Baarle-Hertog
Baarle-Hertog | |
---|---|
Coordinates:51°27′N04°56′E/ 51.450°N 4.933°E | |
Country | Belgium |
Community | Flemish Community |
Region | Flemish Region |
Province | Antwerp |
Arrondissement | Turnhout |
Government | |
• Mayor | Frans de Bont (Forum+) |
• Governing party/ies | N-VA,Forum+ |
Area | |
• Total | 7.41 km2(2.86 sq mi) |
Population (2020-01-01)[1] | |
• Total | 2,865 |
• Density | 390/km2(1,000/sq mi) |
Postal codes | 2387 |
NIS code | 13002 |
Area codes | 014 |
Website | Official website |
Baarle-Hertog(Dutch pronunciation:[ˌbaːrləˈɦɛrtɔx];French:Baerle-Duc,pronounced[baʁl(ə)dyk]) is aFlemishmunicipalityofBelgium,much of which consists of a number of small Belgianenclavesfully surrounded by theNetherlands.
Parts ofBaarle-Hertogare surrounded by the Dutch province ofNorth Brabant,but it is part of the Belgian province ofAntwerp.As of 2021[update],it had a population of 2,935. The total area is 7.48 square kilometres (2.89 square miles).[2]
Geography
[edit]Border with Baarle-Nassau
[edit]Baarle-Hertogis noted for its complicated borders withBaarle-Nassau,Netherlands.[3]
The border's complexity results from a number of medieval treaties, agreements, land-swaps and sales between the Lords ofBredaand theDukes of Brabant.Generally speaking, predominantly agricultural or built environments became constituents of Brabant and other parts devolved toBreda.These distributions were ratified and clarified as a part of the border settlements agreed under theTreaty of Maastrichtin 1843. The tight integration of theEuropean Unionand in particular theSchengen Agreementhave made many of the practicalities of the situation substantially simpler since the 1990s.
In total, the municipality of Baarle-Hertog consists of 26 separate parcels of land. Four are linked to other Belgian municipalities, from west to east: the Baalbrugse Bemden, a strip of land along the Merkske, Zondereigen-Ginhoven and an area near Weelde-Station. The largest single section,Zondereigen(named after its main hamlet), is located within mainland Belgium on the contiguousDutch-Belgian border(north of the town ofMerksplas). In addition to this, there are 22 Belgianexclavesfully within the Netherlands. There are also seven Dutch enclaves within the Belgian exclaves (i.e.,counter-exclaves) that are part of the territory of the Netherlands. Six of these Dutch enclaves are located within the largest Belgian exclave, and a seventh in the second-largest Belgian exclave. An eighth Dutch exclave is located nearGinhoven .
During theFirst World War,this situation meant that theImperial German Armycould not occupy these parts of Belgium without crossing the Netherlands, which the Dutch government did not allow. Thus, these pieces of Belgium became a place where refugees could safely stay.[4]A clandestine radio transmitter was smuggled in and from there worked with the Belgian resistance. The Dutch government fenced off these areas and controlled access in or out of them, building a church and school for the Belgian people who were effectively stranded within the enclaves.[5][circular reference]This situation did not exist in theSecond World War,as both countries were occupied byNazi Germany.
Some houses in the town ofBaarle-Hertog/Baarle-Nassauare divided between the two countries. At one time, according to Dutch laws, restaurants had to close earlier. For some restaurants on the border, this simply meant that the customers had to move to a table on the Belgian side.[6]In 2020, restrictions due to theCOVID-19 pandemicdiffered between the two countries; for instance, preventing a Belgian citizen living metres away from an open Dutch bar from patronising it.[7]
Manyfireworksshops are found inBaarle-Hertog,as Belgian laws controlling the sale of fireworks are more lenient than those of the Netherlands. Many Dutch tourists come toBaarle-Hertogto buy fireworks to celebrate the New Year.
Two villages in the municipality, Zondereigen and Ginhoven, are located in the main territory of Belgium.
-
Café inBaarle-Nassau,showing border between Belgium and the Netherlands
-
Church ofSaint Remigius
List of enclaves
[edit]Netherlands enclaves
[edit]These are all part ofBaarle-Nassaumunicipality.
