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Banat Swabians

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Banat Swabians
German:Banater Schwaben
The coat of arms of the Banat Swabians (as part of the Danube Swabians)
Regions with significant populations
Banat(south-western Romania)
Languages
German
(with theBanat Swabian dialect,a local type of theSwabian dialect)
Religion
PrimarilyRoman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Germans(most notablySwabiansandDanube Swabiansrespectively)
Native to south-western present-day Romania

TheBanat Swabiansare anethnic Germanpopulation in the formerKingdom of HungaryinCentral-Southeast Europe,part of theDanube SwabiansandGermans of Romania.They emigrated in the 18th century to what was then the Austrian Empire'sBanat of Temeswarprovince, later included in theHabsburg Kingdom of Hungary,a province which had been left sparsely populated by thewars with the Ottoman Empire.At the end of World War I in 1918, theSwabianminority worked to establish an independent multi-ethnicBanat Republic;however, the province was divided by theTreaty of Versaillesof 1919, and theTreaty of Trianonof 1920. The greater part was annexed by Romania, a smaller part by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929Yugoslavia) and a small region aroundSzegedremained part of Hungary.

FollowingWorld War IImost Banat Swabians wereexpelled to the Westby the Soviet Union and its subsidiaries, and after 1990 and thefall of the Soviet Unionand its republics many of those remaining left for economic and emotional reasons.

Banat and the Danube Swabians[edit]

The Banat colonists are often grouped with other German-speaking ethnic groups in the area under the nameDanube Swabians.Besides the Banat, these groups lived in nearby westernBačkainVojvodina,Serbia, inSwabian Turkey(present-day southern Hungary), inSlavonia,(present-day Croatia), and inSatu Mare,Romania. All of these areas were in theKingdom of HungaryunderAustrianrule, when the Crown recruited German immigrants, particularly farmers. It wanted to repopulate the lands newly recovered from Turkish occupation and to revive agriculture in an area that had been frequently overrun by war.

Origins and recruitment[edit]

Traditionally German (Saxon or Swabian) territories in Banat and Transylvania

Immigrants were encouraged to settle in the Banat by the Austrian emperors in the 18th century to repopulate a frontier province bordering the Turkish empire, and to add ethnic European Christians to the population of the newly occupied region. The Germans were offered free land and the privilege of keeping their language and religion. The Crown was seekingRoman Catholicimmigrants, as were the Italian and the Spanish colonists who had come to the region.[1]Most of the German settlers came fromAlsace-Lorraine,Austria,Bavaria,Franconia,and thePalatinate.A small group can be traced toMiddle Germany.However, comparatively few came from theSwabianregions of what was then known asFurther Austria.It is unclear how the group came to be called the BanatSwabians,but it is probably because the majority registered and embarked from the Swabian city ofUlm.They were transported on theUlmer Schachteln(barges) down theDanubetoBudapestorBelgrade,whence they set off on foot for their new homes.

The colonists were generally the younger sons of poor farming families, who saw little chance of success at home. UnderMaria Theresa,they received financial support and long-term tax relief. Many of the earliest immigrants never married, since few German women traveled among them. Craftsmen were financially encouraged, as were teachers, doctors, and other professionals. Over the decades and more, the German spoken by these colonists became separate from that developing in Germany, particularly after its unification. It became known as Donau-Swabian, an archaic form of the language.

Those who came from French-speaking or linguistically mixed communes inLorrainemaintained the French language (labelled Banat French orFrançais du Banat), as well as a separate ethnic identity for several generations.[2]

Beginning with 1893, because of theMagyarisationpolicies of the nationalistic Hungarian State, some Banat Swabians began to move to Bulgaria, where they settled in the village ofBardarski Geran,Vratsa Province,founded earlier byBanat Bulgarians.Their number eventually exceeded 90 families. In 1929 they built a separate Roman Catholic church after disagreements with Bulgarian Catholics. Some of these German-speaking families later moved toTsarev Brod,Shumen Provincealong with a handful of Banat Bulgarian families who went to another Banat Bulgarian village,Gostilya,Pleven Province.

