswith the Mach 2 maximum speed of theConvair B-58 Hustler.[7]In December 1957, the USAF selectedNorth American Aviation'sB-70 Valkyriefor this role, a six-engine bomber that could cruise atMach3 at high altitude (70,000 ft or 21,000 m).[8][9]Soviet Unioninterceptor aircraft,the only effective anti-bomber weapon in the 1950s,[10]were already unable to intercept the high-flyingLockheed U-2;[11]the Valkyrie would fly at similar altitudes, but much higher speeds, and was expected to fly right by the fighters.[10]

The XB-70 Valkyrie was chosen in 1957 to replace theHustler,but suffered as a result of a switch in doctrine from high to low-altitude flying profiles

By the late 1950s, however, anti-aircraftsurface-to-air missiles(SAMs) could threaten high-altitude aircraft,[12]as demonstrated by the1960 downingofGary Powers' U-2.[13]The USAFStrategic Air Command(SAC) was aware of these developments and had begun moving its bombers to low-level penetration even before the U-2 incident. This tactic greatly reduces radar detection distances through the use ofterrain masking;using features of the terrain like hills and valleys, the line-of-sight from the radar to the bomber can be broken, rendering the radar (and human observers) incapable of seeing it.[14]Additionally, radars of the era were subject to "clutter"from stray returns from the ground and other objects, which meant a minimum angle existed above the horizon where they could detect a target. Bombers flying at low altitudes could remain under these angles simply by keeping their distance from the radar sites. This combination of effects made SAMs of the era ineffective against low-flying aircraft.[14][15]The same effects also meant that low-flying aircraft were difficult to detect by higher-flying interceptors, since their radar systems could not readily pick out aircraft against the clutter from ground reflections (lack oflook-down/shoot-downcapability).

The switch from high-altitude to low-altitude flight profiles severely affected the B-70, the design of which was tuned for high-altitude performance. Higheraerodynamic dragat low level limited the B-70 to subsonic speed while dramatically decreasing its range.[12]The result would be an aircraft with somewhat higher subsonic speed than the B-52, but less range. Because of this, and a growing shift to theintercontinental ballistic missile(ICBM) force, the B-70 bomber program was cancelled in 1961 by PresidentJohn F. Kennedy,[10][16]and the two XB-70 prototypes were used in a supersonic research program.[17]

Although never intended for the low-level role, the B-52's flexibility allowed it to outlast its intended successor as the nature of the air war environment changed. The B-52's huge fuel load allowed it to operate at lower altitudes for longer times, and the large airframe allowed the addition of improvedradar jamming and deceptionsuites to deal with radars.[18]During theVietnam War,the concept that all future wars would be nuclear was turned on its head, and the "big belly" modifications increased the B-52's total bomb load to 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg),[19]turning it into a powerful tactical aircraft which could be used against ground troops along with strategic targets from high altitudes.[15]The much smaller bomb bay of the B-70 would have made it much less useful in this role.

Design studies and delays

[edit]

Although effective, the B-52 was not ideal for the low-level role. This led to a number of aircraft designs known aspenetrators,which were tuned specifically for long-range low-altitude flight. The first of these designs to see operation was the supersonicF-111fighter-bomber, which used variable-sweep wings for tactical missions.[20]A number of studies on a strategic-range counterpart followed.

The first post-B-70 strategic penetrator study was known as the Subsonic Low-Altitude Bomber (SLAB), which was completed in 1961. This produced a design that looked more like an airliner than a bomber, with a large swept wing,T-tail,and largehigh-bypass engines.[21]This was followed by the similar Extended Range Strike Aircraft (ERSA), which added avariable-sweep wing,then en vogue in the aviation industry. ERSA envisioned a relatively small aircraft with a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) payload and a range of 10,070 miles (16,210 km) including 2,900 miles (4,700 km) flown at low altitudes. In August 1963, the similar Low-Altitude Manned Penetrator design was completed, which called for an aircraft with a 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) bomb load and somewhat shorter range of 8,230 miles (13,240 km).[22][23]

These all culminated in the October 1963 Advanced Manned Precision Strike System (AMPSS), which led to industry studies atBoeing,General Dynamics,andNorth American.[24][25]In mid-1964, the USAF had revised its requirements and retitled the project as Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA), which differed from AMPSS primarily in that it also demanded a high-speed high-altitude capability, similar to that of the existing Mach 2-class F-111.[26]Given the lengthy series of design studies, Rockwell engineers joked that the new name actually stood for "America's Most Studied Aircraft".[27]

The arguments that led to the cancellation of the B-70 program had led some to question the need for a new strategic bomber of any sort. The USAF was adamant about retaining bombers as part of thenuclear triadconcept that included bombers, ICBMs, andsubmarine-launched ballistic missiles(SLBMs) in a combined package that complicated any potential defense. They argued that the bomber was needed to attack hardened military targets and to provide a safecounterforceoption because the bombers could be quickly launched into safe loitering areas where they could not be attacked. However, the introduction of the SLBM made moot the mobility and survivability argument, and a newer generation of ICBMs, such as theMinuteman III,had the accuracy and speed needed to attack point targets. During this time, ICBMs were seen as a less costly option based on their lower unit cost,[28]but development costs were much higher.[12]Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamarapreferred ICBMs over bombers for the Air Force portion of the deterrent force[29]and felt a new expensive bomber was not needed.[30][31]McNamara limited the AMSA program to studies and component development beginning in 1964.[31]

Program studies continued;IBMandAutoneticswere awarded AMSA advanced avionics study contracts in 1968.[31][32]McNamara remained opposed to the program in favor of upgrading the existing B-52 fleet and adding nearly 300FB-111sfor shorter range roles then being filled by the B-58.[15][31]He again vetoed funding for AMSA aircraft development in 1968.[32]

B-1A program

[edit]
AN/APQ-140radar for the B-1A[33]

PresidentRichard Nixonreestablished the AMSA program after taking office, keeping with his administration'sflexible responsestrategy that required abroad range of options short of general nuclear war.[34]Nixon's Secretary of Defense,Melvin Laird,reviewed the programs and decided to lower the numbers of FB-111s, since they lacked the desired range, and recommended that the AMSA design studies be accelerated.[34]In April 1969, the program officially became theB-1A.[15][34]This was the first entry in thenew bomber designation series,created in 1962. The Air Force issued a request for proposals in November 1969.[35]

B-1A prototype

Proposals were submitted by Boeing, General Dynamics and North American Rockwell in January 1970.[35][36]In June 1970, North American Rockwell was awarded the development contract.[35]The original program called for two test airframes, five flyable aircraft, and 40 engines. This was cut in 1971 to one ground and three flight test aircraft.[37]The company changed its name toRockwell Internationaland named its aircraft division North American Aircraft Operations in 1973.[38]A fourth prototype, built to production standards, was ordered in the fiscal year 1976 budget. Plans called for 240 B-1As to be built, withinitial operational capabilityset for 1979.[39]

Rockwell's design had features common to the F-111 and XB-70. It used acrew escape capsule,that ejected as a unit to improve crew survivability if the crew had to abandon the aircraft at high speed. Additionally, the design featured large variable-sweep wings in order to provide both moreliftduring takeoff and landing, and lower drag during a high-speed dash phase.[40]With the wings set to their widest position the aircraft had a much better airfield performance than the B-52, allowing it to operate from a wider variety of bases. Penetration of the Soviet Union's defenses would take place atsupersonic speed,crossing them as quickly as possible before entering the more sparsely defended interior of the country where speeds could be reduced again.[40]The large size and fuel capacity of the design would allow the "dash" portion of the flight to be relatively long.

In order to achieve the required Mach 2 performance at high altitudes, the exhaust nozzles and airintake rampswere variable.[41]Initially, it had been expected that a Mach 1.2 performance could be achieved at low altitude, which required that titanium be used in critical areas in the fuselage and wing structure. The low altitude performance requirement was later lowered to Mach 0.85, reducing the amount of titanium and therefore cost.[37]A pair of smallvanesmounted near the nose are part of an active vibration damping system that smooths out the otherwise bumpy low-altitude ride.[42]The first three B-1As featured the escape capsule that ejected the cockpit with all four crew members inside. The fourth B-1A was equipped with a conventionalejection seatfor each crew member.[43]

The B-1A mockup review occurred in late October 1971; this resulted in 297 requests for alteration to the design due to failures to meet specifications and desired improvements for ease of maintenance and operation.[44]The first B-1A prototype (Air Force serial no. 74–0158) flew on 23 December 1974.[45]As the program continued the per-unit cost continued to rise in part because of highinflationduring that period. In 1970, the estimated unit cost was $40 million, and by 1975, this figure had climbed to $70 million.[46]

New problems and cancellation

[edit]
A B-1A flying with its wings swept forward, showing its anti-flash white underside
B-1A Prototype 4 showing itsanti-flash whiteunderside in 1981
The nose section of a B-1A on display with outline of the ejection capsule denoted
B-1A nose section with ejection capsule denoted. Three of the four B-1As were fitted with escape capsules.

