Bangladesh Rifles revolt
2009 Bangladesh Rifles Revolt | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Bangladesh Riflesmutineers | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Unknown | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
Unknown | 1,200 mutineers | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
57 killed,[1]6 missing[2] | 8 killed,[2]200 captured[3] | ||||||
17 civilians killed[4] |
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First Premiership (1996–2001) Opposition Leader (2001–2009) Second Premiership (2009–2024)
Elections Ministries National Projects Gallery:Picture, Sound, Video |
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The2009 Bangladesh Rifles Revolt(also referred to as thePilkhana tragedy) was amutinystaged on 25 and 26 February 2009 inDhakaby a section of theBangladesh Rifles(BDR), a paramilitary force mainly tasked with guarding the borders ofBangladesh.The rebelling BDR soldiers took over the BDR headquarters inPilkhana,killing BDR director-generalShakil Ahmedalong with 56 other army officers and 17 civilians. They also fired on civilians, held many of their officers and their families hostage, vandalised property and looted valuables.[5]By the second day, unrest had spread to 12 other towns and cities.[6][7]The mutiny ended as the mutineers surrendered their arms and released the hostages[8]after a series of discussions and negotiations with the government.[9]The Daily Starcommended “Prime MinisterSheikh Hasinasagacious handling of the situation which resulted in the prevention of a further bloodbath ".[10][11][12]
On 5 November 2013, Dhaka Metropolitan Sessions Court sentenced 152 people to death and 161 to life imprisonment; another 256 people received sentences between three and ten years for their involvement in the mutiny. The court also acquitted 277 people who had been charged. The trials have been condemned as unfair mass trials without timely access to lawyers and "seem designed to satisfy a desire for cruel revenge", as charged byHuman Rights Watch,Amnesty Internationaland theUnited Nations High Commission for Human Rights.[13][14]
First day
[edit]The mutiny started on the second day of the annual "BDR Week",[15]which was earlier inaugurated by Prime MinisterSheikh Hasina.As the session began at the "Darbar Hall" auditorium, a number ofjawans(privates) spoke against the higher-ranked army officials, while BDR Director General Maj. Gen.Shakil Ahmedwas making a speech. They demanded the removal of army officials from the BDR command and equal rights for BDR soldiers.[6]Soon they took the Director General and other senior officials as hostages inside the auditorium, and later fired on them. They also prepared heavy weaponry at the main entrance gates of the headquarters. TheBangladesh Armymoved in and took up strong positions surrounding BDR headquarters.[16]
The Director General of the BDR, Shakil Ahmed, was killed early during the first day of the revolt, along with dozens of other senior commanders of the BDR, when rebels attacked the residences of the officers and killed Ahmed. They also raided Ahmed's house and looted valuables.[6][17]Additionally, at least six civilians, including a boy, were killed in the crossfire.[18][19]
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 25 February offered a general amnesty for the rebels except for those involved in the murdering of army officers, looting and other crimes against the state.[20]
The mutineers had produced a 22-point demand, including the withdrawal of seconded regular army officers from the BDR. Instead, they wanted original BDR members to be promoted from the ranks. They demanded that their officials be selected on the basis of theBangladesh Civil Serviceexamination.[21]While speaking to private television networks, BDR jawans alleged that senior officials of BDR were involved in a conspiracy, accusing the army officers of embezzling soldiers' wage bonuses from theOperation Dal-BhaatProgram and from extra duties in thegeneral electionsheld on 29 December 2008. Operation Dal-Bhaat was a welfare program run by the BDR to provide rice and other daily essentials to the poor.[22]Other demands included 100% rationing, introduction of BDR soldiers inpeacekeeping missionsand improvements to the overall welfare of BDR members.[21]
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14.5 mmZPU-4of Bangladesh Army positioned overSatmasjid Road,nearDhanmondi8A road, pointing towards Pilkhana on 25 February 2009
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An array of tanks waiting beside Abahani ground on 26 February 2009
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Barricade over the Satmasjid Road near State University on 25 February 2009, as seen from the western end of Dhanmondi Road 27
Second day
[edit]Home MinisterSahara Khatunconvinced some mutineers to give up their arms by assuring them that the army would not go into the BDR headquarters.[15]As a result, the rebels began to surrender their arms and release the hostages.[20]However, as this was happening inDhaka,revolts by other members of the BDR started in at least 12 other towns and cities. Fighting and takeovers by the BDR was reported inChittagong,atFeni,on the eastern border with India, inRajshahiin the northwest andSylhetin the north.[7]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Army_Vehicle_waiting_near_Abahani_ground.jpg/220px-Army_Vehicle_waiting_near_Abahani_ground.jpg)
By 26 February, BDR outposts at more than 46 locations were reported to have shown signs of great agitation. BDR jawans had claimed to have taken command ofJessoreBDR garrison as well as major BDR establishments inSatkhira,Dinajpur,NaogaonandNetrokona.[23] Army tanks and APCs were brought outside as the army took position, but they could not move as officers were kept as hostages. BDR headquarters had heavy weapons inside that were controlled by the rebels. The army was preparing for a final assault as tanks were rolling down the streets of Dhaka. Paratroops and commandos were ready, but the PM tried to solve the case without any casualties.
