Baqubah
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Baqubah
بَعْقُوبَة | |
---|---|
![]() Bridge on the Diyala River | |
Nickname: (The house of Punishment) بيت العقوبة | |
Coordinates:33°45′N44°38′E/ 33.750°N 44.633°E | |
Country | Iraq |
Governorate | Diyala Governorate |
Population (2024)[1] | |
• Total | 366,000 |
Baqubah(Arabic:بَعْقُوبَة;BGN:Ba‘qūbah;also spelledBaqubaandBaqouba) is the capital of Iraq'sDiyala Governorate.The city is located some 50 km (31 mi) to the northeast ofBaghdad,on theDiyala River.In 2003 it had an estimated population of some 280,000 people.
Baqubah served as away stationbetween Baghdad andKhorasanon the medievalKhorasan Road.During theAbbasid Caliphate,it was known for its date and fruit orchards, irrigated by theNahrawan Canal.It is now known as the centre of Iraq's commercial orange groves.
Demography and ethnography
[edit]Demographic composition of Baqubah has been a shifting phenomenon since the independence of Iraq. Consequently, the city served as a springboard for violence against the Shias in Baghdad and others, from 2003 to 2008 (see below for chronological detail). Then in 2014, it became a seat for theISISterrorists, raining violence against theShiapopulation once again. Following these events, the Iraqi Shia militias such as theKata'ib Hezbollah,have exacted revenge on theSunnipopulation of the city and the countryside around it alike by killing thousands of families and forced migration and conversions. A stream of Shia settlers are arriving (or being directed to) settle in Baqubah and the neighborhood, in order to avoid a future repeat of the same by the Sunni majority. Both the western and eastern halves of the city straddling theDiyala Riverhave now obtained large and grow Shia minorities, with the eastern half outpacing the other in this respect.
History
[edit]Baqubah's name originates from theAramaicwords "Bet" (house) and "aquba" (Guardian or Punishment) meaning "The house of Punishment/The Guardian's house".[2]The city was used as a refugee camp forAssyrianrefugees fleeing theAssyrian genocide.[3]A refugee camp was set up outside the city, which accommodated between 40,000 and 50,000 refugees.[4]
The camp set up by British mandate government in Iraq housedAssyriansandArmeniansfollowing the 1915 Genocide in theOttoman Empire.The camp was ruled by military authority and the laterAssyriansliving in the camp were recruited to serve in theIraq Levies Forces.[5]
Medieval history
[edit]Baqubah was probably founded during theSasanianperiod.[6]
At the time of theAbbasid caliphate,Baqubah lay on theNahrawan canal,at the end of the canal's Great Qātūl stage and the beginning of its Tāmarrā stage. Although the main road heading east toKhorasanfromBaghdadbypassed Baqubah during this period, passing instead through the city of Jisr Nahrawan, it was Baqubah and not Jisr Nahrawan that was the capital of the Upper Nahrawan district.[7]
However, the succeedingSeljuksultans neglected todredgethe Nahrawan canal or otherwise maintain it, and by the time ofYaqut al-Hamawiin the early 1200s, the canal had completely silted up and the lands it had once watered had gone out of cultivation.[8]By the 14th century,Hamdallah Mustawfiwrote that Jisr Nahrawan was in ruins, and the road to Khorasan now passed through Baqubah instead. Baqubah was the main town in theTarīq-i-Khurāsāndistrict, and it was surrounded by fertile orchards that produced large crops oforangesandpomelos.[9]
In Yaqut's time, Baqubah was a flourishing town, with several public baths and mosques, as well as a market. The land around Baqubah was densely covered in irrigated orchards, whose dates and lemons were proverbial for their excellence.[10]
Modern history
[edit]In the early 1800s, Baqubah was surrounded by date palm groves, as well as orchards producing lemons, pomegranates, and other fruits.[11]In 1820, Baqubah is described as being home to 2,000 people, of whom almost half wereShi'ite.It had abazaarand two small mosques.[12]
