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Bangor, County Down

Coordinates:54°40′N5°40′W/ 54.66°N 5.67°W/54.66; -5.67
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Bangor
City
View of Bangor at night, from the Long Hole
Coat of Arms of Bangor
Bangor is located in County Down
Bangor
Bangor
Location withinCounty Down
Population64,596 (2021 census)
•Belfast13 mi (21 km)
District
County
CountryNorthern Ireland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBANGOR
Postcode districtBT19, BT20
Dialling code028
PoliceNorthern Ireland
FireNorthern Ireland
AmbulanceNorthern Ireland
UK Parliament
NI Assembly
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Down
54°40′N5°40′W/ 54.66°N 5.67°W/54.66; -5.67

Bangor(/ˈbæŋɡər/BANG-gər;[3]fromIrishBeannchar[ˈbʲaːn̪ˠəxəɾˠ])[1]is acityandseaside resortinCounty Down,Northern Ireland,on the southern side ofBelfast Lough.It is within theBelfast metropolitan areaand is 13 miles (22 km) east ofBelfastcity centre, to which it is linked by theA2 roadand theBelfast–Bangor railway line.The population was 64,596 at the2021 census.[4]Bangor was grantedcity statusin 2022, becoming Northern Ireland's sixth city.

Bangor Abbeywas an important and influential monastery founded in the 6th century bySaint Comgall.Bangor grew during the 17th centuryPlantation of Ulster,when many Scottish settlers arrived. Today, tourism is important to the local economy, particularly in the summer months, and plans are being made for the long-delayed redevelopment of the seafront; a notable historical building in the city isBangor Old Custom House.The largest plot of private land in the area, theClandeboye Estate,which is a few miles from the city centre, belonged to theMarchioness of Dufferin and Ava.Bangor hosts theRoyal Ulsterand Ballyholmeyacht clubs.Bangor Marinais one of the largest in Ireland, and holdsBlue Flagstatus.[5]

Name[edit]

The nameBangorcomes fromIrish:Beannchar,fromMiddle Irish:BeannchorandOld Irish:Bennchor.This is thought to mean 'place of points' or 'horned curve', referring to the shoreline of Bangor Bay.[6]The Old Irish tale,Táin Bó Fraích,gives a fanciful explanation for the name. It tells how theConnachtwarriorFráechand theUlsterwarriorConall Cernachwere returning to Ireland from the Alps with Fráech's cattle. When they came to shore at what is now Bangor Bay, the cattle shed their horns, thus giving rise to the nameTrácht mBennchoir,"the strand of the horn-casting".[6]

Bangor Bay was originally calledInber Beg(Inver Beg), 'the little inlet or rivermouth', after the now-culverted stream which ran past the abbey.[7]It was also recorded asInber Bece.[8]The area was also known as 'The Vale of Angels', asSaint Patrickis said to have once rested there and had a vision ofangels.[9]

History[edit]

Bangor has a long and varied history, from theBronze Agepeople whose swords were discovered in 1949 or theViking burialfound on Ballyholme beach, to the Victorian pleasure seekers who travelled on the new railway from Belfast to take in thesea air.The city has been the site of aGaelic Irishmonastery renowned throughout Europe for its learning and scholarship, the victim of violent Viking raids in the 8th and 9th centuries, and the new home ofScottishandEnglishplanters during thePlantation of Ulster.[16]

Bangor Abbey[edit]

Main article:Bangor Abbey
TheHereford Mappa Mundi

TheAnnals of Ulstersays that themonasteryof Bangor was founded bySaint ComgallfromAntrimin the year 555,[17]while other annals give the year as 558.[18]It was where theAntiphonary of Bangor(Antiphonarium Benchorense)was written, a copy of which can be seen in the town'sheritage centre.The monastery had such widespread influence that the city is one of only four places inIrelandto be named in theHereford Mappa Mundiin 1300. The monastery, situated roughly where theChurch of IrelandBangor Abbeystands at the head of the city, became a centre of great learning and was among the most eminent of Europe's missionary institutions in theEarly Middle Ages.