As per media tickers, BDR members again started surrendering their arms after the PM addressed the nation and reassured BDR personnel that no action would be taken against them. However, she also warned the mutineers of "harsh actions" if they did not immediately lay down their arms and cease all hostilities.[24]Following the speech of Sheikh Hasina, the army deployed tanks in front of BDR headquarters.[25]After that, the mutineers surrendered their arms as described by the media spokesman of the Prime Minister.[26]Following the surrender, Armed Police Battalion took over BDR headquarters.[27]
Third day
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/People_Waiting_outside_the_BDR_gate_by_Mujib_Mehdy.jpg/220px-People_Waiting_outside_the_BDR_gate_by_Mujib_Mehdy.jpg)
On 27 February about 200 mutineers were arrested while trying to escape from their headquarters atPilkhanain civilian outfits.[3]Army tanks and troops entered the headquarters of the BDR.[28]Home ministerSahara Khatunhad assured that the army had entered under the supervision of the Home Ministry. She also said that BDR personnel were kept at a safer place inside the headquarters and the army had entered to help with the rescue and search operations.[29]Bangladesh army tanks rolled throughoutDhakain a show of force, which persuaded the remaining mutineers to lay down their arms and surrender.[30]It was still unclear whether the mutiny had been aborted in at least 12 BDR bases outside of Dhaka. As searches for missing personnel continued inside the headquarters, 42 more bodies were found and it was wrongly thought that more than 130 regular army officers had been killed by the rebels.[31]As of 27 February, the official death toll had risen to 54.[32]The body of BDR chief Maj. Gen. Shakil Ahmed was found among those of 41 other army officials. A mass grave was found inside, near the BDR hospital. A total of 42 officers were found buried inside a seven-foot-deep hole. Some bodies had been thrown into drain tunnels. Out of 58 bodies that were found, 52 were army officials. Beginning on 27 February, the government declared a three-day period of national mourning.[33]
Fourth day
[edit]The body of the BDR chief's wife was recovered as three more mass graves were found. Many of the bodies had badly decomposed and were difficult to identify. Military Intelligence (MI) announced that the body count in the mutiny at BDR headquarters stood at 63, while 72 army officers still remained missing. Of the 63 bodies, 47 were identified. The army postponed the funerals of those who died until all the bodies were found. Thirty-one officers deputised to the paramilitary force survived the revolt.[34]
Newly appointed BDR Director Maj Gen. Moinul Hossain said their immediate task would be to "regain the command structure" of the paramilitary force.[35]
Lt. Gen. M.A. Mubin, the army's second-in-command, said the killers would be punished. "The BDR troops who took part in these barbaric and grisly acts cannot be pardoned and will not be pardoned", he said in a televised address, AFP reported.[36]
Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) members who were absent from their workplaces without any leave or permission following the mutiny were asked to report to BDR headquarters or the nearest sector headquarters or battalion headquarters or police stations within 24 hours, but only about 100 responded.[37]
Fifth and sixth days: Prime Minister's address to Army at Dhaka Cantonment, state funeral and end of the revolt
[edit]On 1 March 2009, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina went toDhaka Cantonmentto brief 500 army officers about the mutiny. Hasina was strongly discouraged from attending the meeting by senior members of hercabinet,however she attended as she believed it was her duty to hear the grievances of her people. Hasina attended the meeting with her Defence and Security adviserMajor-General Tarique Ahmed SiddiqueandAgriculture MinisterMatia Chowdhury.[10]
The meeting lasted two and a half hours and began with a moment of silence for those killed in the mutiny. The atmosphere of the meeting was riotous. During the meeting, army officers reportedly broke chairs and hit their heads against the walls. Some army officers demanded public executions for those guilty of murder. The meeting ended with prayers. After the meeting, seven army officers were dismissed byGeneral Moeen U Ahmedbecause of disrespectful conduct towards the Prime Minister.
