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BP Pedestrian Bridge

Coordinates:41°52′58″N87°37′14″W/ 41.8828°N 87.6206°W/41.8828; -87.6206
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BP Pedestrian Bridge
The BP Bridge viewed fromThe BuckinghaminLakeshore East(June 12, 2008)
Coordinates41°52′58″N87°37′14″W/ 41.8828°N 87.6206°W/41.8828; -87.6206
CarriesPedestrians
CrossesColumbus Drive
LocaleChicago(Cook County, Illinois)
United States
Characteristics
Designgirder bridge
MaterialStainless steel,reinforced concrete,andhardwood
Total length935 feet (285.0 m)
Width20 feet (6.1 m)
Clearance below14 feet 6 inches (4.4 m)
History
DesignerFrank Gehry
Engineering design bySkidmore, Owings and Merrill
Construction endMay 22, 2004
OpenedJuly 16, 2004
Location
Map

TheBP Pedestrian Bridge,or simplyBP Bridge,is agirderfootbridgein theLoopcommunity areaofChicago,United States. It spansColumbus Driveto connectMaggie Daley Park(formerly, Daley Bicentennial Plaza) withMillennium Park,both parts of the largerGrant Park.Designed byPritzker Prize-winning architectFrank Gehryand structurally engineered bySkidmore, Owings and Merrill,it opened along with the rest of Millennium Park on July 16, 2004.[1]Gehry had been courted by the city to design the bridge and the neighboringJay Pritzker Pavilion,and eventually agreed to do so after thePritzker familyfunded the Pavilion.[2][3][4]

Named for energy firmBP,which donated$5 million toward its construction, it is the first Gehry-designed bridge to have been completed.[5]BP Bridge is described as snakelike because of its curving form.[6]Designed to bear a heavy load without structural problems caused by its own weight, it has won awards for its use ofsheet metal.The bridge is known for itsaesthetics,and Gehry's style is seen in itsbiomorphicallusions and extensive sculptural use ofstainless steelplates to express abstraction.

Thepedestrian bridgeserves as anoise barrierfor traffic sounds from Columbus Drive. It is a connecting link between Millennium Park and destinations to the east, such as the nearby lakefront, other parts of Grant Park and aparking garage.[7]BP Bridge uses a concealedbox girderdesign with a concrete base, and its deck is covered by hardwood floor boards.[8]It is designed withouthandrails,using stainless steelparapetsinstead. The total length is 935 feet (285 m), with a five percentslopeon its inclined surfaces that makes itbarrier freeandaccessible.Although the bridge is closed in winter because ice cannot be safely removed from its wooden walkway, it has received favorable reviews for its design and aesthetics.

Design[edit]

Preliminary plans[edit]

Rectangular map of a park about 1.5 times as wide as it is tall. The top half is dominated by the Pritzker Pavilion and Great Lawn. The lower half is divided into three roughly equal sections: (left to right) Wrigley Square, McCormick Tribune Plaza, and Crown Fountain. North is to the left.McDonald's Cycle CenterBP Pedestrian BridgeBP Pedestrian BridgeColumbus DriveExelon Pavilion NEExelon Pavilion NEExelon Pavilion SEExelon Pavilion SEExelon Pavilion NWExelon Pavilion NWExelon Pavilion SWExelon Pavilion SWHarris TheaterJay Pritzker PavilionLurie GardenNichols BridgewayNichols BridgewayChase Promenade NorthChase Promenade CentralChase Promenade SouthGrainger PlazaBoeing Gallery NorthBoeing Gallery SouthCloud GateWrigley SquareMcCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice RinkCrown FountainMichigan AvenueRandolph Street
Image map ofMillennium Park;east is at the top. Each feature or label is linked.

Since the mid-19th century, Grant Park has been Chicago's "front yard", withLake Michiganto the east and the Loop to the west.Columbus Driveruns north–south through Grant Park, with Daley Bicentennial Plaza in the northeast corner of the park. West of Columbus Drive, the northwest corner of the park had beenIllinois Centralrail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it became available for development by the city as Millennium Park. Millennium Park is also north of Monroe Street and theArt Institute,east ofMichigan Avenue,and south ofRandolph Street.[9]For 2007, Millennium Park trailed onlyNavy Pieras a Chicago tourist attraction.[10]

Gehry designed both the bridge andJay Pritzker Pavilionwith curving stainless steel plates.