Between 1941 and 1943, 2,150 ethnic German Bulgarian citizens were relocated to Germany as part ofHitler'sHeim ins Reichpolicy. These included 164 Banat Swabians from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya.

Banat Swabians 1920–1944[edit]

Republic of Banatia, proposed by Banatian Swabians at theParis Peace Conferencein 1920

The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian rule and its replacement by Romanian rule over the Banat after World War I had some benefits. In the late 19th century, Hungary had undergone a period of rapidMagyarization,during which it attempted to assimilate all of its minorities. Schools were required to teach only in the Hungarian language.

Under Romanian rule, Banat Swabians could have German-language schools again for the first time since 1868. Banat Swabian culture flourished.[3]A German-language theatre operated inTimișoara,and across Banat, German-language newspapers were established. In 1921 a cultural association called the "Verband der Deutschen in Rumaenien" (Union of Germans in Romania) was founded.[1]

Economically, however, things did not go well. TheWall Street Crashand the subsequent financial crises of theGreat Depressionin the 1930s hit the Banat hard. Many Swabians left to work in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, never to return.

After 1933, theNazi Partygained some influence among theethnic GermansofEastern Europe,including the Banat Swabians. DuringWorld War II,many ethnic Germans were conscripted into the Romanian Army and served on theEastern Front.After 1943, a German-Romanian treaty allowed them to serve instead in theWehrmacht,without having to give up their Romanian citizenship. Initially, some were virtually forced to serve in the7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen,fearing there would be sanctions against their families if they refused. After August 1941 Nazi Germany instituted involuntary conscription of Banat Swabians into theSS.Towards the end of the war, some Banat Swabians openly opposed the Nazis, who in retaliation publicly executed a group of them inJimbolia(Hatzfeld).

Banat Swabians who served in the Prinz Eugen Division gained notoriety because of the division's war crimes against Jews and Serbs during theBanat (1941–1944)period. They became alienated and were distrusted by their non-Banat Swabian neighbors.

Life after 1944[edit]

Romania[edit]

TheKingdom of Romania,formerly Nazi Germany's ally, joined theAllieson 23 August 1944. Overnight, all Banat Swabians in Romania became regarded as potential enemies of the state. The approach of theRed Armycaused a flood of refugees to flee to the safety of Hitler's Germany.

By January 1945, Romania was completely under Soviet control. Early in 1945, underStalin's orders, many Banat Swabians were expelled ordeportedto forced labor camps in theSoviet Union,where thousands of them died.[citation needed]Those who remained had their land confiscated and lost ownership of their homes (partially returned during the 1950s), while those who fled also lost their citizenship. In 1951 more than a thousand Banat Swabians weredisplacedto theBărăgan Steppeof southeast Romania, where they founded new villages. Almost all were finally allowed to return home in 1956, but some were kept interned by force until 1963.

Some Swabian families from both Romanian andYugoslavianBanat managed to flee to Germany in the immediate postwar years. Others were helped by French Prime MinisterRobert Schumanto settle in France asFrançais du Banat.[2]

In the 1960s, however, the political atmosphere relaxed. The policy of disfranchising and dispossessing alleged Nazi collaborators within the German-speaking minority ended. Banat Swabians were extended the full rights of Romanian citizenship. Nevertheless, many Banat Swabians chose to use the looser conditions to emigrate to Germany, since they no longer trusted Romania's communist government's promises. TheTransylvanian Saxons,who had lived in the region since the Middle Ages, made a similar decision. Even though the Swabian families of the Danube and Banat Swabians had lived there for ten generations or more, and their cultures had developed quite differently from Germany's, they no longer felt safe.

