Baekje

For the 10th-century kingdom also called "Baekje", seeLater Baekje.

Baekje Trăm tế(Hanja) 백제(Hangul) Mười tế(Old Korean) Sipje
18 BC–660 AD
Baekje in the 4th century, during the reign of King Geunchogo.
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Wirye (18 BCE– 475 CE) Gomanaru/Ungjin (476–538) Sabi/Soburi (538–660)
Common languages	Baekje, Classical Chinese(literary)
Religion	Official Religion:Buddhism Other religions: Confucianism Taoism Shamanism
Demonym(s)	Yemaek
Government	Monarchy
King
• 18 BC – 28 AD	Onjo(first)
• 346–375	Geunchogo
• 523–554	Seong
• 600–641	Mu
• 641–660	Uija(last)
Legislature	Jeongsaam council
Historical era	Ancient
• Establishment	18 BC
• Campaigns ofKing Geunchogo	346–375
• Introduction ofBuddhism	385
• Fall ofSabi	18 July 660 AD
Population
• 7th century	Approximately 3,800,000 (760,000 households)
Preceded by Succeeded by Buyeo Goguryeo Mahan confederacy Unified Silla
Today part of	North Korea South Korea

Korean name
Hangul	백제
Hanja	Trăm tế
Revised Romanization	Baekje
McCune–Reischauer	Paekche
IPA	[pɛk̚.tɕ͈e]

BaekjeorPaekche(Korean:백제;Hanja:Trăm tế,Korean pronunciation:[pɛk̚.tɕ͈e]) was a Korean kingdom located in southwesternKoreafrom 18 BCto 660 AD. It was one of theThree Kingdoms of Korea,together withGoguryeoandSilla.While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people (760,000 households), which was much larger than that ofSilla(850,000 people) and similar to that ofGoguryeo(3,500,000 people).

Baekje was founded byOnjo,the third son of Goguryeo's founderJumongandSoseono,atWiryeseong(present-day southernSeoul). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeedBuyeo,a state established in present-dayManchuriaaround the time ofGojoseon's fall.

Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north asPyongyang,and may have even held territories inChina,such as inLiaoxi,though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China andJapan.

Baekje was a great maritime power;its nautical skill, which made it thePhoeniciaof East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination ofBuddhismthroughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.

In 660, it wasdefeatedby theTang dynastyandSilla,and was ultimately submitted toUnified Silla.

Etymology

The most common name used by most historians is Baekje (백제), meaning "hundred counties", but was originally founded by Onjo as mười tế, which figuratively means "tens of counties".Only during the reign ofGeunchogo( tiếu cổ vương ) was it renamed as Baekje. It is also attested as cư Đà La Kudara, meaning "great place", which could have been a possible endonym that was later on borrowed intoOld Japanese.

History

Tang dynastyenvoys from Baekje

Founding

Baekje is mainly composed of the nativeHan(Hanja: Hàn người ) and the KoreanicYemaek(Hanja: Uế mạch tộc ) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from theLelang Commandery(Korean:Nakrang,Hanja:Nhạc lãng ) came in through trade and conquest, and a small number ofJin(Hanja: Thần người ) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje.

Baekje was founded in 18 BCbyKing Onjo,who led a group of people fromGoguryeosouth to theHan Riverbasin. According to the ChineseRecords of the Three Kingdoms,during theSamhanperiod, one of the chiefdoms of theMahan confederacywas called already Baekje.

TheSamguk Sagiprovides a detailed account of Baekje's founding. Jumong had left his sonYuriin Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong becameDivine King Dongmyeong,and had two more sons withSoseono,Onjo andBiryu.When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king,Soseonoleft Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as a key figure in the founding of bothGoguryeoand Baekje.

Onjo settled inWiryeseong(present-dayHanam), and called his countrySipje(십제, mười tế, meaning "Ten Vassals" ), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-dayIncheon), against the vassals' advice. The salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult, while the people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously.

Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his countryBaekje( "Hundred Vassals" ).

King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states.King Gaeruis believed to have moved the capital north of the river toBukhansanseongin 132, probably in present-dayGoyangto the northwest of Seoul.

Through the early centuries of theCommon Era,sometimes called theProto–Three Kingdoms period,early Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes.