In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Frank Gehry to design aprosceniumarch and orchestra enclosure for aband shellin the new park, as well as apedestrian bridgecrossing Columbus Drive between Millennium Park and Daley Bicentennial Plaza. The city also sought donors to cover the cost of Gehry's work, which would eventually become Jay Pritzker Pavilion and the BP Pedestrian Bridge.[11][12]At the time, theChicago Tribunedubbed Gehry "the hottest architect in the universe" in reference to the acclaim for hisGuggenheim Museum Bilbao.[13]Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture", and noted that no other architect was being sought.[11]Gehry was approached several times bySkidmore, Owings & MerrillarchitectAdrian Smithon behalf of the city.[3]In April 1999, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's band shell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million more to the park.[2][14]That same day, Gehry agreed to the design request.[4]

In November 1999, when he unveiled his initial plans for the bridge and band shell, Gehry admitted the bridge's design was underdeveloped because funding for it was not yet committed. Even at this early point, the need for a sound barrier for Columbus Drive traffic noise was recognized, although Gehry indicated this might take the form of aberm,or raised barrier.[15]The need to fund a bridge to span the eight-lane Columbus Drive was evident, but some planning for the park was delayed in anticipation of details on the redesign ofSoldier Field.[16]In January 2000, the city announced plans to expand the park to include features that becameCloud Gate,Crown Fountain,theMcDonald's Cycle Center,and the BP Pedestrian Bridge.[17]Later that month, Gehry unveiled his next design, which depicted a winding bridge.[18]

While the neighboring Jay Pritzker Pavilion changed relatively little from Gehry's 1999 design when built, the bridge went through several proposed designs.[19]The proposal made in early 2000, which was expected to be executed in 2002, included a bridge that was a mere 170 feet (51.8 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide.[20]That design was not approved, andChicago MayorRichard M. Daley's disapproval of Gehry's subsequent design of an 800–900-foot (240–270 m) bridge caused Gehry to come up with ten more designs.[21]The first of these plans was for a Z-shaped bridge that would have run northwest–southeast with western ramps in Millennium Park, leading south, and eastern ramps in the empty north section of Daley Bicentennial Plaza, leading north. It would have required elevators to conform to theAmericans with Disabilities Act.[19]This plan was abandoned because it would have segregated the handicapped.[22]Gehry had only designed two bridges previously, both in the mid-1990s (PferdeturmUSTRABridge inHanover, Germanyand Financial Times Millennium Bridge inLondon, United Kingdom) but neither was built.[19]

Final plan[edit]

The bridge is a noise barrier along the eastern edge of Millennium Park, with theHistoric Michigan Boulevard Districtin the background.

The final design for the bridge was revealed in an exhibit at theChicago Cultural Centeron June 10, 2000.[21]As designed and built, the bridge is 935 feet (285.0 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, with a 14-foot-6-inch (4.42 m) Columbus Drive clearance.[23][24]The clearance was designed to slightly exceed the 14-foot (4.3 m) standard set by theUnited States Department of TransportationFederal Highway Administrationfor urban area interstate bridge clearances, and to allow for additional future layers of pavement below.[25]This height is also greater than the maximum vehicle height of 13 feet 6 inches (4.1 m) set by the Illinois Vehicle Code.[26]According to theChicago Tribunethe width of the "trenchlike" area spanned is approximately 150 feet (46 m),[21]whileThe New York Timesreports the bridge is over ten times longer than Columbus Drive is wide.[27]

BP Bridge begins in Millennium Park between thetrellissystem over the Jay Pritzker Pavilion's great lawn and theLurie Garden;the design was changed so that the west ramp coincided with the boardwalk of the Lurie Garden seam.[28][29]The bridge winds its way northward along the eastern edge of Millennium Park before crossing Columbus Drive in a C-shaped curve, above undergroundparking garageentrances. In Daley Bicentennial Plaza the bridge has an S-shape, then turns east. BP Bridge is designed so that its inclined surfaces have a continuous five percentsloperather than landings and switchback ramps, which provides easy access for the physically challenged.[21][30]The gently sloped ramp eliminates the need for lifts or any of the other common types of ramps (L-shaped, switchback, U-shaped, straight),[31]and helped the park earn the 2005 Barrier-Free America Award for its exemplarybarrier-freedesign.[32]