In 1976, Soviet pilotViktor Belenkodefected toJapanwith hisMiG-25 "Foxbat".[47]During debriefing he described a new "super-Foxbat" (almost certainly referring to theMiG-31) that had look-down/shoot-downradarin order to attack cruise missiles. This would also make any low-level penetration aircraft "visible" and easy to attack.[48]Given that the B-1's armament suite was similar to the B-52, and it then appeared no more likely to survive Soviet airspace than the B-52, the program was increasingly questioned.[49]In particular, SenatorWilliam Proxmirecontinually derided the B-1 in public, arguing it was an outlandishly expensive dinosaur. During the1976 federal electioncampaign,Jimmy Cartermade it one of the Democratic Party's platforms, saying "The B-1 bomber is an example of a proposed system which should not be funded and would be wasteful of taxpayers' dollars."[50]

When Carter took office in 1977 he ordered a review of the entire program. By this point the projected cost of the program had risen to over $100 million per aircraft, although this was lifetime cost over 20 years. He was informed of the relatively new work onstealth aircraftthat had started in 1975, and he decided that this was a better approach than the B-1.Pentagonofficials also stated that theAGM-86Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) launched from the existing B-52 fleet would give the USAF equal capability of penetrating Soviet airspace. With a range of 1,500 miles (2,400 km), the ALCM could be launched well outside the range of any Soviet defenses and penetrate at low altitude like a bomber (with a much lowerradar cross-section(RCS) due to smaller size), and in much greater numbers at a lower cost.[51]A small number of B-52s could launch hundreds of ALCMs, saturating the defense. A program to improve the B-52 and develop and deploy the ALCM would cost at least 20% less than the planned 244 B-1As.[50]

On 30 June 1977, Carter announced that the B-1A would be canceled in favor of ICBMs, SLBMs, and a fleet of modernized B-52s armed with ALCMs.[39]Carter called it "one of the most difficult decisions that I've made since I've been in office." No mention of the stealth work was made public with the program beingtop secret,but it is now known that in early 1978 he authorized theAdvanced Technology Bomber(ATB) project, which eventually led to theB-2 Spirit.[52]

Domestically, the reaction to the cancellation was split along partisan lines. The Department of Defense was surprised by the announcement; it expected that the number of B-1s ordered would be reduced to around 150.[53]CongressmanRobert Dornan(R-CA) claimed, "They're breaking out the vodka and caviar in Moscow."[54]However, it appears the Soviets were more concerned by large numbers of ALCMs representing a much greater threat than a smaller number of B-1s. Soviet news agencyTASScommented that "the implementation of these militaristic plans has seriously complicated efforts for the limitation of the strategic arms race."[50]Western military leaders were generally happy with the decision. NATO commanderAlexander Haigdescribed the ALCM as an "attractive alternative" to the B-1. French General Georges Buis stated "The B-1 is a formidable weapon, but not terribly useful. For the price of one bomber, you can have 200 cruise missiles."[50]

Flight tests of the four B-1A prototypes for the B-1A program continued through April 1981. The program included 70 flights totaling 378 hours. A top speed of Mach 2.22 was reached by the second B-1A. Engine testing also continued during this time with the YF101 engines totaling almost 7,600 hours.[55]

Shifting priorities

[edit]
A right side view of a B-1A on the ground in 1984
A Rockwell B-1A in 1984

It was during this period that the Soviets started to assert themselves in several new theaters of action, in particular throughCuban proxiesduring theAngolan Civil Warstarting in 1975 and theSoviet invasion of Afghanistanin 1979. U.S. strategy to this point had been focused oncontainingCommunismand preparation for war in Europe. The new Soviet actions revealed that the military lacked capability outside these narrow confines.[citation needed]

The U.S. Department of Defense responded by accelerating itsRapid Deployment Forcesconcept but suffered from major problems with airlift and sealift capability.[56]In order to slow an enemy invasion of other countries, air power was critical; however the key Iran-Afghanistan border was outside the range of theU.S. Navy's carrier-based attack aircraft, leaving this role to the U.S. Air Force.

During the 1980 presidential campaign,Ronald Reagancampaigned heavily on the platform that Carter was weak on defense, citing the cancellation of the B-1 program as an example, a theme he continued using into the 1980s.[57]During this time Carter's defense secretary,Harold Brown,announced the stealth bomber project, apparently implying that this was the reason for the B-1 cancellation.[58][verification needed]

B-1B program

[edit]
The first B-1B at its roll-out ceremony outside a hangar in Palmdale, California in 1984
The first B-1B debuted outside a hangar inPalmdale, California,1984.

On taking office, Reagan was faced with the same decision as Carter before: whether to continue with the B-1 for the short term, or to wait for the development of the ATB, a much more advanced aircraft. Studies suggested that the existing B-52 fleet with ALCM would remain a credible threat until 1985. It was predicted that 75% of the B-52 force would survive to attack its targets.[59]After 1985, the introduction of theSA-10missile, the MiG-31 interceptor and the first effective SovietAirborne Early Warning and Control(AWACS) systems would make the B-52 increasingly vulnerable.[60]During 1981, funds were allocated to a new study for a bomber for the 1990s time-frame which led to developing theLong-Range Combat Aircraft(LRCA) project. The LRCA evaluated the B-1, F-111, and ATB as possible solutions; an emphasis was placed on multi-role capabilities, as opposed to purely strategic operations.[59]

In 1981, it was believed the B-1 could be in operation before the ATB, covering the transitional period between the B-52's increasing vulnerability and the ATB's introduction. Reagan decided the best solution was to procure both the B-1 and ATB, and on 2 October 1981 he announced that 100 B-1s were to be ordered to fill the LRCA role.[40][61]

In January 1982, the U.S. Air Force awarded two contracts to Rockwell worth a combined $2.2 billion for the development and production of 100 new B-1 bombers.[62]Numerous changes were made to the design to make it better suited to the now expected missions, resulting in theB-1B.[51]These changes included a reduction in maximum speed,[58]which allowed the variable-aspect intake ramps to be replaced by simpler fixed geometry intake ramps. This reduced the B-1B's radar cross-section which was seen as a good trade off for the speed decrease.[40]High subsonic speeds at low altitude became a focus area for the revised design,[58]and low-level speeds were increased from about Mach 0.85 to 0.92. The B-1B has a maximum speed of Mach 1.25 at higher altitudes.[40][63]

The B-1B's maximum takeoff weight was increased to 477,000 pounds (216,000 kg) from the B-1A's 395,000 pounds (179,000 kg).[40][64]The weight increase was to allow for takeoff with a full internal fuel load and for external weapons to be carried. Rockwell engineers were able to reinforce critical areas and lighten non-critical areas of the airframe, so the increase inempty weightwas minimal.[64]To deal with the introduction of theMiG-31equipped with the newZaslonradar system, and other aircraft with look-down capability, the B-1B'selectronic warfaresuite was significantly upgraded.[40]

B-1B with its wings swept back doing a banked turn during a demonstration
A B-1B banking during a demonstration in 2004

Opposition to the plan was widespread within Congress. Critics pointed out that many of the original problems remained in both areas of performance and expense.[65]In particular it seemed the B-52 fitted with electronics similar to the B-1B would be equally able to avoid interception, as the speed advantage of the B-1 was now minimal. It also appeared that the "interim" time frame served by the B-1B would be less than a decade, being rendered obsolete shortly after the introduction of a much more capable ATB design.[66]The primary argument in favor of the B-1 was its largeconventional weaponpayload, and that its takeoff performance allowed it to operate with a credible bomb load from a much wider variety of airfields. Production subcontracts were spread across many congressional districts, making the aircraft more popular onCapitol Hill.[67]

B-1A No. 1 was disassembled and used for radar testing at theRome Air Development Centerin the formerGriffiss Air Force Base,New York.[68]B-1As No. 2 and No. 4 were then modified to include B-1B systems. The first B-1B was completed and began flight testing in March 1983. The first production B-1B was rolled out on 4 September 1984 and first flew on 18 October 1984.[69]The 100th and final B-1B was delivered on 2 May 1988;[70]before the last B-1B was delivered, the USAF had determined that the aircraft was vulnerable to Soviet air defenses.[71]

In 1996, Rockwell International sold most of its space and defense operations to Boeing,[72]which continues as the primary contractor for the B‑1 as of 2024.[1]

Design

[edit]
B-1B flying over thePacific Ocean

Overview

[edit]

The B-1 has ablended wing bodyconfiguration, withvariable-sweep wing,fourturbofan engines,triangular ride-control fins andcruciform tail.The wings can sweep from 15 degrees to 67.5 degrees (full forward to full sweep). Forward-swept wing settings are used fortakeoff,landingsand high-altitude economicalcruise.Aft-swept wing settings are used in high subsonic and supersonic flight.[73]The B-1's variable-sweep wings andthrust-to-weight ratioprovide it with improved takeoff performance, allowing it to use shorter runways than previous bombers.[74]The length of the aircraft presented a fle xing problem due to air turbulence at low altitude. To alleviate this, Rockwell included small triangular fin control surfaces or vanes near the nose on the B-1. The B-1's Structural Mode Control System moves the vanes, and lower rudder, to counteract the effects of turbulence and smooth out the ride.[75]

A rear view of a B-1B at Royal International Air Tattoo air show in 2004
Rear view of a B-1B in flight, 2004