Memorial inKarlsruhe,Germany, for re-immigrants fromBiled,Romania

In 1965,Nicolae Ceaușescucame to power in Romania. At first he opened the country to the West, but by the end of the 1970s, he had become ultra-nationalistic and an opponent of all ethnic minorities. Under his rule, any Banat Swabian who chose to emigrate had to pay abountyof more than a thousandmarks(depending on age and education) for a permanent emigration visa. Still, thousands of Banat Swabians left each year into the 1980s. An economic crisis of the communist state, as well as a rumor concerning a village destruction project, caused some 200,000 to flee Romania.[1]

After Ceaușescu's fall in 1989 andGerman Reunificationin 1990, almost all the remaining Banat Germans in Romania left for Germany. As a consequence, the ethnic German population in Romania is greatly reduced. Some are returning, generally entrepreneurs with economic ambitions supported by the German non-returnable grants for development projects outside Germany. Some former Banat Swabians now have a renewed desire to return to their long-time home, but most had to sell their property when they left and have no home to return to.

Of the 750,000 ethnic Germans who once lived in Romania, less than one-tenth of that number remain today. Only in cities with large populations is there still a functioning German cultural life, usually aided by uninterrupted Romanian State subsidies and help from ethnic Romanians. Still, theAllgemeine Deutsche Zeitungis a thriving weekly paper, and the German State Theater inTimișoara(Deutsches Staatstheater Temeswar), subsidized by the Romanian government, produces permanent theatre shows. InTimișoaraandArad,there are German-language primary and secondary schools, attended mostly by Romanian students. The remaining ethnic Germans (including Banat Swabians) in Romania are represented in politics by the DFDR orDemokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien(Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania).

Yugoslavia[edit]

While the Swabians from other areas of Yugoslavia escaped or were expelled, the destiny of Banat and Bačka Swabians was much less fortunate. Due to the high level of military conscription, mostly women, children and elderly people remained in the villages, and they were unwilling or unable to flee. Near the end of the war, all Swabians who were suspected of having been involved with the Nazi military administration were placed in provisional internment camps. Many were tortured, and at least 5,800 were killed. Others were used as forced labor. After Christmas in 1944, about 30,000 younger people, mostly women, were transferred to labor camps in the Soviet Union by train, escorted by communist partisans.[4]

In the framework of agricultural reform, partisan families - mainly migrants from war-tornBosnia,LikaandMontenegro— took over the confiscated Swabian farms and houses. In March 1945, the surviving Swabians wereghettoizedin "village camps", later described as "extermination camps" by the survivors, where the death rate ranged as high as 50%.[4]

The most notorious camp was atKnićanin(formerly Rudolfsgnad), where an estimated 11,000 to 12,500 Swabians died.[5]The situation improved in 1947, when foreign humanitarian aid reached the camps, and their work routines were loosened. The camp system was closed in March 1948, with the surviving inmates being conscripted for forced labor in the army or industry. Their flight also was usually tolerated. By the end of the 1950s, about 300,000 Yugoslav Swabians had managed to emigrate to Western countries, including the United States.[4]

According to a study conducted in 1961 by the German historianHans-Ulrich Wehler,later supported by German emigrant organizations, at least 7,200 Swabians were executed by the Partisans, about 2,000 deported to the Soviet Union, and roughly 48,000 died in labor camps. About 16.8% of the Swabians in Yugoslavia died during and after the war.[6]

TheSerbian census from 2002records only 3,901Germans in Serbia,3,154 of whom were in the province ofVojvodina.[7][8]In December 2007 the remaining Swabians formed their own minority council inNovi Sad,having gained the required 3,000 voter signatures. The president, Andreas Biegermeier, stated the council would focus on property restitution, as well as marking mass graves and camp sites. He estimated the total number of remaining Danube Swabians in Serbia and their descendants as between 5,000 and 8,000.[9]

Hungary[edit]

In Hungary fewer than 62,000 Danube Swabians remain,[10]but they do have political representation. Expulsion of the Swabian minority from Hungary by the communist government, dictated by Soviet Union, took place between 1945 and 1948. As a result, many have assimilated and changed their ethnicity to becomeMagyarsin Hungary as well as in Yugoslavia and Romania.