Crossing Columbus Drive, the bridge is supported by a central concrete column. (fromRandolph Street)

Gehry had hoped to design the bridge so that it could be constructed without a support column in the center of Columbus Drive. However,Chicago Tribunearchitecture criticBlair Kaminnotes that if he had done so, the bridge might not have been as sleek.[6]Building the bridge without the column would have required load-bearingcantilevers(beamssupported only on one side) from structural positions on opposite sides of the street; this would have been expensive and labor-intensive, because it would have required excavating large portions of the parking garages on both sides of the street. Moreover, on the Daley Bicentennial Plaza side, the optimal location for the supporting cantilever would have been at the location of the Monroe Street Garage. Thus, the preferred bridge design was altered to avoid problems related to the underground parking garages.[33]

The bridge is both a connector and a viewing platform for the park.[6]It was designed to link the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the entire Loop to the west with the Lake Michigan lakefront to the east. It was also designed to be a bermnoise barrierblocking noise on the eight-lane Columbus Drive from the Park's outdoor band shell (Jay Pritzker Pavilion), by deflecting traffic sounds upward.[34]

The bridge, which uses steelgirders,reinforced concreteabutmentsanddeck slabs,hardwood deck, and a stainless steelveneer,cost between $12.1 and $14.5 million.[34][35][36]It contains large sculptural plates ofcurvilinearstainless steel instead of more standard flat plates.[1]The bridge's curvilinear design gives it a flowing, natural look, instead of the linear, rigid form of standard bridges. Although its steel girders rest on concretepylonsand most of the bridge is solid concrete, the bridge uses a hollowbox girderdesign to minimize weight, as the ground that supports the bridge covers underground parking garages.[8][37]The concrete base and box girder are flanked by a hollow stainless steel skeleton.[8]Despite its hollow structure, and the fact that it is designed as a concealedbeam bridge,thefootbridgeis built to highway standards and can support a full capacity load of pedestrians.[37]The bridge is designed without standardhandrailsand uses waist-highparapetsasguard railsinstead.[6]

Construction[edit]

Pictured: The stainless steel plates comprising the bridge's exterior

The bridge was built using 22-gaugestainless steeltype 316plates (0.031 inches or 0.79 millimeters thick), with anangel hair finishand a flat interlocking panel process. Stainless steel type 316 is known for its excellentweldingcharacteristics, as well as for its resistance topitting.[38]According to theChicago Tribune,the bridge materials used in construction include 2,000rot-resistant Brazilianhardwoodboards for the deck, 115,000 stainless steelscrewsand 9,800stainless steelshingleplates.[28][37]According to Architecture Metal Expertise, the bridge has "10,400 stainless steel trapezoidal panels in 17 different shop fabricated configurations [which] involved 1,000 shop hours".[34]The sheet metal work totaled 5,900 field hours over a six-month period.[34]During construction, about 200 shingles were installed per day.[39]The bridge includes two types of structural steel: steel that is 2.0 inches or 5.1 centimetres thick and 20.0 inches or 51 centimetres in diameter for the approaches and box girders for the span.[40]

CATIAsoftware was used to handle the complex geometric layout.[41]To ensure accurate fitting and alignment to the sloping, curving sides of the bridge, 4,400 custom-made convex, concave and radiused cladding panels were fabricated on site by sheet metal contractor Custom Metal Fabricators (CMF). CMF used 57,000 square feet (5,300 m2) of stainless steel sheet to cover the sides, which have a combined perimeter length of 1,728 feet (526.7 m). CMF built special heated enclosures so that work could continue on site through the winter. They designed, fabricated and installed customtype 4brushed stainless steel parapets serving in the place of handrails on the bridge. CMF earned the 2005 Tom Guilfoy Memorial Architectural Sheet Metal Award, by the California chapter of theSheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Associationfor the project.[34]In 2005 it received a Merit Award from theNational Steel Bridge Alliance,and an Excellence in Structural Engineering award from theStructural Engineers Association of Illinois.[42]

On the day that the two halves of the bridge were joined, each side of Columbus Drive was closed for a 12-hour period and a 360-short-ton(320-long-ton;330t)cranewas used to install the girders. Before bringing the crane to the location,screw jackswere used to shore up the underground garage roof to hold the crane's weight.[43]

The landscaping surrounding the bridge was redesigned bylandscape architectTerry Guen.Honey locusts,ashandmaple treeswere removed and replaced with three varieties ofmagnoliaand more than two dozen ornamental andcanopytrees along the eastern foot of the bridge in Daley Bicentennial Plaza. Other preliminary construction work included setting reinforcing rods for the bridge in the concrete roof deck of the parking garage located under the park.[23]

Use and controversies[edit]

The deck is covered with 2,000 Brazilian hardwood floor boards.