Serial no. and local name[8] | Area (ha) | area
acre |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
N1,De Loversche Akkers – De Tommelsche Akkers | 5.3667 | 13.2615 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;contains a mix of dwellings and farmland; boundary of N1 and H1 runs through one building. |
N2,De Tommelsche Akkers | 1.3751 | 3.3981 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;contains 8 dwellings. |
N3,De Tommelsche Akkers | 0.2863 | 0.7075 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;boundary of N3 and H1 bisects the loading dock of a liquor store. |
N4,De Rethsche Akkers | 1.2324 | 3.0454 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;boundary of N4 and H1 runs through a warehouse, with vacant Dutch land to the rear of the warehouse. |
N5,De Rethsche Akkers | 1.9212 | 4.7475 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;boundary of N5 and H1 runs through a furniture showroom, a shed and a barn. |
N6,Gierle Straat | 1.4527 | 3.5898 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, inBaarle-Hertog;consists of farmland with two buildings. |
N7,De Kastelein | 0.5812 | 1.4363 | Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian Oordeel exclave H8, inBaarle-Hertog;occupies part of a field. |
N8, Vossenberg | 2.8528 | 7.0496 | Farmland enclave situated within Zondereigen, Belgium, less than 50 meters south of the Dutch border. |
Belgian enclaves
[edit]These are all part ofBaarle-Hertogmunicipality, and are surrounded byBaarle-Nassaumunicipality (Netherlands).
Serial no. and local name[8] | Area (ha) | area
acre |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|
H1, Aen het Klooster Straetje - Hoofdbraek - Loveren - De Boschcovensche Akkers - De Loversche Akkers - De Tommelsche Akkers - De Tommel - De Gierle Straat - De Reth - De Rethsche Akkers - Het Dorp - De Kapel Akkers - De Kastelein | 153.6448 | 379.6717 | Forms aquadripointwith enclave H2; largest Belgian exclave; encompasses six Dutch enclaves; consists of dwellings for the most part, with outlying farmland and an industrial area; boundary runs through numerous buildings; contains a portion of the former Turnhout-Tilburg rail line, now a cycle path. |
H2,De Rethsche Akkers | 2.4116 | 5.9594 | Consists of farmland with a single point of connection (quadripoint) between enclaves H1 and H2 in the middle of a corn field. |
H3,De Rethsche Akkers | 0.3428 | 0.8471 | Occupies part of a field; boundary runs through a shed in one instance. |
H4,De Rethsche Akkers | 1.476 | 3.6474 | Consists of farmland; boundary runs through a house and three sheds. |
H5, De Kapel Akkers | 0.9245 | 2.2846 | Consists of farmland with a dwelling. |
H6, Hoofdbraek | 1.7461 | 4.3148 | Mixed land usage; boundary runs through a warehouse/factory. |
H7, De Loversche Akkers | 0.2469 | 0.6102 | Boundary runs through two dwellings, including the middle of one front door (giving it two house numbers: Loveren 2,Baarle-Hertog/ Loveren 19,Baarle-Nassau). |
H8, Boschcoven - De Kastelein - De Oordelsche Straat | 41.8781 | 103.485 | Second-largest Belgian exclave, contains a mix of dwellings and farmland; boundary runs through a barn, a dwelling and two businesses. |
H9, De Kapel Akkers | 0.4005 | 0.9897 | Boundary runs through a printing factory/warehouse in an industrial area. |
H10, De Oordelsche Straat | 0.65 | 1.6063 | Consists of farmland. |
H11, De Oordelsche Straat | 0.93 | 2.2982 | Consists of farmland. |
H12, Boschcoven | 0.2822 | 0.6974 | Consists of farmland. |
H13, Boschcoven | 1.5346 | 3.7922 | Boundary runs through about 20 dwellings. |
H14, Boschcoven | 0.7193 | 1.7774 | Boundary runs through about 13 dwellings. |
H15, Boschcoven | 1.7211 | 4.2531 | Boundary runs through about 16 dwellings. |
H16, Keizershoek - Oordelsche Straat | 4.4252 | 10.9352 | Boundary runs through a house and three sheds; inside one of the sheds, the linear boundary changes direction three times |