Unlike the B-1A, the B-1B cannot reach Mach 2+ speeds; its maximum speed is Mach 1.25 (about 950 mph or 1,530 km/h at altitude),[76]but its low-level speed increased to Mach 0.92 (700 mph, 1,130 km/h).[63]The speed of the current version of the aircraft is limited by the need to avoid damage to its structure and air intakes. To help lower its radar cross-section, the B-1B usesserpentineairintake ducts(seeS-duct) and fixed intake ramps, which limit its speed compared to the B-1A. Vanes in the intake ducts serve to deflect and shield radar returns from the highly reflective engine compressor blades.[77]

The B-1A's engine was modified slightly to produce theGE F101-102for the B-1B, with an emphasis on durability, and increased efficiency.[78]The core from this engine was subsequently used in several other engines, including theGE F110used in theF-14 Tomcat,F-15K/SGvariants and later versions of theGeneral Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.[79]It is also the basis for the non-afterburningGE F118used in the B-2 Spirit and theU-2S.[79]The F101 engine core is also used in theCFM56civil engine.[80]

The nose-gear door is the location for ground-crew control of theauxiliary power unit(APU) which can be used during a scramble for quick-starting the APU.[81][82]

Avionics

[edit]
The interior of a B-1B cockpit at night
A B-1B cockpit at night
AN/APQ-164passive electronically scanned array

The B-1's main computer is theIBM AP-101,which was also used on theSpace Shuttle orbiterand the B-52 bomber.[83]The computer is programmed with theJOVIALprogramming language.[84]The Lancer's offensiveavionicsinclude theWestinghouse(nowNorthrop Grumman)AN/APQ-164forward-looking offensivepassive electronically scanned arrayradar set with electronic beam steering (and a fixed antenna pointed downward for reduced radar observability),synthetic aperture radar,groundmoving target indication(GMTI), andterrain-following radarmodes,Doppler navigation,radar altimeter,and aninertial navigationsuite.[85]The B-1B Block D upgrade added aGlobal Positioning System(GPS) receiver beginning in 1995.[86]

The B-1's defensive electronics include theEatonAN/ALQ-161Aradar warningand defensive jamming equipment,[87]which has three sets of antennas; one at the front base of each wing and the third rear-facing in the tailradome.[88][89]Also in the tail radome is theAN/ALQ-153missile approach warning system(pulse-Doppler radar).[90]The ALQ-161 is linked to a total of eight AN/ALE-49flaredispensers located on top behind the canopy, which are handled by the AN/ASQ-184 avionics management system.[91]Each AN/ALE-49 dispenser has a capacity of 12 MJU-23A/B flares. The MJU-23A/B flare is one of the world's largestinfrared countermeasureflares at a weight of over 3.3 pounds (1.5 kg).[92]The B-1 has also been equipped to carry theALE-50 towed decoy system.[93]

Also aiding the B-1's survivability is its relatively low RCS. Although not technically a stealth aircraft, thanks to the aircraft's structure, serpentine intake paths and use ofradar-absorbent materialits RCS is about 1/50th that of the similar sized B-52. This is approximately 26 ft2or 2.4 m2,comparable to that of a smallfighter aircraft.[91][94][95]

The B-1 holds 61FAIworld records for speed, payload, distance, and time-to-climb in different aircraft weight classes.[96][97]In November 1993, three B-1Bs set a long-distance record for the aircraft, which demonstrated its ability to conduct extended mission lengths to strike anywhere in the world and return to base without any stops.[98]TheNational Aeronautic Associationrecognized the B-1B for completing one of the 10 most memorable record flights for 1994.[93]

Upgrades

[edit]
Sideview of a B-1B's nose section, which features a Sniper XR pod mounted on its chin
Nose of a B-1 showing theSniper XR podhanging below and triangular ride-control fins

The B-1 has been upgraded since production, beginning with the "Conventional Mission Upgrade Program" (CMUP), which added a newMIL-STD-1760smart-weapons interface to enable the use of precision-guided conventional weapons. CMUP was delivered through a series of upgrades:

  • Block A was the standard B-1B with the capability to deliver non-precision gravity bombs.
  • Block B brought an improved Synthetic Aperture Radar, and upgrades to the Defensive Countermeasures System and was fielded in 1995.[99]
  • Block C provided an "enhanced capability" for delivery of up to 30 cluster bomb units (CBUs) persortiewith modifications made to 50 bomb racks.[100]
  • Block D added a "Near Precision Capability" via improved weapons and targeting systems, and added advanced secure communications capabilities.[100]The first part of the electronic countermeasures upgrade addedJoint Direct Attack Munition(JDAM), ALE-50 towed decoy system, and anti-jam radios.[87][101][102]
  • Block E upgraded the avionics computers and incorporated theWind Corrected Munitions Dispenser(WCMD), theAGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon(JSOW) and theAGM-158 JASSM(Joint Air to Surface Standoff Munition), substantially improving the bomber's capability. Upgrades were completed in September 2006.[103]
  • Block F was the Defensive Systems Upgrade Program (DSUP) to improve the aircraft's electronic countermeasures and jamming capabilities, but it was canceled in December 2002 due to cost overruns and delays.[104]

In 2007, theSniper XRtargeting pod was integrated on the B-1 fleet. The pod is mounted on an external hardpoint at the aircraft's chin near the forward bomb bay.[105]Following accelerated testing, the Sniper pod was fielded in summer 2008.[106][107]Future precision munitions include theSmall Diameter Bomb.[108]

The USAF commenced the Integrated Battle Station (IBS) modification in 2012 as a combination of three separate upgrades when it realised the benefits of completing them concurrently; the Fully Integrated Data Link (FIDL), Vertical Situational Display Unit (VSDU) and Central Integrated Test System (CITS).[109]FIDL enables electronic data sharing, eliminating the need to enter information between systems by hand.[110]VSDU replaces existing flight instruments with multifunction color displays, a second display aids with threat evasion and targeting, and acts as a back-up display. CITS saw a new diagnostic system installed that allows crew to monitor over 9,000 parameters on the aircraft.[111]Other additions are to replace the two spinning mass gyroscopic inertial navigation system withring laser gyroscopicsystems and a GPS antenna, replacement of theAPQ-164 radarwith the Scalable Agile Beam Radar – Global Strike (SABR-GS)active electronically scanned array,and a new attitude indicator.[112]The IBS upgrades were completed in 2020.[109]

In August 2019, the Air Force unveiled a modification to the B-1B to allow it to carry more weapons internally and externally. Using the moveable forward bulkhead, space in the intermediate bay was increased from 180 to 269 in (457 to 683 cm). Expanding the internal bay to make use of the Common Strategic Rotary Launcher (CSRL), as well as utilizing six of the eight external hardpoints that had been previously out of use to keep in line with the New START Treaty, would increase the B-1B's weapon load from 24 to 40. The configuration also enables it to carry heavier weapons in the 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) range, such ashypersonicmissiles; theAGM-183 ARRWis planned for integration onto the bomber. In the future theHAWCcould be used by the bomber which, combining both internal and external weapon carriage, could conceivably bring the total number of hypersonic weapons to 31.[113][114][115]

Operational history

[edit]

Strategic Air Command

[edit]

The second B-1B, "The Star of Abilene", was the first B-1B delivered to SAC in June 1985. Initial operational capability was reached on 1 October 1986 and the B-1B was placed on nuclear alert status.[116][117]The B-1 received the official name "Lancer" on 15 March 1990. However, the bomber has been commonly called the "Bone"; a nickname that appears to stem from an early newspaper article on the aircraft wherein its name was phonetically spelled out as "B-ONE" with the hyphen inadvertently omitted.[2]

A dismantled decommissioned B-1 being transported by flatbed truck

In late 1990, engine fires in two Lancers led to a grounding of the fleet. The cause was traced back to problems in the first-stage fan, and the aircraft were placed on "limited alert"; in other words, they were grounded unless a nuclear war broke out. Following inspections and repairs they were returned to duty beginning on 6 February 1991.[118][119]By 1991, the B-1 had a fledgling conventional capability, forty of them able to drop the 500-pound (230 kg) Mk-82 General Purpose (GP) bomb, although mostly from low altitude. Despite being cleared for this role, the problems with the engines prevented their use inOperation Desert Stormduring theGulf War.[71][120]B-1s were primarily reserved for strategic nuclear strike missions at this time, providing the role of airborne nuclear deterrent against the Soviet Union.[120]The B-52 was more suited to the role of conventional warfare and it was used by coalition forces instead.[120]

Originally designed strictly for nuclear war, the B-1's development as an effective conventional bomber was delayed. The collapse of the Soviet Union had brought the B-1's nuclear role into question, leading to PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushordering a $3 billion conventional refit.[121]

After the inactivation of SAC and the establishment of theAir Combat Command(ACC) in 1992, the B-1 developed a greater conventional weapons capability. Part of this development was the start-up of the U.S. Air Force Weapons School B-1 Division.[122]In 1994, two additional B-1 bomb wings were also created in theAir National Guard,with former fighter wings in theKansas Air National Guardand theGeorgia Air National Guardconverting to the aircraft.[123]By the mid-1990s, the B-1 could employ GP weapons as well as various CBUs. By the end of the 1990s, with the advent of the "Block D" upgrade, the B-1 boasted a full array of guided and unguided munitions.