Before its official opening on 22 May 2004, the bridge had a private ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Gehry and Mayor Daley. During the weekend of the ribbon-cutting, Gehry was awarded anhonorary degreefrom theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago.[44]The BP Pedestrian Bridge officially opened, along with the rest of Millennium Park, on July 16, 2004.[1][37]It remained unnamed at the ribbon-cutting,[37]but before the July park opening, energy firm BP had paid$5 millionfor the bridge sponsorship and naming rights.[45]

Timothy Gilfoyle, author ofMillennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark,notes that a controversy surrounds the "tasteless" corporate naming of several of the Park's features, including the bridge, which was named after anoil company.[46]It is well documented that naming rights were sold for high fees,[47]and Gilfoyle was not the only one who chastised park officials for selling naming rights to the highest bidder. Public interest groups have crusaded against commercialization of Chicago parks.[48]However, many of the donors have a long history of local philanthropy and the funds were essential to providing necessary financing for several features of the park.[45]

After the park opened, some of the bridge's foibles became apparent. The bridge has had to be closed during the winter because freezing conditions make it unsafe.[49]Since the bridge is over an expressway-like trench of Columbus Drive, shoveling the snow onto passing cars is not an option and the Brazilian hardwood would be damaged byrock salt.[50]The city not only mandates that the bridge be swept and washed daily, but also that the parapets be wiped free of fingerprints.[51]

The bridge has also had controversial closures in the summer, which were related to larger park concerns. On September 8, 2005,Toyota Motor Sales USApaid $800,000 to rent the bridge and all but four venues in the park from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.[52][53]On August 7, 2006,Allstatepaid $700,000 to rent the bridge and most of the park for a day.[54][55]The exclusion of commuters who normally walk through the park and tourists lured by its attractions was controversial, though the city said the money raised paid for free public programs in Millennium Park.[52]

Aesthetics[edit]

Perspectives of BP Bridge
View fromAon Center(top, in 2005),Sears Tower(center, in 2007),[56]andBlue Cross Blue Shield Tower(bottom, in 2008).

The bridge is noted for its sculptural characteristics and Kamin describes it as a delightful pleasure that was designed to emphasize its artistic elements while de-emphasizing its concrete and steel support system.[6]The New York Timesnotes that the artistAnish Kapoor's attempts to hide the seams ofCloud Gatewere an interesting contrast to Gehry's architectural efforts. Gehry took pride in making the BP Pedestrian Bridge flaunt its seams.[27]

Beginning with Gehry's earliest bridge designs, the bridge was expected to complement the neighboring Pritzker Pavilion.[20]Some have suggested that the bridge and the pavilion are mere extensions of Gehry's work in other cities. For example, according to Gilfoyle, both structures embody Gehry's established asymmetrical style, evoking fluid, continuous motion and sculptural abstraction. They also feature metallicfacadesand aesthetic curves, but they are said to be more refined, reduced and dynamic than much of his other work.[57]

Since the 1960s, Gehry has made artistic use ofscaledanimals such as fish and snakes, which first appeared in his architectural designs in the 1980s.[58][59][60]Many references to the bridge describe it assnakelikefor its winding path,[6][34][44]and some even refer to the stainless steel plates as scales with discussion ofreptilianforms.[19][41]Kamin calls it "a bridge that resembles a giant silver snake, complete with a scaly skin",[6]while Gehry said he thought the bridge looked like a river, but added he might be the only one who thought that.[44]

The way the bridge flows in a continuum of unexpected directions is a break from Gehry's other work and other more traditional urban and architectural forms nearby.[57]Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture critic Kamin gave the bridge four stars (out of a possible four) in his review and admires how "computers have given Gehry unparalleled formal freedom" to design "the complexity of its geometry" and multidimensional curvatures.[6]The bridge provides views of both the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and Lake Michigan in a way that Kamin says makes it abelvedere.[6][61]Kamin also recommends anyone having a bad day to stroll across the bridge, adding, "You won't get where you're going quickly, but you'll feel a whole lot better once you're done."[6]