At Bangor, Comgall instituted a rigid monastic rule of incessant prayer and fasting. Far from turning people away, this ascetic rule attracted thousands. When Comgall died in 602, the annals report that three thousand monks looked to him for guidance. NamedBennchor Mór,"the great Bangor", to distinguish it from its British contemporaries, it became the greatestmonastic schoolinUlsteras well as one of the three leading monasteries ofCeltic Christianity.The others wereIona,the great missionary centre founded byColumba,and Bangor on the Dee, founded by Dinooth; the ancientWelsh Triadsalso confirm the "Perpetual Harmonies" at the house.[19]

Throughout the sixth century, Bangor became famous for its choralpsalmody."It was this music which was carried to the continent by the Bangor missionaries in the following century".[20]Divine services of the seven hours of prayer were carried out throughout Bangor's existence, however the monks went further and carried out the practice of laus perennis. In the twelfth century,Bernard of Clairvauxspoke of Comgall and Bangor, stating, "the solemnization of divine offices was kept up by companies, who relieved each other in succession, so that not for one moment day and night was there an intermission of their devotions." This continuous singing was antiphonal in nature, based on the call and response reminiscent of Patrick's vision, but also practised by St. Martin's houses in France. Many of these psalms and hymns were later written down in theAntiphonary of Bangorwhich came to reside in Colombanus' monastery atBobbio,Italy.[21]

In 580, a Bangor monk namedMirintook Christianity toPaisleyin the west ofScotland,where he died "full of sanctity and miracles". In 590, the fieryColombanus,one of Comgall's leaders, set out from Bangor with twelve other brothers, includingSaint Gallwho planted monasteries throughout Switzerland. In Burgundy, Columbanus established a severe monastic rule atLuxeuilwhich mirrored that of Bangor. From there he went to Bobbio in Italy and established the house which became one of the largest monasteries in Europe.[22]

Saint Malachywas electedabbotof the monastery in 1123, a year before being consecrated Bishop ofConnor.His extensive travels around Europe inspired him to rejuvenate the monasteries in Ireland, and he replaced the existing wooden huts with stone buildings.[23]

17th and 18th centuries[edit]

The Old Custom House

The modern city had its origins in the early 17th century whenJames Hamilton,aLowland Scot,arrived in Bangor, having been granted lands in North Down byKing James VI and Iin 1605. In 1612, King James made Bangor a borough which permitted it to elect two MPs to theIrish Parliamentin Dublin.[24]TheOld Custom House,which was completed by Hamilton in 1637 after James I granted Bangor the status of a port in 1620, is a visible reminder of the new order introduced by Hamilton and his Scots settlers.[25]

In 1689 during theWilliamite War in Ireland,Marshal Schomberg's expedition landed atBallyholme Bayand captured Bangor, before going on tobesiege Carrickfergus.Schomberg's force went south toDundalk Campand were present at theBattle of the Boynethe following year.[26]

The city was an important source of customs revenue for the Crown and in the 1780s Colonel Robert Ward improved the harbour and promoted the cotton industries; today's seafront was the location of several large steam-powered cotton mills, which employed a large workforce.[27]

The end of the 18th century was a time of great political and social turmoil in Ireland. TheUnited Irishmen,inspired by theAmericanandFrench Revolutions,sought to achieve a greater degree of independence fromBritain.On the morning of 10 June during theIrish Rebellion of 1798,a force of United Irishmen, mainly from Bangor,Donaghadee,GreyabbeyandBallywalterattempted to occupy the nearby town ofNewtownards.They met withmusketfire from themarket houseand were subsequently defeated.[28][29]

Victorian era[edit]

Bangor in 1914

By the middle of the 19th century, the cotton mills had declined and the city changed in character once again. The laying of the railway in 1865 meant that inexpensive travel fromBelfastwas possible, and working-class people could afford for the first time to holiday in the city. Bangor soon became a fashionable resort forVictorianholidaymakers, as well as a desirable home to the wealthy. Many of the houses overlooking Bangor Bay (some of which have been demolished to make way for modern flats) date from this period. The belief in the restorative powers of the sea air meant that the city became a location for sea bathing and marine sports, and the number of visitors from Great Britain increased during theEdwardian eraat the beginning of the 20th century, which also saw the improvement ofWard Park.[30]

20th century to present[edit]

Bangor's main street in 1910 and 2015

The inter-war period of the early 20th century saw the development of theTonic Cinema,Pickie Pool and Caproni'sballroom.All three were among the foremost of their type inIreland,although they no longer exist. However, there is a park which replaced Pickie Pool named Pickie Fun Park. A children's paddling pool was created as the original Pickie Pool was demolished due to the rejuvenation of Bangor seafront in the 1980s and early 1990s. Pickie Fun Park closed in early 2011 to be refurbished and modernised. The park, which reopened in March 2012, has an 18-hole maritime themed mini golf course, children's electric cars and splash pads (replacing the old children's paddling pool). Also, the Pickie Puffer steam train has been given an updated route and the swans have a new lagoon.[31]