The B-1B no longer carries nuclear weapons;[40]its nuclear capability was disabled by 1995 with the removal of nuclear arming and fuzing hardware.[124]Under provisions of theNew STARTtreaty with Russia, further conversions were performed. These included modification of aircraft hardpoints to prevent nuclear weapon pylons from being attached, removal of weapons bay wiring bundles for arming nuclear weapons, and destruction of nuclear weapon pylons. The conversion process was completed in 2011, and Russian officials inspect the aircraft every year to verify compliance.[125]

Air Combat Command

[edit]
Top forward view of gray aircraft with wings swept forward banking right. Underneath are strips of white clouds and uninhabited terrain.
A B-1B with wings swept full forward

The B-1 was first used in combat in support of operations inIraqduringOperation Desert Foxin December 1998, employing unguided GP weapons. B-1s have been subsequently used inOperation Allied Force(Kosovo) and, most notably, inOperation Enduring Freedomin Afghanistan and the2003 invasion of Iraq.[40]The B-1 has deployed an array of conventional weapons in war zones, most notably the GBU-31, 2,000-pound (910 kg) JDAM.[40]In the first six months of Operation Enduring Freedom, eight B-1s dropped almost 40 percent of aerial ordnance, including some 3,900 JDAMs.[112]JDAM munitions were heavily used by the B-1 over Iraq, notably on 7 April 2003 in an unsuccessful attempt to killSaddam Husseinand his two sons.[126]During Operation Enduring Freedom, the B-1 was able to raise itsmission capable rateto 79%.[93]

Of the 100 B-1Bs built, 93 remained in 2000 after losses in accidents. In June 2001, the Pentagon sought to place one-third of its then fleet into storage; this proposal resulted in several U.S. Air National Guard officers and members of Congress lobbying against the proposal, including the drafting of an amendment to prevent such cuts.[71]The 2001 proposal was intended to allow money to be diverted to further upgrades to the remaining B-1Bs, such as computer modernization.[71]In 2003, accompanied by the removal of B-1Bs from the two bomb wings in the Air National Guard, the USAF decided to retire 33 aircraft to concentrate its budget on maintaining availability of remaining B-1Bs.[127]In 2004, a newappropriation billcalled for some retired aircraft to return to service,[128]and the USAF returned seven mothballed bombers to service to increase the fleet to 67 aircraft.[129]

Ammunition and yellow bombs lay as two crew member, using lift truck, transfer them to a gray B-1 parked nearby in the background
Transferring aGBU-31 Joint Direct Attack Munition(JDAM) to a lift truck for loading onto a B-1B on 29 March 2007, in Southwest Asia

On 14 July 2007, the Associated Press reported on the growing USAF presence in Iraq, including reintroduction of B-1Bs as a close-at-hand platform to support Coalition ground forces.[130]Beginning in 2008, B-1s were used in Iraq and Afghanistan in an "armed overwatch" role, loitering for surveillance purposes while ready to deliver guided bombs in support of ground troops as required.[131][132]

The B-1B underwent a series of flight tests using a 50/50 mix of synthetic and petroleum fuel; on 19 March 2008, a B-1B fromDyess Air Force Base,Texas, became the first USAF aircraft to fly at supersonic speed using asynthetic fuelduring a flight over Texas andNew Mexico.This was conducted as part of an USAF testing and certification program to reduce reliance on traditional oil sources.[133]On 4 August 2008, a B-1B flew the first Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod equipped combat sortie where the crew successfully targeted enemy ground forces and dropped a GBU-38 guided bomb in Afghanistan.[106]

In March 2011, B-1Bs fromEllsworth Air Force Baseattacked undisclosed targets inLibyaas part ofOperation Odyssey Dawn.[134]

With upgrades to keep the B-1 viable, the USAF may keep it in service until approximately 2038.[135]Despite upgrades, a single flight hour needs 48.4 hours of repair. The fuel, repairs, and other needs for a 12-hour mission cost $720,000 (~$982,308 in 2023) as of 2010.[136]The $63,000 cost per flight hour is, however, less than the $72,000 for the B-52 and the $135,000 of the B-2.[137]In June 2010, senior USAF officials met to consider retiring the entire fleet to meet budget cuts.[138]The Pentagon plans to begin replacing the aircraft with theB-21 Raiderafter 2025.[139]In the meantime, its "capabilities are particularly well-suited to the vast distances and unique challenges of the Pacific region, and we'll continue to invest in, and rely on, the B-1 in support of the focus on the Pacific" as part of President Obama's "Pivot to East Asia".[140]

In August 2012, the 9th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron returned from a six-month tour in Afghanistan. Its 9 B-1Bs flew 770 sorties, the most of any B-1B squadron on a single deployment. The squadron spent 9,500 hours airborne, keeping one of its bombers in the air at all times. They accounted for a quarter of all combat aircraft sorties over the country during that time and fulfilled an average of two to three air support requests per day.[141]On 4 September 2013, a B-1B participated in a maritime evaluation exercise, deploying munitions such as laser-guided 500 lbGBU-54bombs, 500 lb and 2,000 lb JDAM, andLong Range Anti-Ship Missiles(LRASM). The aim was to detect and engage several small craft using existing weapons and tactics developed from conventional warfare against ground targets; the B-1 is seen as a useful asset for maritime duties such as patrolling shipping lanes.[142]

Beginning in 2014, the B-1 was used against the Islamic State (IS) in theSyrian Civil War.[143][144]From August 2014 to January 2015, the B-1 accounted for eight percent of USAF sorties duringOperation Inherent Resolve.[145]The 9th Bomb Squadron was deployed to Qatar in July 2014 to support missions in Afghanistan, but when the air campaign against IS began on 8 August, the aircraft were employed in Iraq. During theBattle of Kobanein Syria, the squadron's B-1s dropped 660 bombs over 5 months in support of Kurdish forces defending the city. This amounted to one-third of all bombs used during OIR during the period, and they killed some 1,000 ISIL fighters. The 9th Bomb Squadron's B-1s went "Winchester" –dropping all weapons on board–31 times during their deployment. They dropped over 2,000 JDAMs during the six-month rotation.[144]B-1s from the 28th Bomb Wing flew 490 sorties where they dropped 3,800 munitions on 3,700 targets during a six-month deployment. In February 2016, the B-1s were sent back to the U.S. for cockpit upgrades.[146]

Air Force Global Strike Command

[edit]

As part of a USAF reorganization announced in April 2015, all B-1s were reassigned from Air Combat Command toGlobal Strike Command(GSC) in October 2015.[147]

On 8 July 2017, the USAF flew two B-1s near the North Korean border in a show of force amid increasing tensions, particularly in response to North Korea's 4 July test of an ICBM capable of reaching Alaska.[148]

On 14 April 2018, B-1s launched 19 JASSM missiles as part of the2018 bombing of Damascus and Homsin Syria.[149][150][151]In August 2019, six B-1Bs met full mission capability; 15 were undergoing depot maintenance and 39 under repair and inspection.[152]

In February 2021, the USAF announced it will retire 17 B-1s, leaving 45 aircraft in service. Four of these will be stored in a condition that will allow their return to service if required.[153][154]

In March 2021, B-1s deployed to Norway'sØrland Main Air Stationfor the first time. During the deployment, they conducted bombing training with Norwegian and Swedish ground forceJoint terminal attack controllers.One B-1 also conducted awarm-pit refuelatBodø Main Air Station,marking the first landing inside Norway'sArctic Circle,and integrated with fourSwedish Air ForceJAS 39 Gripenfighters.[155][156]

On 2 February 2024, the U.S.deployed two B-1Bsto strike 85 terrorist targets in seven locations in Iraq and Syria as part of a multi-tiered response to the killing of three U.S. troops in a drone attack in Jordan.[157]

Variants

[edit]
The rear section showing the B-1A's pointed radome
B-1A
The B-1A was the original B-1 design with variable engine intakes and Mach 2.2 top speed. Four prototypes were built; no production units were manufactured.[129][158]
B-1B
The B-1B is a revised B-1 design with reduced radar signature and a top speed of Mach 1.25. It is optimized for low-level penetration. A total of 100 B-1Bs were produced.[158]
B-1R
The B-1R was a 2004 proposed upgrade of existing B-1B aircraft.[159]The B-1R (R for "regional" ) would be fitted with advanced radars,air-to-air missiles,and newPratt & Whitney F119engines (from theLockheed Martin F-22 Raptor). This variant would have a top speed of Mach 2.2, but with 20% shorter range.[160]Existing external hardpoints would be modified to allow multiple conventional weapons to be carried, increasing overall loadout. For air-to-air defense, an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar would be added and some existing hardpoints modified to carry air-to-air missiles.[159]

Operators

[edit]
Front view of B-1 parked on ramp at night. Nearby yellow flood lights illuminate the area. In the background are buildings
A 28th Bomb Wing B-1B on the ramp in the early morning at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota
A B-1B on public display at Ellsworth AFB, 2003
Gray aircraft before landing, flying left, with gears extended. Green grass make up the foreground. Buildings and communication towers are in the background
A B-1B arrives atRoyal International Air Tattoo2008
See also:List of B-1 units of the United States Air Force

The USAF had 62 B-1Bs in service as of August 2017.[161]

United States
United States Air Force
Strategic Air Command1985–1992
Air Combat Command1992–2015
Air Force Global Strike Command2015–present
Air National Guard
Air Force Flight Test Center–Edwards AFB,California

Aircraft on display

[edit]
A B-1B at theMuseum of Aviation,Robins AFB
A B-1B at the National Museum of the USAF, Dayton, OH
B-1A
B-1B

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
Black aircraft trailed by a column of black smoke and fire on the runway as fire trucks close in on the flame from behind
A B-1B with a brake fire after a hard landing atRhein-Main AB,Germany, June 1994.