Credits[edit]

Instead ofhandrails,the BP Bridge usesparapets(with lights for illumination at night).
Panoramic view of a shiny metal bridge crossing a multilane road, with skyscrapers in the background.
Panoramic view from the BP Pedestrian Bridge: Millennium Park and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion are at left, with Columbus Avenue in the foreground. The bridge curves into Daley Bicentennial Plaza at left.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abc"Category: Intensive Industrial/Commercial".Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. 2005. Archived fromthe originalon June 8, 2008.RetrievedMay 30,2008.
  2. ^abSpielman, Fran (April 28, 1999)."Room for Grant Park to grow".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2014.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  3. ^abKamin, Blair (April 18, 1999)."A World-Class Designer Turns His Eye To Architecture's First City".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  4. ^abDe LaFuente, Della (April 28, 1999)."Architect on board to help build bridge to 21st century".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2014.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  5. ^Cohen, Laurie (July 2, 2001)."Band shell cost heads skyward – Millennium Park's new concert venue may top $40 million".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2014.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  6. ^abcdefghijKamin, Blair (July 18, 2004)."BP Bridge – **** – Crossing Columbus Drive – Frank Gehry, Los Angeles".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2014.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  7. ^Daniel, Caroline (July 20, 2004)."How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride".The Financial Times.The Financial Times Ltd.RetrievedJuly 31,2008.
  8. ^abcGilfoyle, pp. 196–201.
  9. ^Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (August 6, 2006)."Millennium Park".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2017.RetrievedJune 24,2008.
  10. ^"Crain's List Largest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2007 attendance".Crain's Chicago Business.August 6, 2008. p. 22.
  11. ^abcBey, Lee (February 18, 1999)."Building for future – Modern architect sought for park".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedMay 21,2009.
  12. ^"The City".Daily Herald.Newsbank. February 18, 1999.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  13. ^Warren, Ellen and Teresa Wiltz (February 17, 1999)."City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  14. ^"Millennium Park Gets Millions".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank. April 27, 1999.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  15. ^Kamin, Blair (November 4, 1999)."Architect's Band Shell Design Filled With Heavy-Metal Twists".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  16. ^Kamin, Blair (November 23, 1999)."Timing Crucial Plotting Grant Park's Future".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  17. ^Song, Lisa (January 7, 2000)."City Tweaks Millennium Park Design".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  18. ^Donato, Marla (January 28, 2000)."Defiant Architect Back With Revised Grant Park Bridge Design".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 24,2008.
  19. ^abcdGilfoyle, pp. 239–41.
  20. ^abKamin, Blair (March 20, 2000)."Lakefront Park Plans To Include Visitors' Bridge".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  21. ^abcdKamin, Blair (June 23, 2000)."Gehry's Design: A Bridge Too Far Out?".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  22. ^Sharoff, p. 95
  23. ^abMoffett, Nancy (May 26, 2003)."Millennium Park getting a touch of the South".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedMay 31,2008.
  24. ^Frey, Mary Cameron (May 24, 2004)."Our Town's newest bridge".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  25. ^"Bridge Technology".United States Department of Transportation–Federal Highway Administration– Infrastructure. July 7, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on October 12, 2008.RetrievedOctober 2,2008.
  26. ^"(625 ILCS 5/15‑103) Illinois Vehicle Code".Illinois General Assembly.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2022.RetrievedMay 28,2009.Note:The code states that vehicle height statewide measured from the under side of the tire to the top of the vehicle, inclusive ofload,that shall not exceed 13 feet 6 inches (4.1 m).
  27. ^abBernstein, Fred A. (July 18, 2004)."Art/Architecture; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 8, 2008.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  28. ^abGilfoyle, p. 243.
  29. ^Gilfoyle, pp. 303, 308.
  30. ^"Art & Architecture: BP Bridge".City of Chicago. Archived fromthe originalon May 26, 2008.RetrievedMay 31,2008.