Commemorative plaque on the Eisenhower Pier

DuringWorld War II,GeneralDwight D. EisenhoweraddressedAllied troopsin Bangor, who were departing to take part in theD-Day landings.In 2005, his granddaughter Mary-Jean Eisenhower came to the city to oversee the renaming of the marina's North Pier to the Eisenhower Pier.[32]

With the growing popularity of inexpensive foreign holidays from the 1960s onwards, Bangor declined as a tourist resort and was forced to rethink its future. The second half of the 20th century saw its role as a dormitory town for Belfast become more important. Its population increased dramatically; from around 14,000 in 1930 it had reached 40,000 by 1971 and 58,000 by the end of the century (the 2001 census showed the population as 76,403).[33]

The 1970s saw the building of the Springhill Shopping Centre, an out-of-town development near the A2 road to Belfast and Northern Ireland's first purpose-builtshopping centre.It has since been demolished to facilitate a modernTescosupermarket.[34]

In the early 1990s, Bloomfield Shopping Centre, another out-of-town development, opened besideBloomfield Estate.In 2007, a major renovation of the centre began, including the construction of a multistorey car park. The trend towards out-of-town shopping centres was somewhat reversed with the construction of the Flagship Centre around 1990. The Flagship Centre went into administration and was closed in January 2019, it is currently undergoing appraisal for re-development options.[35]

The former seafront of the city is awaiting redevelopment and has been for over two decades, with a large part of the frontage already demolished, leaving a patch of derelict ground facing onto the marina. A great deal of local controversy surrounds this process and the many plans put forward by the council and developers for the land. In November 2009 it was voted by UTV viewers as Ulster's Biggest Eyesore. A state of the art recycling centre has been built in Balloo Industrial Estate which is supposed to be one of the most advanced in Europe. It opened in the summer of 2008.[36][37]

In May 2022, it was announced that, as part of thePlatinum Jubilee Civic Honours,Bangor would be grantedcity statusbyLetters Patent.[38]It received the status on 2 December 2022,[39]becoming Northern Ireland's sixth city, alongsideArmagh,Belfast,Derry,Lisburn,andNewry.

The Troubles[edit]

Despite escaping much of the sectarian violence duringThe Troubles,Bangor was the site of some major incidents. During the Troubles there were eight murders in the city including that of the firstRoyal Ulster Constabulary(RUC) woman to be murdered on duty; 26-year-old Mildred Harrison was killed by an explosion from aUVFbomb while on foot patrol in the High Street on 16 March 1975.[40]On 23 March 1972 theIRAdetonated two large car bombs on the town's main street.[41]

On 30 March 1974, paramilitaries carried out a major incendiary bomb attack on the main shopping centre in Bangor.[42][43]On 21 October 1992, anIRAunit from the lower Ormeau exploded a 200-pound (91 kg) bomb in Main Street, causing large amounts of damage to nearby buildings.[44][45]

Main Street sustained more damage on 7 March 1993, when theIRAexploded a 500-pound (230 kg) car bomb. Four RUC officers were injured in the explosion; the cost of the damage was later estimated at £2 million, as there was extensive damage to retail premises and Trinity Presbyterian Church, as well as minor damage to the local Church of Ireland Parish Church and First Bangor Presbyterian Church.[46]

Coat of arms[edit]

The shield is emblazoned with two ships, which feature theRed Hand of Ulsteron their sails, denoting that Bangor is in the province ofUlster.The blue and white stripes on the shield show that Bangor is a seaside city. Supporting the shield are two sea-horses, signifying Bangor's links with the sea. Each is charged with a gold roundel; the left featuring ashamrockto representIreland,and the right featuring a bull's head, possibly in reference to the derivation of the city's name. The arms are crested by a haloedSt Comgall,founder of the city's abbey, who was an important figure in the spread ofChristianity.The motto readsBeannchor,the archaic form of the city's name in Irish.[47]

Governance[edit]

Bangor Castle

Bangor is administered byArds and North Down Borough Councilwhich is based atBangor Castle.[48]

Geography[edit]

Bangor lies on the east coast of Northern Ireland, on the south shore of the mouth ofBelfast Lough,north east of centralBelfast.