In the early 1820s, though, theKurdisharmy ofMohammad Ali Mirza,governor ofKermanshah,occupied Baqubah and destroyed much of it. A decade later, it was still in ruins. By 1845, the bazaar and one of the mosques were functioning again, and local agriculture was flourishing. By the early 1870s, theOttomancivil administration had managed to restore stability to the region, and Baqubah became increasingly prosperous.[13]Around the turn of the century, one European traveler described its connections to emerging networks of world commerce:
"The heart of the town is formed by a small bazaar with many fruits and vegetables, American coffee, Indian tea, French sugar and English textiles, in addition to the usual native products. But the bazaar is surrounded by a wide district of expansive gardens with characteristic gate-cottages, and at the eastern exit from the town there is a large and handsomecaravansarythat is full of Shi'ite pilgrims almost throughout the year. "
— Ernst Herzfeld,1907[14]
Recent history
[edit]During the course of theUS-led occupation of Iraq,Baquba emerged as the scene of some of the heaviest guerrilla activity, along with theSunnienclaves ofFallujahandRamadi.It was the site of the heaviest fighting during the June 24, 2004, insurgent offensive.Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad,led byAbu Musab al-Zarqawi,took responsibility for the attacks.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Defense.gov_News_Photo_070602-F-0209C-003.jpg/235px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_070602-F-0209C-003.jpg)
In a setback for insurgents, Iraqi and U.S. officials confirmed on June 7, 2006, that Zarqawi had been killed in an airstrike and subsequent raid 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baquba.[15]During late 2006, however, Baqubah and majority ofDiyala Governoratewere reported to have come under Sunni insurgent control.[16]On January 3, 2007 the previous Iraqi government in Baquba was reported to have fallen, leaving the city in the hands of insurgents fighting against the American led coalition inOperation Iraqi Freedom.During this time, the city was reportedly under the control of theIslamic State of Iraq.
In January 2007, it was reported that Sunni insurgents were able to kidnap the mayor and blow up his office, despite promises from American and Iraqi military officials that the situation in the city was "reassuring and under control".[17]The city at its peak had over 460,000 residents, but a February 2007 report labeled the city a "ghost town" as residents either fled criminal and sectarian violence or remained in hiding at home.[18]
On August 10, 2015 a suicide car bombing near Baqubah killed 30 and wounded 40 people.ISISclaimed responsibility for the attack.
Attacks during Iraq War
[edit]The following is a list of deadly attacks in the city including the death of al-Zarqawi and after.[19]
- July 9, 2003, SFC Dan "Gabe" Gabrielson of the 652nd Engineer Company (MRBC) was killed in an insurgent ambush.
- July 26, 2003 SPC Jonathan Barnes, SGT Daniel Methvin, and SPC Wilfredo Perez were killed and another soldier was critically injured in a grenade attack from inside the Baqubah women and children's hospital they were guarding at the time.
- August 11, 2003 SSG David Perry of the 649th MP Company was killed while inspecting a suspicious package outside Diyala Provincial Police Headquarters. The package was an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) in disguise. The 649th MPs were living at the police station and training Iraqi Police[20]
- November 20, 2003 Capt. George Wood was killed in action while on patrol in Baqubah, Iraq when his vehicle hit an explosive.[21]
- December 25, 2003, SSG Thomas Christensen and SSG Stephen Hattamer, of the 652nd Engineer Company (MRBC), were killed in a mortar attack on Camp Gabe on the outskirts of Baqubah.
- December 26, 2003, Ssgt Michael Sutter, of 745th Ordinance Company of 79th Ord Battalion died while disarming two IEDs along the Diyalah canal, near Baqubah Police Hq garrisoned by the 649th MP company who were instrumental in the recovery of the soldier several days later.[22]
- March 10, 2004, SPC Bert Hoyer, of the 652nd Engineer Company (MRBC) was killed by an IED outside Camp Warhorse.
June 24, 2004, Capt. Christopher Cash and Spec.4 Daniel Desens Jr, of A Co 1-120th INF BN, North Carolina National Guard, were killed in action during attacks by a large well-coordinated insurgent force attempting to take key points around the city.