  31. ^"Accessible Housing by Design—Ramps".Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. August 2008. Archived fromthe originalon May 13, 2008.RetrievedAugust 5,2008.
  32. ^Deyer, Joshua (July 2005)."Chicago's New Class Act".PN.Paralyzed Veterans of America. Archived fromthe originalon April 13, 2019.RetrievedMay 31,2008.
  33. ^Gilfoyle, p. 200.
  34. ^abcdefg"Form And Function Come Together To Create A Pedestrian Bridge For Chicago: Millennium Park BP Pedestrian Bridge, Chicago, Ill".Architectural Metal Expertise.SMILMCF. Archived fromthe originalon May 9, 2012.RetrievedMay 31,2008.
  35. ^abcBP Pedestrian BridgeatStructuraeRetrieved on July 25, 2008.
  36. ^Herrmann, Andrew (July 15, 2004)."Sun-Times Insight".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  37. ^abcdeJanega, James (May 22, 2004)."Curvy bridge bends all the rules – With its whimsical, wavy design, the new Millennium Park bridge has Chicagoans likening it to a skateboard, a snake—even a spaceship".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2014.RetrievedMay 30,2008.
  38. ^"Grade Data Sheet 316 316L 316H"(PDF).Atlas Specialty Metals. May 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 22, 2008.RetrievedJune 5,2009.
  39. ^Sharoff, p. 105
  40. ^Sharoff, p. 100
  41. ^abSharoff, p. 103
  42. ^"Millennium Park – BP Pedestrian Bridge".Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2009.RetrievedMay 28,2009.
  43. ^Sharoff, p. 109
  44. ^abcNance, Kevin (May 23, 2005)."Snakelike walkway by Gehry dedicated at Millennium Park".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  45. ^abSmith, Sid (July 15, 2004)."Sponsors put money where their names are".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJuly 28,2008.
  46. ^Gilfoyle, p. 345.
  47. ^Kinzer, Stephen (July 13, 2004)."Letter from Chicago; A Prized Project, a Mayor and Persistent Criticism".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on September 8, 2012.RetrievedAugust 4,2008.
  48. ^Spielman, Fran (September 2, 2004)."Corporate logos in parks? Daley thinks it's 'fantastic' // Says companies deserve it if they foot the bill".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedAugust 4,2008.
  49. ^Nance, Kevin (December 16, 2005)."Museum seeks $63 mil. more: Art Institute needs donations to build addition, bridge".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  50. ^Mihalopoulos, Dan and Hal Dardick (January 7, 2005)."Park spares the salt and closes the bridge".Chicago Tribune.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  51. ^Spielman, Fran (December 16, 2005)."New amenities for Millennium Park?: Company proposes baby strollers, Disney training for workers".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 1,2008.
  52. ^abAhmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (September 9, 2005)."No Walk In The Park – Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park 's red-carpet treatment; everyone else told to just keep on going".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2014.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  53. ^Dardick, Hal (May 6, 2005)."This Sept. 8, No Bean For You – Unless you're a Toyota dealer. In that case, feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2014.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  54. ^Herrmann, Andrew (May 4, 2006)."Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day".Chicago Sun-Times.Newsbank.Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2014.RetrievedJuly 26,2008.
  55. ^The four venues in Millennium Park that were not rented by Toyota wereWrigley Square,Lurie Garden, the McDonald's Cycle Center andCrown Fountain.Allstate acquired the visitation rights to Pritzker Pavilion, BP Bridge, Lurie Garden and theChase Promenades,and only had exclusive access toCloud Gateafter 4 p.m.
  56. ^As of 2009, the recently constructedLegacy Towerblocks the view of the bridge and Millennium Park from Sears Tower at least partially.
  57. ^abGilfoyle, pp. 229–231.
  58. ^Jencks, Charles (2002).The new paradigm in architecture: the language of post-modernism.Yale University Press. p. 257.ISBN978-0-300-09513-5.
  59. ^Waters, John Kevin (2003).Blobitecture: Waveform Architecture and Digital Design.Rockport Publishers. p. 161.ISBN978-1-59253-000-7.
  60. ^Feuerstein, Günther (2001).Biomorphic Architecture: Menschen- und Tiergestalten in der Architektur.Grafisches Zentrum HTU. p. 131.ISBN978-3-930698-87-5.
  61. ^Gilfoyle, p. 272.
  62. ^abcdef"Facts and Dimensions of BP Bridge".City of Chicago. Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2008.RetrievedMay 31,2008.
  63. ^"BP Bridge at Millennium Park".Radius Track Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon February 15, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 28,2011.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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