TheAviation Safety Networklists 15 accidents from 1984 to 2024 in which 11 B-1s were lost and a total of 12 crew members were killed.[172]An April 2022 maintenance fire damaged another.[173]Among the incidents:

  • On 29 August 1984, B-1A (serial number74-0159) crashed because of a loss of control during a test flight over theMojave Desert.The center of gravity was well aft of the limit due to fuel transfer error. Two crew members survived and a Rockwell test pilot was killed.[174]
  • On 28 September 1987, B-1B (84–0052) from the96th Bomb Wing,338th Combat Crew Training Squadron,Dyess AFB,crashed nearLa Junta, Colorado,while flying on a low-level training route. This was the only B-1B crash with six crew members aboard. The two crew members injump seats,and one of the four crew members inejection seatsperished. An impact—thought to be abird strikeon a wing'sleading edge—severed fuel and hydraulic lines on one side of the aircraft, while the other side's engines functioned long enough to allow the crew to eject. The B-1B fleet was later modified to protect these supply lines.[175][176]
  • In October 1990, while flying a training route in eastern Colorado, B-1B (86-0128) from the384th Bomb Wing,28th Bomb Squadron,McConnell AFB,experienced an explosion as the engines reached full power without afterburners. Fire on the aircraft's left was spotted. The No. 1 engine was shut down and itsfire extinguisherwas activated. The accident investigation determined that the engine had suffered catastrophic failure, engine blades had cut through the engine mounts, and the engine had detached from the aircraft.[175]
  • In December 1990, B-1B (83-0071) from the 96th Bomb Wing, 337th Bomb Squadron, Dyess AFB, Texas, experienced a jolt that caused the No. 3 engine to shut down and activate its fire extinguisher. This event, coupled with the October 1990 engine incident, led to a 50-plus-day grounding of B-1Bs that were not onnuclear alertstatus. The problem was traced to problems in the first-stage fan, and all B-1Bs were equipped with modified engines.[175]
  • On 30 November 1992, B-1B (86-0106) crashed 300 feet below a 6,500-foot ridgeline during a night sortie 36 miles south-southwest of Van Horn, Texas. All four crew died in the crash.[177]
  • On 19 September 1997, B-1B (85-0078) crashed near Alzada,Montana,during a daytime training flight. The aircraft struck the ground due to an excessive sink rate when the crew was performing a defensive maneuver. All four crew were killed.[178]
  • On 12 December 2001, while supporting Operation Enduring Freedom, B-1B (86-0114) flying from the British Air Base, Diego Garcia, crashed into the Indian Ocean about 30 miles north of the island. All four crew members ejected safely and were rescued in good condition after two hours in a warm, calm sea. The pilot, Capt. William Steele, later told reporters the aircraft had not been hit by hostile fire but had suffered "multiple malfunctions" that made it impossible to handle.[179][180]
  • In September 2005, a B-1B (85-0066) from Ellsworth AFB landed at Andersen AFB and caught fire while exiting the runway. Cause was determined to be failure of brakes on the right main landing gear when leaking hydraulic fluid came in contact in a "hot brakes" situation. The resulting fire damaged the right wing, nacelle, aircraft structure, and right main landing gear assembly. The aircraft was repaired at Andersen over a three-year period with many parts obtained from retired B-1Bs in storage atDavis-Monthan AFB,Arizona. The aircraft returned to flight in 2008.[181]
  • On 19 August 2013, B-1B (85-0091) crashed during a routine training mission in Broadus, Montana, 170 miles southeast ofBillings, Montana,because of a fuel leak and explosion that damaged a wing during a wing sweep. All four crew ejected safely.[182]
  • On 20 April 2022, a fire broke out on B-1B (85-0089) of the7th Bomb Wing,assigned to Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, that was undergoing maintenance on the main ramp. The fire damaged the No. 1 engine, the left nacelle, and the wing of the aircraft. Falling debris injured an airman. The estimated cost of damage is $14.944 million.[183]
  • On 4 January 2024, B-1B (85-0085) assigned to Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota crashed while attempting to land at the installation while on a training mission. At the time of the crash, visibility was poor and temperatures freezing. The four aircrew on board ejected safely.[184]The total loss for the crash was reported as $456,248,485 (2024).[185]

Specifications (B-1B)

[edit]
Three sketched diagrams showing the front, top and side views of the B-1. The top view, in particular, shows the maximum sweep angles of the wings
B-1A orthographic projection
A flightdeck, dominated by a mix of new and analogue instruments. On both sides are control yokes. Light enters through the forward windows
B-1B cockpit
B-1B forward bomb bay fitted with a rotary launcher

Data fromUSAF Fact Sheet,[93]Jenkins,[186]Pace,[63]Lee[87]

General characteristics

  • Crew:4 (Aircraft Commander, Pilot, Offensive Systems Officer, and Defensive Systems Officer)
  • Length:146 ft (45 m)
  • Wingspan:137 ft (42 m)
  • Swept wingspan:79 ft (24 m) swept
  • Height:34 ft (10 m)
  • Wing area:1,950 sq ft (181 m2)
  • Airfoil:NACA69-190-2
  • Empty weight:192,000 lb (87,090 kg)
  • Gross weight:326,000 lb (147,871 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:477,000 lb (216,364 kg)
    A B-1B flying over the Pacific ocean
  • Powerplant:4 ×General Electric F101-GE-102afterburningturbofanengines, 17,390 lbf (77.4 kN) thrust each dry, 30,780 lbf (136.9 kN) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed:721 kn (830 mph, 1,335 km/h) at altitude of 40,000 ft (12,000 m); 608 kn (1,126 km/h) at 200–500 ft (61–152 m)
  • Maximum speed:Mach 1.25
  • Range:5,100 nmi (5,900 mi, 9,400 km) with weapon load of 37,000 lb (16,800 kg). Max range is 6,500 nmi (12,000 km).[187]
  • Combat range:2,993 nmi (3,444 mi, 5,543 km)
  • Service ceiling:60,000 ft (18,000 m)
  • Rate of climb:5,678 ft/min (28.84 m/s)
  • Wing loading:167 lb/sq ft (820 kg/m2)
  • Thrust/weight:0.38 at gross weight

Armament

PreviouslyB61orB83nuclear bombs could be carried.[195]
  • Bombs:3 internal bomb bays for 75,000 pounds (34,000 kg) of ordnance.[188]

Avionics

Weapons loads

[edit]
B-1B Lancer internal weapons loads
Bomb rack & stores[199] Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Total
Conventional
CBM
2,816 to 3,513 lb (1,277 to 1,593 kg) 		1 1 1
  • Mk-82
  • Mk-82 AIR
  • Mk-36
  • Mk-62
 28 28 28 84
Conventional
SECBM
(CBM w/ TMD upgrade)
2,816 lb (1,277 kg) empty 		1 1 1
  • CBU-87
  • CBU-89
  • CBU-97
  • CBU-103
  • CBU-104
  • CBU-105
 10 10 10 30
GBU-38 6 6 3 15
Multi-purpose
MPRL
1,300 to 2,055 lb (590 kg) 		1 1 1
  • Mk-84
  • GBU-31
  • AGM-154
  • AGM-158
 8 8 8 24
Mk-65 naval mines 4 4 4 12
  • 4-pack GBU-39
  • 6-pack GBU-39
 8 8 8 96 or 144
Multi-purpose (mixed)
MPRL
(MER upgrade)[200] 		1 1 1
*GBU-38,GBU-32,GBU-31 4 4 4 36
GBU-38 16 16 16 48
Ferry/range extension
Fuel tank
2,975 gal (11,262 L)[201] 		1 1 1 3
9,157 gal (34,663 kg)[202]
Nuclear (uniform; out of use)
  • MPRL
    1,300 to 2,055 lb (590 to 932 kg)
 1 1 1
B28[203] 4 4 4 12
  • AGM-69
  • B61
  • B83
 8 8 8 24
Nuclear (mixed)(out of use)[204]
  • CSRL
 1
AGM-86B Small fuel tank
8 		8
External weapons loads (mostly unused due to radar cross-section)[199]
Bomb rack & stores Fwd stations 1–2 Int. stations 3–6 Aft stations 7–8 Total
Nuclear (out of use)
Dual-pylon 2 2 2
Single-pylon 2
  • AGM-86B
  • B-61
 2×2 2×2 + 2 2×2 14[h]
Conventional (uniform)
Mk-82 2×6 2×6 + 2×6 2×6 44
Targeting[205]
Pylon
884 lb (400 kg) 		1 (right station)
Sniper XR targeting pod 1 (right station) 1
440 lb (200 kg)
Ferry/range extension[202][206]
Fuel tank
each 923 gal (3,494 L) 		2 2 2 6
5,538 gal (20,963 L)