- April 8–13, 2004:Mahdi MilitiaandAnsar al-Sunnahattempt to overtake the city. AmericantanksandBradleyspatrol the streets and Artillery and Air Force bombs dropped inside the city limits.
- June 8, 2004. United States Army CaptainHumayun Khanran towards a taxi that was speedily approaching the guard post he was inspecting. Its driver detonated a bomb before the taxi could hit the post or a nearby mess hall, where hundreds of soldiers were eating breakfast. Khan was posthumously awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.[23]
- June 7, 2006: A U.S. airstrike killsAbu Musab al-Zarqawi,the former leader ofAl-Qaeda in Iraq,near Baqubah, northeast of Baghdad.
- June 26, 2006: At least 25 people are killed in abicycle bombingin the city, according to police.
- October 3, 2006: In a string of deadly attacks, gunmen open fire on aShiafamily fleeing the city, killing five of them. Ten others are killed in shooting and bombing incidents, and 10 bodies are found in the city, the apparent victims ofsectarianslayings.
- October 26, 2006: Insurgents ambush a police unit, killing 24 policemen and one civilian. Eight insurgents are killed in subsequent fighting with police and U.S. troops, the military says.
- November 12, 2006: Fifty bodies are found dumped behind the offices of the provincial electric company, according to the Iraqi army's provincial public affairs office.
- November 29, 2006: Fighting between police and insurgents after an attack on Baqubah's police headquarters shuts down the city, closing the university, schools and most stores, and clearing the streets of everyone, except a few who scurry about to stock up on food. At least 55 militants are killed in clashes in the preceding days, according to anonymous police sources.
- November 30, 2006: The U.S. military says Iraqi forces find 28 bodies in amass gravesouth of Baqubah, following days of heavy fighting that killed scores of people in and around the city.
- December 2, 2006: U.S. and Iraqi forces begin an offensive in the city in response to fighting that raged for a week between Sunni insurgents and police.Ahmed Fuad,a senior morgue official, said the morgue received 102 bodies in the previous two weeks.
- December 3, 2006: Some 16 bodies – apparent victims of sectarian death squads – are found.
- December 29, 2006: Ten bodies showing signs oftortureare found dumped on the streets of the city, police and morgue officials say.
- August 6, 2007: A bomb detonates in a house, killing 3 US soldiers, 1 of whom was Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan.
- June 22, 2008: A femalesuicide bomberdetonated a powerful explosive device outside a government outpost and courthouse. 15 were killed in the blast.
- July 15, 2008: Two suicide bombers target army recruits, killing 35 and injuring 50. See:15 July 2008 Baquba bombings
- October 8, 2008: A female suicide bomber detonates at the central court house, killing nine (including five Iraqi soldiers) and wounding 17.
- October 16, 2008: A mortar attack occurred. Three rockets fired into FOB (Forward operating base) Warhorse from nearby Baqubah kill 2 US Army soldiers, PFC Cody J. Eggleston, and PFC Heath K. Pickard. Both were awarded theAlaska Decoration of Honor.They both were assigned to 1st Platoon, C-CO, 1st Battalion,5th Infantry Regiment,1st Brigade Combat Team,25th Infantry Division,Fort Wainwright,Alaska.
- March 3, 2010: Suicide attacks killed at least 31 people and injured dozens more in three separate suicide bombings. The third explosion attacked the city's main hospital, where the victims of the first two attacks were being treated.
- June 14, 2011: A team of six gunmen and suicide bombers dressed in police uniforms attacked Diyala provincial council's offices in the center of Baqubah. The assault began about 9:20 a.m. with a suicide car bomb attack at the gates of the Diyala provincial council's headquarters. As police officers and Iraq Security Forces (advised by US Army Special Forces) rushed to the scene, other militants attacked a second checkpoint, one detonating a suicide vest and the others spraying guards and civilians with gunfire. Four civilians and three police officers reported killed. Five of the attackers were also killed, and one was captured.