The following day, on 2 March 2009, a state funeral of the slain officers was completed at 11 a.m. day.[38][39][40]On the same day the mutiny was finally acknowledged as having ended.[41]
Casualties
[edit]A total of 74 people were killed.[42]Among them were 57 army officers seconded to the BDR. The Chief of the BDR, the Deputy Chief and all 16 Sector Commanders were killed during the revolt.[43]
Aftermath: Trials and sentencing
[edit]The government established an investigative committee to determine the causes behind the rebellion, with Home Minister Sahara Khatun as the chair. The committee was later reformed and reinforced after opposition and pressure groups speculated that it might not function impartially, as the Home Minister herself was investigating an incident of her own ministry.[44]The Bangladesh Army also formed an investigation committee that began proceedings on 3 March. The Army, with the help of RAB and police, had started the "Operation Rebel Hunt" to capture the BDR rebels.[45]The government had also undertaken a decision to change the name and framework of Bangladesh Rifles and deployed the army across the country for an indeterminate period.[45]The government asked for theFBIandScotland Yardto assist the investigation.[46]Trials began soon after the first arrests. Members of the 37th Rifles Battalion were tried on 13 November 2010. They were charged with looting firearms and ammunition from the armoury and firing their weapons, creating panic in the city, desecrating the portrait of BDR DG Maj. Gen. Shakil Ahmed and giving provocative statements before the media.[47]BDR personnel of the 39th Rifles Battalion were accused of looting firearms, firing shots and siding with the Dhaka mutineers, who killed the top ranks of the force in February.[48]As of January 2011, thousands were tried in Bangladesh for the mutiny.[49]
The mutineers were subjected to widespread abuse in custody, includingtorture,daily beatings,electrocutionthat resulted in about 50custodial deathsand many more cases of permanent paralysis. Torture is routinely used by security forces in Bangladesh, even though it is a party to theUnited Nations Convention Against Torture.Human Rights Watchand others have long documented the systematic use of torture in Bangladesh by its security forces, including the army, the RAB and theDirectorate General of Forces Intelligence,the country's main intelligence agency.[13][50] Around 6000 soldiers were convicted by courts in mass trials and sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from four months to seven years including fines for participation in the mutiny.[51][52]823 soldiers who allegedly killed their senior officers were charged and tried in a civilian court for murder, torture, conspiracy and other offences.[53]
On 5 November 2013, Dhaka Metropolitan Sessions Court sentenced 152 people to death and 161 to life imprisonment; 256 received sentences of between three and ten years, while 277 were acquitted.[42][4][54] Lawyers for the convicted have said that they would appeal the judgement.[55]Bangladesh Nationalist Party member of ParliamentNasiruddin Ahmed Pintuwas among those sentenced to life in Prison.[56]
A Human Rights Watch spokesperson described the mass trial as "an affront to international legal standards".[55]UNHigh Commissioner for Human RightsNavi Pillayhas drawn attention to flaws in the trial, calling it "rife with procedural irregularities, including the lack of adequate and timely access to lawyers".[14]A spokesperson forAmnesty Internationalcondemned the sentences, stating that they "seem designed to satisfy a desire for cruel revenge".[14]Some of those accused, more than 50 according to one estimate, are reported to havedied while in custody.[14][53]
Human Rights Watch said in a report that "the mass trials of nearly 6,000 suspects raise serious fair trial concerns". "Those responsible for the horrific violence that left 74 dead should be brought to justice, but not with torture and unfair trials," said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "The government's initial response to the mutiny was proportionate and saved lives by refusing army demands to use overwhelming force in a heavily populated area. But since then it has essentially given a green light to the security forces to exact revenge through physical abuse and mass trials."[13]
See also
[edit]- 7 November 1972 Bangladesh Rifles mutiny
- Bangladesh Army
- Bangladesh Rifles
- Human rights in Bangladesh
- List of revolutions and rebellions
References
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External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- "Mutiny, bloodshed at BDR HQ"Archived8 December 2015 at theWayback Machine—The Daily Star
- "BDR deserters given 24 hours to rejoin"Archived8 December 2015 at theWayback Machine—The Daily Star
- 2000s coups d'état and coup attempts
- 2000s in Dhaka
- 2009 crimes in Bangladesh
- 2009 in military history
- Conflicts in 2009
- February 2009 events in Bangladesh
- History of Bangladesh (1971–present)
- Hostage taking in Bangladesh
- March 2009 events in Bangladesh
- Mass murder in 2009
- Military coups in Bangladesh
- Military history of Bangladesh
- 2000s murders in Bangladesh
- Mutinies
- Torture in Bangladesh
- Violence in Bangladesh
- Border Guard Bangladesh
- Awami League scandals
- History of the Awami League
- Premiership of Sheikh Hasina