H17, Moleriet Heide | 14.9248 | 36.8807 | Rural area containing a portion of the former Turnhout-Tilburg rail line, now a cycle path. |
H18, De Manke Gooren | 2.9247 | 7.2273 | Consists of farmland. |
H19, De Peruiters | 0.6851 | 1.693 | Consists of several ponds and a field. |
H20, Wurstenbosch - Vossenberg | 1.1681 | 2.8865 | Consists of farmland. |
H21, Baelbrugsche Beemden | 1.1845 | 2.9271 | Consists of farmland. |
H22, De Wit Hagen | 0.2632 | 0.6504 | South of the village of Ulicoten; occupies part of a field; nationality was contested from the 1830s until 1995 (remained unallocated to either country in boundary treaty of 26 April 1974) |
Climate
[edit]Climate data for Baarle-Hertog (1991−2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 75.8 (2.98) |
69.9 (2.75) |
59.3 (2.33) |
45.3 (1.78) |
62.3 (2.45) |
76.1 (3.00) |
84.5 (3.33) |
83.2 (3.28) |
71.7 (2.82) |
73.9 (2.91) |
83.6 (3.29) |
96.6 (3.80) |
882.2 (34.73) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.9 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 13.2 | 14.7 | 136.6 |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 63 | 81 | 136 | 190 | 217 | 215 | 220 | 205 | 162 | 117 | 69 | 53 | 1,726 |
Source:Royal Meteorological Institute[9] |
Education
[edit]Baarle-Hertoghas two elementary schools: De Vlinder and De Horizon.[10]
It shares, withBaarle-Nassau,a joint library with Belgian and Dutch staff.[11]
Notable inhabitants
[edit]- Petrus Christus,15th-century painter
See also
[edit]- Büsingen am Hochrhein,an exclave of Germany surrounded by Switzerland
- Campione d'Italia,an exclave of Italy surrounded by Switzerland
- Llívia,an exclave of Spain surrounded by France
- India–Bangladesh enclaves,173 former enclaves (not including counter-enclaves)
- The City & The City,a novel about two fictional co-existing city states
References
[edit]- ^"Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2020".Statbel.
- ^"Bevolking per statistische sector - Sector 13002".Statistics Belgium.Retrieved9 May2022.
- ^González, Diego (January 17, 2010)."Una cervecería en dos países"[A bar in Two Countries].Fronteras(in Spanish).
- ^Jacobs, Frank (14 November 2011)."An Apology of Enclaves".New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2022.
- ^"Enclavegeschiedenis van Baarle",Wikipedia(in Dutch), 2022-11-15,retrieved2022-11-26
- ^"The Curious Case of Baarle-Nassau and Baarle-Hertog".Amusingplanet. 2012-11-06.Retrieved2014-08-01.
- ^"Coronavirus: Dining for some, whining for others in border town Baarle".The Times.2020-06-05.Retrieved2020-06-05.
- ^abWhyte, Brendan (2004)."En Territoire Belge et à Quarante Centimètres de la Frontière" An historical and documentary study of the Belgian and Dutch enclaves of Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau.The University of Melbourne, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies.ISBN0-7340-3032-0.
- ^"Luchttemperatuur en neerslag Referentieperiode: 1991-2020"(PDF)(in Dutch).Royal Meteorological Institute.RetrievedJuly 7,2022.
- ^"scholenArchived2018-11-24 at theWayback Machine."Baarle-Hertog. Retrieved on January 6, 2017.
- ^"bibliotheek."Baarle-Hertog. Retrieved on January 6, 2017.
External links
[edit]- Official website Baarle-Hertog(in Dutch)
- Official website Baarle-Nassau(in Dutch)
- The Baarle Enclaves outlined with Maps
- Open Topo Arcgis map
- Barry Smith's Baarle Site(with maps)
- Photos from Baarle-Nassau/Hertog
- Jan S. Krogh's Geosite about the Baarles
- Photograph of H-22, the smallest enclave of B.-Hertog at 51°26'54 "N 4°50'10" E
- New York Times, Frugal Traveler Blog, August 2008 (Matt Gross)– see video of Baarle-Hartog in middle of page
- 'En Territoire Belge et a quarante centimetres de la frontiere' - English-language PhD thesis on the historical geography of Baarle's enclaves, including photos and detailed maps[permanent dead link]