Expansion

The Baekje Kingdom, which belongs to theMahan confederacy,first integrates theHan River (Korea)basin area, then overthrows Mokji state (목지국, mục chi quốc ), the dominant country, and then integrates Mahan as a territorial state.

During the reign ofKing Goi(234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to the ancient Japanese textNihonshoki,Baekje's expansion reached theGaya confederacyto its east, around theNakdong Rivervalley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to theNihon Shoki:247).

King Geunchogo(346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war againstGoguryeo,while anne xing the remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the westernKorean Peninsula(except the twoPyeonganprovinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo atPyongyang.Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adoptedChineseculture and technology.Buddhismbecame the official state religion in 384.

Baekje also became a sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with theJapaneserulers of theKofun period,transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. TheChinese writing system,Buddhism,advancedpottery,ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship.

During this period, theHan Riverbasin remained the heartland of the country.

Ungjin period

In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located atUngjin(present-dayGongju) from 475 to 538.

Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer toSillathan Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo.

Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying theChungcheongandJeollaprovinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods.

Sabi period

Gilt-bronze Crown of Baekje from the Sinchon-ri tumulus

In 538,King Seongmoved the capital toSabi(present-dayBuyeo County), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Temporarily, he changed the official name of the country as theNambuyeo(Korean:남부여;Hanja:Nam đỡ dư;RR:Nambuyeo,Korean pronunciation:[na̠m.pu.jʌ̹];lit. "SouthernBuyeo"), a reference toBuyeoto which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth ofBuddhism.

Under pressure fromGoguryeoto the north andSillato the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on the navigableGeum River,made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century.

In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline.

Fall and restoration movement

In 660, the coalition troops of Silla andTangofChinaattacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by GeneralGyebaekwas defeated in the Battle ofHwangsanbeolnear Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje bySilla.King Uijaand his sonBuyeo Yungwere sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled toJapan.The fall of Sabi resulted in one of the infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of the nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called "Rock of the Falling Flowers" commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off the cliff.

Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monkDochim(도침, nói sâm ) and the former Baekje generalBuyeo Boksinrose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje princeBuyeo Pungback from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, chu lưu, in modernSeocheon County,South Chungcheong) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan ( Lưu Nhân nguyện ) under siege inSabi.Emperor Gaozongsent the generalLiu Rengui,who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate.

Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with a contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County.

In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in theBattle of Baekgang.The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, each of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches ofGeum RiverorDongjin river,the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo.

Social and political structure

Main article:Baekje Government

The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign ofKing Goi,who may have first establishedpatrilineal succession.Like mostmonarchies,a great deal of power was held by thearistocracy.King Seong,for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son.

The ruler titles of Baekje were *eraγa (Với la hà), mostly used by the nobility, and *k(j)ə-n kici (Kiện cát chi), as he would be called by the commoners. The queen consort was called *oluk (Với lục) andpasɨkasɨ(벗〯갓) meaning "woman companion".

TheHae clanand theJin clanwere the representative royal houses who had considerable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. TheHae clanwas probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage ofBuyeoandGoguryeo.The "Great Eight Families"(Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae,Jin,Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in theSabiera, recorded in Chinese records such asTongdian.

Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In theSolrank, the first (Jwapyeong) through the sixth (Naesol) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In theDeokrank, the seventh (Jangdeok) through the eleventh (Daedeok) officials may have headed each field.Mundok,Mudok,Jwagun,JinmuandGeukufrom the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators.

According to theSamguk Yusa,during the Sabi period, the chief minister (Jaesang) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form ofselection by lotor a covert selection by the elite is not clear. This Council was called theJeongsaamhoeui( chính sự nham hội nghị, The council of rocks with state affairs).

Military

The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and loot and captives were distributed among them. The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The position of Jwajang led the military.Geunchogo established the division of central military and local militaries. The people of Baekje usually served in the military for three years.As Baekje entered the Sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military.The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace.The weapons available to the soldiers were diverse.

Archaeology

The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and the tombs seem to have no sign of being looted.