Swabians in emigration[edit]

The Banat Swabians who emigrated to Germany are generally well integrated into the society in which they live. They keep contact through cultural organisations (Landsmannschaften). InViennaand in southern Germany, where most Banat Swabians now live, some maintain their customs and dialect, and offer support to those who remain in Romania.[citation needed]

Banat Swabians in the United States, whose ancestors emigrated beginning in the 1950s, have also formed community associations, including one in the New York metropolitan area,[11]one in the Detroit area,[12]and one in the Cincinnati area.[13]

Others have created online communities like Donauschwaben Villages Helping Hands which is a non-profit to keep the Danube Swabian legacy alive and to connect families and relatives with their ancestry.

Magyarized Swabians[edit]

Today and centuries ago in theKingdom of Hungary,Germans, Swabians and Saxons (Lutheran Germans) have mixed blood with the Magyars. About one grandparent of a Magyar today is of German origin; centuries ago it seemed to be more the rule than the exception. Borders are blurred, and famous individuals claim these two ethnicities, or even more sometimes. For example, composerFranz Schmidtappears to be Austro-German, but was 3/4-Magyar. János Kádárhad a father (Kreisinger) who had mostly German ancestors. Cécile Tormay,author had a father, originally named Spiegel, with mostly Swabian ancestors.

People[edit]

Sources[edit]

  • The information in this article is based on and translated from that found in its German equivalent.
  • German-speaking Europe
  • Banat Swabians in Bulgaria:Nyagulov, Blagovest (1999). "Banatskite bǎlgari v Bǎlgarija".Banatskite bǎlgari: istorijata na edna malcinstvena obštnost vǎv vremeto na nacionalnite dǎržavi(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Paradigma.ISBN954-9536-13-0.
  • Tiberiu Schatteles, Evreii din Timișoara în perspectiva istorică, Editura "Hasefer" București, 2013

References[edit]

  1. ^abc""History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson ".Archived fromthe originalon 4 February 1997.Retrieved2009-09-20.
  2. ^abSmaranda Vultur, De l'Ouest à l'Est et de l'Est à l'Ouest: les avatars identitaires des Français du Banat, Texte presenté a la conférence d'histoire orale "Visibles mais pas nombreuses: les circulations migratoires roumaines", Paris, 2001
  3. ^*Johann Böhm (historian),Die Deutschen in Rumänien und die Weimarer Republik 1919-1933,(Ippesheim 1993)ISBN3-928389-02-5
  4. ^abcSretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen."The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"(PDF).The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War.European University Institute, Florence: 55. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2009.
  5. ^"Vojvodina Germans Seek Moral and Cultural Rehabilitation".Beta. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2009.
  6. ^Sretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen."The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"(PDF).The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War.European University Institute, Florence: 56. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2009.
  7. ^Laloš, Vesela (5 September 2007)."Zajednica brojnija nego što pokazuje popis".Danas.
  8. ^"Nemci osnivaju nacionalni savet".Glas Javnosti. 27 March 2007.
  9. ^"Nemci traže da im država vrati oduzetu imovinu".Građanski List. 16 December 2007.
  10. ^Hungarian census by ethnic groups, 2001Archived27 September 2007 at theWayback MachineThe category "Germans" includes mostly, but not only, the Danube Swabians
  11. ^"New York Donauschwaben".
  12. ^"Cultural Club Soccer Sterling Heights".Carpathia Club.Retrieved16 July2023.
  13. ^"Cincinnati Donauschwaben".Cincinnati Donauschwaben.11 November 2019.Retrieved16 July2023.

External links[edit]

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