Townlands[edit]

Further information:Bangor (civil parish) § Townlands

Bangor city includes the followingtownlands:[49]

  • Balloo (fromIrishBaile Aodha,meaning 'Hugh's townland')
  • Ballycroghan (fromIrishBaile Cruacháin,meaning 'townland of the small stack/hill')
  • Ballyholme (probably meaning "townland of the river meadow" )
  • Ballykillare (fromIrishBaile Cille Láir,meaning 'townland of the central church')
  • Ballymaconnell (fromIrishBaile Mhic Dhónaill,meaning 'McConnell's townland')
  • Ballymacormick (fromIrishBaile Mhic Cormaic,meaning 'McCormick's townland')
  • Ballymagee (fromIrishBaile Mhic Aodha,meaning 'Magee's townland')
  • Ballyree (fromIrishBaile an Fhraoigh,meaning 'townland of the heather')
  • Ballyvarnet, historically 'Ballyvernan' (fromIrishBaile Bhearnan,meaning 'townland of the gap')
  • Carnalea(fromIrishCarnán Lao,meaning 'thecairnof the calf')
  • Conlig(fromIrishAn Choinleac,meaning 'the hound-stone', referring to astanding stoneon Runestone Hill)
  • Rathgill or Rathgael (fromIrishRáth Giall,meaning 'fort of the hostages')

Ballyholme Bay[edit]

"Ballyholme Bay" redirects here. For ships with the name, seeSS Ballyholme Bay.

The sea area to the north east of Bangor is Ballyholme Bay, named for the township of Ballyholme in the east of the town. DuringWorld War IIthe bay was used as a base for American troops training for theNormandy Landings.[50]Two ships have been namedSS Ballyholme Bay.In 1903 aVikinggrave was found on the shore at Ballyholme Bay: it contained two bronze brooches, a bowl, a fragment of chain and some textile material.[51]It has been said that "Ballyholme Bay is a sheltered bay and studies have suggested that it is one of the best landing places on Belfast Lough and would therefore have made a good location for a Viking base. It is possible that the burial was associated with a Viking settlement in the area."[52]In 1689 Field Marshal Schomberg landed with 10,000 troops either at Ballyholme Bay or atGroomsport,a little further east.[53]

Demography[edit]

2021 census[edit]

On census day (21 March 2021) there were 64,596 people living in Bangor.[4]Of these:

  • 66.62% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion and 12.67% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith.[54]
  • 67.38% indicated that they had a British national identity,[55]41.06% had a Northern Irish national identity[56]and 10.30% had an Irish national identity[57](respondents could indicate more than one national identity).

2011 census[edit]

On census day (27 March 2011) there were 61,011 people living in Bangor, accounting for 3.37% of the NI total.[10]Of these:

  • 18.83% were aged under 16 years and 17.40% were aged 65 and over;
  • 52.14% of the usually resident population were female and 47.86% were male;
  • 74.84% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion and 11.99% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith.
  • 72.51% indicated that they had a British national identity, 32.95% had a Northern Irish national identity and 8.05% had an Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity);
  • 41 years was the average (median) age of the population;
  • 7.94% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 2.72% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaelic).

Economy[edit]

Bangor had an estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the equivalent of $US678 million in 2015.[58]

Education[edit]

Colleges and schools in the area includeSouth Eastern Regional College,Bangor Academy and Sixth Form College,Bangor Grammar School,Glenlola Collegiate School,andSt Columbanus' College.Primary schools include Towerview Primary School, Clandeboye Primary, Ballyholme Primary School,Kilmaine Primary,St Malachy's Primary, St Comgall's Primary, Grange Park Primary, Ballymagee Primary, Bloomfield Primary, Kilcooley Primary, Rathmore Primary, Towerview Primary, and Bangor Central Integrated Primary School.

There are also a number of secondary, grammar, and primary schools in nearby towns and the vicinity of Bangor such as Crawfordsburn Primary & Groomsport Primary;Priory Integrated College,Sullivan Upper School,Regent House Grammar School,Movilla High School,Strangford College,Campbell College,andRockport Schoolare secondary schools.

Places of interest[edit]

The McKee Clock

Climate[edit]

Like the rest ofNorthern Ireland,Bangor has a mild climate with few extremes of weather. It enjoys one of the sunniest climates inNorthern Ireland,and receives about 970 millimetres (38 in) ofrainper year.Snowis rare but occurs at least once or twice in an average winter andfrostis not as severe as areas further inland. This is due to the mild winters and close proximity to the sea. Winter maxima are about 8 °C (46 °F) but can reach as high as 17 °C (63 °F). Average maxima in summer are around 20 °C (68 °F), and the record high is 28.8 °C (83.8 °F), owing to the moderating influence of the sea. The lowest recorded temperature is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F). Temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) in Bangor can be uncomfortable due to the high humidity, with anapparent temperaturein the high 20s.