Language and culture

TheSeosan Buddha Triad,a Baekje relief carved onMount Gaya,6th-7th century CE

Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be aBuyeo language,a hypothetical group linking the languages ofGojoseon,Buyeo,Goguryeo,and Baekje. In a case ofdiglossia,the indigenousSamhanpeople, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking aPuyŏ languageand the common people aHan language.Historians and linguists, such asJuha Janhunen,also argue that Baekje had been predominantlyJaponic-speaking(specificallyPeninsular Japonic), before it became linguistically 'koreanized'. A similar view was proposed byAlexander Vovin,who also noted that Japonic languages were spoken in theTamna Kingdomon modern-dayJejubefore the arrival of Koreanic, noting the presence of a Japonic substratum in theJeju language.

Buddhism,a religion originating in what is nowIndia,was transmitted toKoreaviaChinain the late 4th century.TheSamguk yusarecords the following 3 monks among first to bring theBuddhistteaching, orDharma,toKorea:Malananta(late 4th century) – anIndianBuddhistmonk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southernKorean peninsula,Sundo– a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism toGoguryeoin northern Korea andAdomonk who brought Buddhism toSillain central Korea.

Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatificBaekje smilefound on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art.Taoistinfluences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by theLiang dynastyin 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period.

Thetomb of King Muryeong(501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments,gold belts,and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of theUngjinperiod.

Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refinedpagodasreflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendidgilt-bronze incense burner(백제금동대형노Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri,Buyeo County,exemplifies Baekje art.

Little is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time.

Foreign relations

Relations with China

Ambassadorof Baekje at the Chinese court ofEmperor Yuan of Liangin his capitalJingzhouin 516–520 CE, with explanatory text.Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang,11th century Song copy.

In 372,King Geunchogopaidtributeto theJin dynastyofChina,located in the basin of theYangtze River.After the fall of Jin and the establishment ofSong dynastyin 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies.

Baekje sent an envoy toNorthern Weiof Northern Dynasties for the first time in 472, andKing Gaeroasked for military aid to attackGoguryeo.KingsMuryeongandSeongsent envoys toLiangseveral times and received titles of nobility.

Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style.

Relations with Japan

Replica of theSeven-pronged SwordBaekje gave to Yamato.

Cultural impact and military assistance

See also:Korean influence on Japanese culture

To confront the military pressure ofGoguryeoto its north andSillato its east, Baekje (Kudarain Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to the Korean chronicleSamguk Sagi,Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages.Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literalhostagesis debated.Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and the fact that the Nihon Shoki, a primary source of material for this relationship, is a compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk Sagi, which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that the "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean 'Idu' system of writing ". The swords" originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings ".The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje.In Japan, the hostage interpretation is dominant.

Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals,have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to the Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status.

As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place ofEmpress Jingū). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but the international community still has many unanswered questions.National Geographichas written that Japan "the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea – or that some tombs hold no royal remains at all."

Guze Kannon is a buddhist statue made in the image of King Seongin the Korean style.The statue, originally come from Baekje,is kept in the Dream Hall at the Japanese templeHōryū-ji.

In any case, these Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of the Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies.In exchange, Japan provided military support.

According to mythical accounts in the controversialNihon Shoki,Empress Jingūextracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje,Silla,andGoguryeo.At the height ofJapanese nationalismin the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with a passage in theGwanggaeto Steleto establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea.Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea.Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways,one which states that Korea crossed the water and subjugated Yamato. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating the matter is that in theNihongia Korean namedAmenohibokois described inNihon Shokias a maternal predecessor of Tajima-no-morosuku(Nhưng mã chư trợ),This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly.

Scholars believe that theNihon Shokigives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla.TheNihon Shokiis widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts.

Some Japanese scholars interpret theGwanggaeto Stele,erected in 414 byKing JangsuofGoguryeo,as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje.If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to a strange incident regarding Japan. In any case, because of these various possible interpretations, the circumstances surrounding the stele are still highly debated and inconclusive.

Chinese scholars participated in the study of the Stele during the 1980s. Wang Jianqun interviewed local farmers and decided that no intentional fabrication occurred, adding that the lime on the Stele was pasted by local copy-making workers to enhance readability.Xu Jianxin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered the earliest rubbed copy which was made before 1881. He also concluded that there was no evidence the Japanese had intentionally damaged any of the characters on the Stele.

Today, most Chinese and Japanese scholars contradict the conspiracy theories, based on the study of the Stele itself and advocate Japanese intervention in the era,although its size and effect are disputed.