Notable appearances in media

[edit]
Main article:Aircraft in fiction § B-1 Lancer

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Production totals: B-1A: 4; B-1B: 100
  2. ^The name "Lancer" was only applied to the B-1B variant in 1990.[2]
  3. ^Use for weapons restricted byarms treaties.[106][189]
  4. ^As per B-1B Weapons Loading Checklist T.O. 1B-1B-33-2-1CL-13
  5. ^both Mk-84 general purpose andBLU-109penetrating bombs
  6. ^As per B-1B Weapons Loading Checklist T.O. 1B-1B-33-2-1CL-12 Section 3.4 (Only six each in forward and intermediate bays and three each in the aft bay)
  7. ^96 if using four-packs, 144 if using 6-packs. This capability has not yet been fielded on the B-1
  8. ^Restricted to 12 underSALT II.[204]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"B-1B Lancer".Air Force.Retrieved13 February2024.
  2. ^abcJenkins 1999,p. 67.
  3. ^Cohen, Rachel (24 September 2021)."Farewell, Bones: Air Force finishes latest round of B-1B bomber retirements".Air Force Times.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2024.Retrieved20 October2023.
  4. ^"B-1B Lancer".Air Force.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2024.Retrieved3 February2024.
  5. ^Losey, Stephen (24 September 2021)."Last of 17 Retired B-1s Sent to Boneyard as Air Force Preps for B-21s".Military.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2021.Retrieved9 October2021.
  6. ^"USAF to Retire B-1, B-2 in Early 2030s as B-21 Comes On-Line".Air Force Magazine.11 February 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2018.Retrieved5 March2018.
  7. ^Jenkins 1999, p. 10.
  8. ^Jenkins 1999,pp. 12–13.
  9. ^Jenkins 1999,pp. 15–17.
  10. ^abcSchwartz 1998,p. 118.
  11. ^Rich, Ben and Leo Janos.Skunk Works.Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1994.ISBN0-316-74300-3.
  12. ^abcJenkins 1999,p. 21.
  13. ^"May 1960 – The U-2 Incident. – Soviet and American Statements."Archived23 July 2011 at theWayback MachineKeesing's Record of World Events,Volume 6, 1960.
  14. ^abSpick 1986,pp. 6–8.
  15. ^abcdSchwartz 1998, p. 119.
  16. ^"NASA-CR-115702, B-70 Aircraft Study Final Report, Vol. I, p. I-38."Archived12 April 2021 at theWayback MachineNASA,1972.
  17. ^Jenkins 1999,pp. 14–16.
  18. ^Knaack 1988,pp. 279–280.
  19. ^Knaack 1988,p. 256.
  20. ^Gunston 1978, pp. 12–13.
  21. ^Taylor, Gordon."Subsonic Low Altitude Bomber"Archived19 April 2021 at theWayback Machine,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base ASD-TDR-62-426, June 1962.
  22. ^Pace 1998,pp. 11–14.
  23. ^Knaack 1988,pp. 575–576.
  24. ^Casil 2003,p. 8.
  25. ^Knaack 1988,p. 576.
  26. ^Knaack 1988,p. 575.
  27. ^Hibma, R.A; Wegner, E.D (12–14 May 1981)."The Evolution of a Strategic Bomber".16th Annual Meeting and Technical Display.AIAA 16th Annual Meeting and Technical Display. Long Beach, CA.doi:10.2514/6.1981-919.Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2022.Retrieved7 April2021.
  28. ^Pace 1998,p. 10.
  29. ^Knaack 1988,pp. 576–577.
  30. ^"B-1A page."Archived22 November 2015 at theWayback Machinefas.org.Retrieved: 20 March 2008.
  31. ^abcdKnaack 1988,pp. 576–578.
  32. ^abJenkins 1999,pp. 23–26.
  33. ^"AN/APQ – Airborne Multipurpose/Special Radars".Designation-systems.net.1 July 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 28 September 2017.Retrieved27 January2015.
  34. ^abcKnaack 1988,p. 579.
  35. ^abcPace 1998,pp. 22–23.
  36. ^Kocivar, Ben."Our New B-1 Bomber – High, Low, Fast, and Slow."Archived2 February 2023 at theWayback MachinePopular Science,Volume 197, Issue 5, November 1970, p. 86.
  37. ^abKnaack 1988,p. 584.
  38. ^"Rockwell International history 1970–1986."Archived11 October 2007 at theWayback MachineBoeing.Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  39. ^abSorrels 1983,p. 27.
  40. ^abcdefghijLee 2008,p. 13.
  41. ^Whitford 1987,p. 136.
  42. ^Schefter, Jim."The Other Story About The Controversial B-1."Archived8 February 2024 at theWayback MachinePopular Science,Volume 210. Issue 5, May 1977, p. 112.
  43. ^Spick 1986,pp. 30–32.
  44. ^Knaack 1988,p. 586.
  45. ^Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1975–76, John W.R.Taylor,ISBN0531032507,p. 439
  46. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 44.
  47. ^Willis, David K."Japan's scrutiny of Soviet jet jars détente."Archived16 June 2012 at theWayback MachineChristian Science Monitor,16 September 1976. Retrieved: 23 May 2010.
  48. ^Donald 2004, p. 120.
  49. ^Knaack 1988,p. 590.
  50. ^abcd"Carter's Big Decision: Down Goes the B-1, Here Comes the Cruise."Archived1 February 2021 at theWayback MachineTime,11 July 1977. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  51. ^abWithington 2006,p. 7.
  52. ^Pace 1999,pp. 20–27.
  53. ^Sorrels 1983,p. 23.
  54. ^Belcher, Jerry."Dropping B-1 Would Bring World War III, Dornan Says."Archived2 November 2012 at theWayback MachineLos Angeles Times,11 June 1977.
  55. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 46.
  56. ^Moore, John Leo (1980).U.S. Defense Policy: Weapons, Strategy, and Commitments.Congressional Quarterly. pp. 65, 79.ISBN978-0-87187-158-9.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2024.Retrieved22 October2019.
  57. ^Reagan, President Ronald."Reagan's Radio Address to the Nation on Foreign Policy."Archived17 March 2007 at theWayback Machinepresidentreagan.info.20 October 1984.
  58. ^abcSchwartz 1998,p. 120.
  59. ^abMitchell, Douglas D."IB81107," Bomber Options for Replacing B-52s. "Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, via Digital Library, UNT,3 May 1982. Retrieved: 16 July 2011.
  60. ^Jumper, John P."Global Strike Task Force: A Transforming Concept, Forged by Experience."Archived12 March 2012 at theWayback MachineAerospace Power Journal15, no. 1, Spring 2001, pp. 30–31. Originally published byAir University,Maxwell Air Force Base, 2001.
  61. ^Coates, James."Reagan approves B-1, alters basing for MX."Archived3 November 2012 at theWayback MachineChicago Tribune,3 October 1981. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
  62. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 62.
  63. ^abcPace 1998,p. 64.
  64. ^abSpick 1986,p. 28.
  65. ^Casil 2003,p. 7.
  66. ^Germani, Clara, ed."Former defense chief raps B-1 bomber plan."Archived16 June 2012 at theWayback MachineChristian Science Monitor,21 September 1981. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
  67. ^"B-1 Lancer | PDF | Aerospace Engineering | Aircraft".Scribd.Retrieved24 April2024.
  68. ^Jenkins 1999,pp. 70–74.
  69. ^Jenkins 1999,pp. 63–64.
  70. ^"B-1B Background Information."Archived26 October 2006 at theWayback MachineBoeing.Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  71. ^abcdDao 2001, p. 1
  72. ^Peltz, James (2 August 1996)."Rockwell to Sell Off Space, Defense Divisions to Boeing".LA Times.Retrieved13 February2024.
  73. ^Withington 2006,p. 16.
  74. ^Knaack 1988,p. 587.
  75. ^Wykes, J. H."AIAA-1972-772, B-1 Structural Mode Control System."Archived27 September 2007 at theWayback MachineAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA), 9 August 1972. Retrieved: 3 August 2011.
  76. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 60.
  77. ^Spick 1986,pp. 44–45.
  78. ^Spick 1987,p. 498.
  79. ^ab"F110 Family."Archived28 September 2010 at theWayback MachineGE Aviation.Retrieved: 25 January 2010
  80. ^"CFM delivers 20,000th engine".Archived22 July 2011 at theWayback MachineCFM International.Retrieved: 25 January 2010.
  81. ^Spick 1986,p. 44.
  82. ^Pace 1998,p. 44.
  83. ^"Ch4-3".nasa.gov.Archived fromthe originalon 15 February 2017.Retrieved1 April2015.
  84. ^"Jovial to smooth U.S. Air Force shift to Ada. (processing language)".Defense Electronics.1 March 1984.
  85. ^"AN/APQ-164 B-1B Radar".Archived12 February 2011 at theWayback MachineNorthrop Grumman.Retrieved: 25 January 2010.
  86. ^Withington 2006,pp. 33–34
  87. ^abcLee 2008,p. 15.
  88. ^Spick 1986,pp. 52–53.
  89. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 106.
  90. ^"AN/ALQ-153 Missile Warning System".FAS.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2015.Retrieved2 February2015.
  91. ^abSkaarup 2002,p. 18.
  92. ^Humphries, J. A. and D. E. Miller."AIAA-1997-2963: B-1B/MJU-23 flare strike test program."Archived20 June 2007 at theWayback MachineAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 33rd, Seattle, Washington, 6–9 July 1997. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  93. ^abcd"B-1B USAF fact sheet".Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2022.Retrieved25 June2017..U.S. Air Force.Retrieved: 25 June 2017.
  94. ^"Radar Cross Section Measurements (8–12 GHz) of Magnetic and Dielectric Microwave Absorbing Thin Sheets"(PDF).Sbfisica.org.br.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 February 2017.Retrieved3 March2017.
  95. ^Cunningham, Jim."The New Old Threat: Fighter Upgrades and What They Mean for the USAF", p. 7.Archived3 October 2012 at theWayback MachineIllinois State University,3 December 1997.