Climate data for Bangor (Helens Bay),[a]elevation: 43 m (141 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.7
(83.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		28.8
(83.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.2
(50.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−6.2
(20.8)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 92.5
(3.64) 		74.7
(2.94) 		72.0
(2.83) 		61.6
(2.43) 		63.4
(2.50) 		71.5
(2.81) 		76.7
(3.02) 		82.8
(3.26) 		72.1
(2.84) 		97.8
(3.85) 		103.4
(4.07) 		99.1
(3.90) 		967.7
(38.10)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 14.7 12.5 12.3 11.3 11.9 11.3 12.9 13.2 11.4 13.3 15.4 14.8 155.1
Mean monthlysunshine hours 49.1 76.8 112.4 162.4 201.7 171.3 157.5 157.2 124.9 95.9 62.6 42.7 1,414.4
Source 1:Met Office[59]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[60][61]

Bangor has had a number of extreme weather events, including hot summers in 2006, 2013 and 2018. The summers of 2007, 2008 and 2009 were some of the wettest on records with flooding in June 2007. The Autumn of 2006 was also the warmest recorded. December 2010 saw record snowfall fall on the town, with temperatures below −7 °C (19 °F). On 21 December 2010 an unofficial weather station staffed by a retired meteorological officer in the Springhill area recorded a low of −8.1 °C (17.4 °F), and a high of −2.0 °C (28.4 °F). Snow lay to a level depth of 24 cm (9.4 in), the same morning. Inland Northern Ireland saw almost −19 °C (−2 °F), new record lows. Like much of the UK, spring 2020 was the sunniest on record.

Transport[edit]

Bangor West railway station,NI Railways
A two-tone blue single deck bus parked in an empty bus station.
A view of the bus stands at the integrated Bus and Rail Centre.

The first section ofBelfast and County Down Railwayline fromBelfasttoHolywoodopened in 1848 and was extended to Bangor by the Belfast, Holywood and Bangor Railway (BHBR), opening on 1 May 1865, along withBangor railway station.It was acquired by the BCDR in 1884.[62]and closed to goods traffic on 24 April 1950.[63]Bangor West railway stationwas opened by theBelfast and County Down Railwayon 1 June 1928.[63]

Bangor is served byUlsterbus,which aside from local town services, provides daily services toBelfast,Newtownards,HolywoodandDonaghadee.

Sport[edit]

Football[edit]

In football,NIFL ChampionshipsidesArdsandBangorplay atClandeboye Parkon Clandeboye Road.[64].Bangor also has a number of intermediate clubs, includingBryansburn Rangers,Bangor Swifts,Bangor Amateurs.Bangor also has a number of junior football clubs includingBangor Young Men,3rd Bangor Old boys FC, and Castle Juniors FC.

Hockey[edit]

Bangor has two hockey clubs that cater for both men's and women's hockey, respectively:

  • Bangor Ladies Hockey Club: Bangor Ladies run three teams playing in Ulster Hockey Senior 3, Junior 7 and Junior 8b
  • Bangor Mens Hockey Club: Bangor Mens run five teams with the 1st XI playing in the Ulster Hockey Premiership

Rugby Union[edit]

Bangor RFCplays in division 2C of theAll-Ireland leagueat Upritchard Park.

Sailing[edit]

Bangor has clubs such as theRoyal Ulster Yacht Cluband Ballyholme Yacht Club which is the venue for Northern Ireland's Elite Sailing Facility.

Softball[edit]

North Down Softball Club (previously Bangor Buccaneers Softball Club, est. 2014) compete in the Softball Ulster league. Based at Ward Park the club comprises two competitive teams; the Buccaneers & the Barracudas (2023).

Other sports[edit]

Bangor Aurora Aquatic and Leisure Complex includes Northern Ireland's onlyOlympic-size swimming pool.[65]

Music[edit]

The city has created an environment which has supported local musicians, such asFoy VanceandSnow Patrol.[66]It is also home toTwo Door Cinema Club.

Notable people[edit]

See also:Category:People from Bangor, County Down

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

Bangor istwinnedwith:[68][69]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Weather station is located 2.8 miles (4.5 km) from Bangor town centre

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBangor, County Down.

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBangor, County Down.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBangor (Northern Ireland).


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