In the project of writing a common history textbook, Kim Tae-sik of Hongik University (Korea) denied Japan's theory.But,Kōsaku Hamadaof Kyushu University (Japan) reported their interpretations of the Gwanggaeto Stele text, neither of them adopting the intentionally damaged stele theory in their interpretations.

The fall of Baekje and military support from Japan

Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirrorlooks like mirrors of Baekje

Some members of the Baekje nobility and royalty emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown. In response to Baekje's request, Japan in 663 sent the generalAbe no Hirafuwith 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje withBuyeo Pung(known in Japanese as Hōshō), a son ofUija of Baekjewho had been anemissaryto Japan. Around August 661, 10,000 soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu, arrived. Additional Japanese reinforcement, including 27,000 soldiers led byKamitsukeno no Kimi Wakako( thượng mao dã quân con trẻ ) and 10,000 soldiers led byIohara no Kimi( lư nguyên quân ) also arrived at Baekje in 662.

This attempt, however, failed at theBattle of Baekgang,and the prince escaped to Goguryeo. According to theNihon Shoki,400 Japanese ships were lost in the battles. Only half of the troops were able to return to Japan.

The Japanese army retreated to Japan with many Baekje refugees. The former royal family members were initially treated as "foreign guests" ( phiên khách ) and were not incorporated into the political system of Japan for some time. Buyeo Pung's younger brother Seon'gwang (Zenkō in Japanese) (Thiện quangorThiền quảng) used the family nameKudara no Konikishi( "King of Baekje" ) (Trăm Tế Vương) (they are also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese).

Legacy

Baekje Cultural Land

Baekje was briefly revived in theLater Three Kingdoms of Koreaperiod, asUnified Sillacollapsed. In 892, GeneralKyŏn HwŏnestablishedLater Baekje,based in Wansan (present-dayJeonju). Later Baekje was overthrown in 936 by KingTaejo of Goryeo.

In contemporary South Korea, Baekje relics are often symbolic of the local cultures of the southwest, especially inChungnamandJeolla.Thegilt-bronze incense burner,for example, is a key symbol ofBuyeo County,and the Baekje-era Buddhist rock sculpture ofSeosan Maaesamjonbulsangis an important symbol ofSeosan City.

Baekje is believed to have introduced theman'yōganawriting system to Japan, of which the modernhiraganaandkatakanascripts are descendants.Kojikiand theNihon shokiboth state this, and though direct evidence is hard to come by, most scholars tend to accept this idea.

On 17 April 2009, Ōuchi Kimio ( đại nội công phu ) ofŌuchi clanvisitedIksan,Korea to pay tribute to his Baekje ancestors. The Ōuchi are descendants ofPrince Imseong.

In 2010,Baekje Cultural Landwas opened to visitors. The theme park aims to preserve Baekje architecture and culture.

Baekje Historic Areas,which feature locations with remains of the period, was designated aUNESCOWorld Heritagesite in 2015.

See also

• Crown of Baekje
• Creation myth of Baekje
• List of Baekje people
• List of Baekje monarchs

Bibliography

• Best, Jonathan W. (2007).A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche, together with an annotated translation of "The Paekche Annals" of the "Samguk sagi".Harvard East Asian Monographs. Massachusetts: Harvard University, Asia studies.
• Brown, Delmer M., ed. (1993).The Cambridge History of Japan.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521223522.
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne & Palais, James B. (2006).East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.Houghton Mifflin.ISBN9780618133840.
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne & Palais, James B. (2013).East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.Vol. I: To 1800. Cengage Learning.ISBN978-1111808150.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2016.Retrieved12 September2016.
• Il-yeon(2006) [1281].Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea.Vol. Book Two. Translated by Tae-Hung Ha & Grafton K. Mintz. Silk Pagoda.ISBN1-59654-348-5.
• Kōzō, Yamamura (1997).The Cambridge history of Japan.John Whitney Hall. Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-22354-7.
• Lee, Kenneth B (1997).Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix.Praeger.ISBN0-2759-5823-X.

External links

• Media related toBaekje Kingdomat Wikimedia Commons
• Baekje History & Culture Hallmaintained bySouth Chungcheong Provinceof South Korea
• Buyeo National Museum
• Gongju National Museum