  96. ^Jenkins 1999,p. Appendix E.
  97. ^"History – B-1 Lancer Bomber."Archived23 May 2012 at theWayback MachineBoeing. Retrieved: 31 July 2010.
  98. ^Dorr 1997,p. 224.
  99. ^"Aerospaceweb.org | Aircraft Museum - B-1B Lancer".aerospaceweb.org.Retrieved13 May2024.
  100. ^abSkaarup 2002,p. 19.
  101. ^"Boeing Completes Block E Avionics Upgrade of B-1 Bomber Fleet."Archived3 February 2007 at theWayback MachineBoeing,4 December 1998. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  102. ^Adams, Charlotte."Building Blocks to Upgrade to B-1B."Archived29 April 2014 at theWayback MachineAvionics Magazine,1 August 2002. Retrieved: 24 June 2010.
  103. ^"Boeing 2006 Block E Upgrades."Archived11 October 2007 at theWayback MachineBoeing,27 September 2006. Retrieved: 14 August 2010.
  104. ^"Block F Upgrades."US Air Force,21 January 2003. Retrieved: 24 June 2010.
  105. ^Hernandez, Jason."419th FLTS demonstrates Sniper pod capability."Archived5 July 2009 at theWayback MachineUS Air Force,23 February 2007.
  106. ^abcPate, Capt. Kristen."Sniper ATP-equipped B-1B has combat first".Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2012.Retrieved16 September2008.US Air Force,11 August 2008. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  107. ^La Rue, Nori."B-1 Sniper pod aims to hit summer target."Archived8 June 2008 at theWayback MachineUS Air Force,4 June 2008. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  108. ^Wicke, Russell. (5 October 2006)."ACC declares small diameter bomb initially operational".US Air Force. Archived fromthe originalon 2 August 2012.Retrieved28 September2007.
  109. ^abMullan, Ron (24 September 2020)."B-1B Integrated Battle Station modification completed".tinker.af.mil.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2021.Retrieved29 January2021.
  110. ^Maull, Lisa and Forrest Gossett."Boeing B-1 Upgraded With Fully Integrated Data Link Completes 1st Flight."Archived3 August 2011 at theWayback MachineBoeing,13 August 2009. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  111. ^"B-1B Systems Engineer Explains How IBS Makes Future Bomber Upgrades Easier".8 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2021.Retrieved29 January2021.
  112. ^abAir Force Begins Massive B-1B OverhaulArchived21 February 2014 at theWayback Machine– Defensetech.org, 21 February 2014
  113. ^B-1B bomber modified to carry hypersonic missilesArchived29 October 2020 at theWayback Machine.New Atlas.9 September 2019.
  114. ^Hypersonic weapons could give the B-1 bomber a new lease on lifeArchived8 February 2024 at theWayback Machine.Defense News.16 September 2019.
  115. ^AFGSC Eyes Hypersonic Weapons for B-1, Conventional LRSOArchived9 August 2020 at theWayback Machine.Air Force Magazine.7 April 2020.
  116. ^Pace 1998,pp. 62, 69.
  117. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 83.
  118. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 116.
  119. ^B-1 aircrew logbook entry.
  120. ^abcWithington 2006,p. 10.
  121. ^Dao 2001, p. 4.
  122. ^Scott, Ed."JDAM Course Ushers B-1 Students Into New Era".Program Manager,1 November 1999. Retrieved: 14 August 2010.
  123. ^Withington 2006,p. 11.
  124. ^Jenkins 1999,p. 141.
  125. ^Pawlyk, Oriana."START Lanced the B-1's Nukes, But the Bomber Will Still Get New Bombs".Military.Military Advantage.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2017.Retrieved25 September2017.
  126. ^Withington 2006,pp. 75–76.
  127. ^"B-1 bomber's final flight."Archived9 June 2011 at theWayback MachineArizona Star,21 August 2002. Retrieved: 14 August 2010.
  128. ^Klamper, Amy."Lawmakers look after home military installations."Archived28 August 2008 at theWayback Machinegovexec,25 June 2004. Retrieved: 31 July 2010.
  129. ^abMehuron, Tamar A."USAF Almanac: Facts and Figures" (data as of 30 September 2004).Archived6 July 2012 at theWayback MachineAir Force Magazine,May 2005. Retrieved: 3 July 2011.
  130. ^Hanley, Charles J."Air Force Quietly Building Iraq Presence."Archived10 October 2012 at theWayback Machinecommondreams.org,14 July 2007. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
  131. ^Wicke, Tech. Sgt. Russell,"B-1 performs as never envisioned after 20 years."Archived2 May 2008 at theWayback MachineUS Air Force,17 April 2008. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  132. ^Door 2010, pp. 40–45.
  133. ^Bates, Matthew."B-1B achieves first supersonic flight using synthetic fuel".Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2012.Retrieved20 March2008.Air Force News,20 March 2008.
  134. ^"Ellsworth Airmen join Operation Odyssey Dawn."Archived2 April 2011 at theWayback MachineRapid City Journal,29 March 2011.
  135. ^Hebert, Adam J."The 2018 Bomber and Its Friends."Archived23 September 2009 at theWayback MachineAir Force magazine,October 2006. Retrieved: 14 August 2010.
  136. ^Shachtman, Noah."The Air Force Needs a Serious Upgrade,"Archived8 October 2010 at theWayback MachineBrookings Institution,15 July 2010. Retrieved: 31 August 2011.
  137. ^Axe, David."Why Can't the Air Force Build an Affordable Plane?"Archived23 April 2017 at theWayback MachineThe Atlantic,26 March 2012. Retrieved: 30 June 2012.
  138. ^"Budget cutting axe may fall on the U.S. bomber force."Archived2 July 2010 at theWayback MachineReporter News.Retrieved: 25 July 2010.
  139. ^"New B-21 bomber named 'Raider': U.S. Air Force".Reuters.19 September 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2020.Retrieved23 April2017.The stealth B-21, the first new U.S. bomber of the 21st century, is part of an effort to replace the USAF's aging B-52 and B-1 bombers, though it is not slated to be ready for combat use before 2025.
  140. ^Brook, Tom Vanden."B-1 bomber mission shifts from Afghanistan to China, Pacific."Archived4 May 2016 at theWayback MachineUSA Today,11 May 2012.
  141. ^"The 24/7 Bone Over Afghanistan."Archived17 August 2012 at theWayback MachineStrategypage,15 August 2012.
  142. ^U.S. Air Force tests B-1B Lancer bomber for maritime environment & anti-ship missionsArchived23 September 2013 at theWayback Machine– Navyrecognition, 19 September 2013
  143. ^"Air Force fighters, bombers conduct strikes against ISIL targets in Syria".U.S. Air Force.23 September 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2021.Retrieved12 October2021.
  144. ^abEverstine, Brian (23 August 2015)."Inside the B-1 crew that pounded ISIS with 1,800 bombs".Air Force Times.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2024.Retrieved12 October2021.
  145. ^"A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties".Defensenews, 19 January 2015.
  146. ^"B-1 bombers pulled from ISIS fight".CNN. 21 February 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2016.Retrieved24 February2016.
  147. ^"AF realigns B-1, LRS-B under Air Force Global Strike Command"Archived23 February 2017 at theWayback Machine.U.S. Air Force, 20 April 2015.
  148. ^Tomlinson, Lucas (8 July 2017)."2 US Air Force B-1 bombers fly near North Korean border in show of force".Fox News.Archivedfrom the original on 8 July 2017.Retrieved8 July2017.
  149. ^Trevithick, Tyler Rogoway and Joseph (13 April 2018)."United States, France, And UK Begin Air Strikes on Syria (Updating Live)".The Drive.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2019.Retrieved12 November2019.
  150. ^Brad Lendon (14 April 2018)."Weapons the US, UK and France used to target Syria".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2019.Retrieved12 November2019.
  151. ^Pawlyk, Oriana (17 April 2018)."US May Ramp Up Buy of the Missile That Just Made Combat Debut in Syria".Military.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2018.Retrieved28 July2018.
  152. ^Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 August 2019)."Only 6 of 61 US Air Force B-1B Strategic Bombers Are Fully Combat-Ready".The Diplomat.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2021.Retrieved4 March2021.
  153. ^Jennings, Gareth (19 February 2021)."USAF begins B-1B retirements".janes.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2021.Retrieved7 March2021.
  154. ^"AFGSC begins retirement of B-1 aircraft, paving way for B-21".U.S. Air Force.18 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2021.Retrieved12 March2021.
  155. ^"Samövning med amerikanskt bombflyg"(in Norwegian). Försvarsmakten. 22 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2021.Retrieved16 September2021.
  156. ^"Utvikler samarbeid".Forsvaret(in Norwegian). 9 March 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 29 July 2021.Retrieved16 September2021.
  157. ^"Analysis: What to make of the US strikes against pro-Iranian militias in Iraq and Syria".CNN. 2 February 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2024.Retrieved3 February2024.
  158. ^abDonald 1997, p. 723.
  159. ^abLewis, Paul; Simonsen, Erik (2004),"Offering Unique Solutions for Global Strike Force.",All Systems Go,vol. 2, no. 2, Boeing, archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2007,retrieved8 October2009– via Archive.org
  160. ^Hebert, Adam J."Long-Range Strike in a Hurry."Archived6 July 2012 at theWayback MachineAir Force Magazine,November 2004. Retrieved: 8 October 2009.
  161. ^Copp, Tara (14 August 2017)."Less than half of the US bomber fleet is ready to 'fight tonight'".Air Force Times.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2024.Retrieved30 December2019.
  162. ^"B-1A Lancer/74-160."Archived20 December 2015 at theWayback MachineWings Over The Rockies Air & Space Museum.Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  163. ^"B-1A Lancer/76-174."Archived8 December 2015 at theWayback MachineStrategic Air Command Museum.Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  164. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0065."Archived13 July 2015 at theWayback Machineaerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  165. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0066."Archived11 December 2015 at theWayback Machineaerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  166. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0067."Archived7 October 2010 at theWayback MachineSouth Dakota Air and Space Museum.Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  167. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0068."Archived3 March 2016 at theWayback Machineaerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  168. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0069."Archived2 June 2011 at theWayback MachineMuseum of Aviation.Retrieved: 31 July 2010.
  169. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0070."Archived22 June 2011 at theWayback MachineHill Aerospace Museum.Retrieved: 31 July 2010.
  170. ^"B-1B Lancer/83-0071."Archived3 March 2016 at theWayback Machineaerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  171. ^"B-1B Lancer/84-0051."Archived22 December 2015 at theWayback MachineNational Museum of the United States Air Force.Retrieved: 11 December 2015.
  172. ^"B-1B Lancer Accidents and Incidents".Aviation Safety Network (aviation-safety.net).Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2024.Retrieved28 January2024.
  173. ^"Accident Rockwell B-1B Lancer 85-0089".Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2024.Retrieved28 January2024.
  174. ^"74-0159".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2024.Retrieved9 January2024.
  175. ^abcJenkins 1999,pp. 114–116.
  176. ^"84-0052".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2023.Retrieved9 January2024.
  177. ^"86-0106".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 3 January 2024.Retrieved9 January2024.
  178. ^"85-0078".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2023.Retrieved9 January2024.
  179. ^Stout, David (12 December 2001)."Crew Rescued After B-1 Bomber Crashes Into Indian Ocean".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2024.Retrieved5 January2024.
  180. ^"86-0014".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2023.Retrieved9 January2024.
  181. ^"Andersen, Tinker rebuild B-1".3 December 2007.
  182. ^"85-0091".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2023.Retrieved9 January2024.
  183. ^"United States Air Force Aircraft Accident Investigation Board Report: B-1B, T/N 85-0089"(PDF).USAF. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 February 2024.Retrieved6 March2024.
  184. ^"B-1 bomber crashes at South Dakota Air Force base, crew ejects safely".Stars and Stripes.Retrieved6 January2024.
  185. ^"85-0085".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved9 January2024.
  186. ^Jenkins 1999
  187. ^"B-1".Encyclopaedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2021.Retrieved16 September2021.
  188. ^"Boeing: B-1B Lancer".boeing.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2016.Retrieved8 August2017.
  189. ^"ACQWeb"Archived3 February 2016 at theWayback MachineSTART I: Letter on B-1
  190. ^Mizokami, Kyle"The B-1 Bomber Has a New Mission"Archived4 August 2019 at theWayback Machine.Popular Mechanics,22 August 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  191. ^"B-1B Lancer | The B-1 Bomber Might Carry Hypersonic Missiles".Popular Mechanics.9 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2021.Retrieved2 May2022.
  192. ^As per B-1B Weapons Loading Checklist T.O. 1B-1B-33-2-1CL-8
  193. ^As per B-1B Weapons Loading Checklist T.O. 1B-1B-33-2-1CL-7 (changed from 84 to 81 due to fit issues on 28X CBM with new tailkits)
  194. ^"Bad to the B-ONE."Archived31 March 2012 at theWayback MachineAir Force Magazine,March 2007, p. 63. Retrieved: 25 July 2010.
  195. ^abJenkins 1999,p. 142.
  196. ^abRivezzo, Charles V."337 TES demonstrates ability to triple B-1 payload".Archived12 February 2022 at theWayback Machine.7th Bomb Wing Public Affairs, USAF, 7 April 2011. Retrieved: 12 February 2022.
  197. ^Tirpak, John A."The Big Squeeze."Archived25 July 2009 at theWayback MachineAir Force Magazine,Journal of the Air Force Association, Volume 90, Issue 10, October 2007.ISSN0730-6784.
  198. ^Kessler, Capt. Carrie L."B-1 crews conduct TWF test; receive pod spin-up."Archived5 July 2009 at theWayback MachineAir Force Print News Today,29 February 2008. Retrieved: 30 June 2010.
  199. ^ab"The Weapons File"[permanent dead link]Air Armament Center
  200. ^"B-1B Lancer upgrade will triple payload"Archived14 October 2014 at theWayback MachineUS Air Force News, 11 April 2011
  201. ^"Uncovering the Rockwell B-1B Lancer" Willy Peeters, Daco Publications,ISBN978-9080674776,2006
  202. ^abTechnical Order 00-105E-9 Revision 11, 1 February 2006.
  203. ^"Encyclopedia of Modern U.S. Military Weapons", Berkley Hardcover; 1st edition, 1 August 1995,ISBN978-0425147818
  204. ^ab"The B-1B Bomber and Options for hancements"Archived14 April 2013 at theWayback MachineCongressional Budget Office, August 1988
  205. ^"Sniper ATP-equipped B-1B has combat first"Archived4 March 2016 at theWayback MachineUS Air Force News, 11 August 2008
  206. ^"NA 95-1210 B-1B Fact Book"Archived6 November 2012 at theWayback Machine.North American Aircraft, Rockwell International, 20 July 1995. Retrieved: 28 December 2016.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Casil, Amy Sterling (2003).The B-1 Lancer.New York: Rosen.ISBN0-8239-3871-9.
  • Dao, James."Much-Maligned B-1 Bomber Proves Hard to Kill."The New York Times,1 August 2001.
  • Donald, David, ed. "Rockwell B-1B".The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft.New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997.ISBN0-7607-0592-5.
  • ——— (2004).The Pocket Guide to Military Aircraft: And the World's Airforces.London: Octopus.ISBN0-681-03185-9..
  • Dorr, Robert F (1997).7th Bombardment Group/Wing, 1918–1995.Turner,ME:Turner.ISBN1-56311-278-7.
  • ——— (June 2010). "Lancer Force".Combat Aircraft Monthly.London: Ian Allan..
  • Gunston, William 'Bill' (1978),F-111,New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,ISBN0-684-15753-5.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R (1999).B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN0-07-134694-5.
  • Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988).Post-World War II Bombers, 1945–1973(PDF).Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.ISBN0-16-002260-6.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 October 2007.
  • Lee, Tae-Woo (2008).Military Technologies of the World.Vol. 1. Santa Barbara,CA:ABC-CLIO.ISBN978-0-275-99535-5.
  • Pace, Steve (1998).Boeing North American B-1 Lancer.North Branch,MN:Specialty Press.ISBN1-58007-012-4.
  • ——— (1999).B-2 Spirit: The Most Capable War Machine on the Planet.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN0-07-134433-0.
  • Schwartz, Stephen I (1998).Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons since 1940.Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.ISBN0-8157-7773-6.
  • Skaarup, Harold A (2002).South Dakota Warbird Survivors 2003: A Handbook on Where to Find Them.Bloomington,IN:iUniverse.ISBN0-595-26379-8.
  • Sorrels, Charles A. (1983).U.S. Cruise Missile Programs: Development, Deployment, and Implications for Arms Control.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN0-08-030527-X.
  • Spick, Michael 'Mike' (1986).B-1B.Modern Fighting Aircraft. New York: Prentice Hall.ISBN0-13-055237-2..
  • Spick, Mike, ed. (1987).The Great Book of Modern Warplanes.New York: Salamander Books.ISBN0-517-63367-1.
  • Whitford, Ray (1987).Design for Air Combat.London: Jane's Information Group.ISBN0-7106-0426-2.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. (2006).Military Aircraft of the Cold War – Rockwell B-1A.The Aviation Factfile. London: Grange Books.ISBN1-84013-929-3.
  • Withington, Thomas (2006).B-1B Lancer Units in Combat.Combat Aircraft. Vol. 60. London: Osprey Publishing.ISBN1-84176-992-4.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commonshas media related to:
B-1 Lancer(category)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockwell_B-1_Lancer&oldid=1240039803#Variants"