Operation Arrowhead Ripper
[edit]On June 19, 2007, U.S. forces launched a large-scale operation against Sunni militants in Baquba. The offensive, Operation Arrowhead Ripper, involved approximately 10,000 coalition soldiers.[24]
Lingering legacy ofBa'ath PartyandSaddam Hussein
[edit]Along with the city ofFallujah,Baqubah has kept the names of monuments and mosques named after some of the most controversial officers and campaigns of theBaath Party.[citation needed]For example, still today, a large mosque named afterAdnan Khairallahis found in the city. There is also anIzzat Ibrahimmosque in Baqubah (and another one in its satellite town ofBuhriz), named likewise after a high officer of Saddam Hussein. Furthermore, Baqubah also hosts a mosque named the Anfal mosque, which echoes the name of theAnfal Campaign,which involved the mass killing of theKurdsunder the supervision of Adnan Khairallah. These, like otherBaath Party-related names, are controversial among IraqiShiaandKurdswho lost so many lives to the abuses of theBa'ath Party,Saddam Husseinand military/security figures likeAdnan KhayrullahandIzzat Ibrahim.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Baqubah has ahot desert climate(BWh) in theKöppen–Geiger climate classification system.In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Baqubah is 22.8 °C (73.0 °F). About 186 mm (7.32 in) of precipitation falls annually.
Climate data for Baqubah | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
37.4 (99.3) |
42.5 (108.5) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.3 (113.5) |
41.0 (105.8) |
34.3 (93.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 39 (1.5) |
32 (1.3) |
33 (1.3) |
20 (0.8) |
5 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
15 (0.6) |
34 (1.3) |
38 (1.5) |
216 (8.5) |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 62 | 52 | 33 | 27 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 24 | 43 | 56 | 31 |
Source: climate-data.org[25] |
Transport
[edit]Baqubah is connected byhighwaytoBaghdadandMandali.[26]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Baqubah, Iraq Metro Area Population 1950-2024".macrotrends.net.RetrievedMarch 16,2024.
- ^John Pike."Ba?qubah [Baqubah]".RetrievedMay 10,2016.
- ^"Ba'qubah".Global Security.Archivedfrom the original on September 2, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 14,2009.
- ^Austin, H. H. (2006).The Baqubah Refugee Camp: An Account of Work on Behalf of the Persecuted Assyrian Christians.Georgias Press.ISBN9781593334017.RetrievedSeptember 14,2009.
- ^Dawood, Fadi (2017).State and Society in Iraq: Citizenship Under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratisation.IB Tauris.ISBN978-1784533199.RetrievedJanuary 2,2023.
- ^Adams (1965), p. 94–96
- ^Le Strange (1905), p. 59
- ^Le Strange (1905), pp.59–60
- ^Le Strange (1905), p. 61
- ^Adams (1965), pp. 94–96
- ^Adams (1965), pp. 94–96
- ^Buckingham, J.S. (1830). 1:15.Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia'. 2 volumes. London.'
- ^Adams (1965), pp. 94–96
- ^Herzfeld, E. (1907) p. 50. "Eine Reise durch Luristan, Arabistan, und Fars".Petermanns Mitteilungen,1907.
- ^"Zarqawi killed in Iraq air raid".BBC News.June 8, 2006.RetrievedMay 10,2016.
- ^"Reporting under al-Qaida control".Archived fromthe originalon January 19, 2016.RetrievedMay 10,2016.
- ^Patrick Cockburn (January 25, 2007)."Inside Baghdad: A city paralysed by fear".The Independent.Archived fromthe originalon July 8, 2008.Retrieved2010-05-01.
- ^"Lawlessness turns Baquba into ghost town".CNN.RetrievedMay 10,2016.
- ^https://news.yahoo /s/ap/20070122/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq_baqouba_glance[dead link]
- ^"SSG David S. Perry".Honored MPs.The Anniston Star.RetrievedJune 18,2015.
- ^"Cpt George A Woods".
- ^"Army Staff SGT. Michael J. Sutter| Military Times".
- ^Katie Zezima (August 1, 2016)."Humayun Khan's grave becomes a shrine in the wake of his father's speech".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2021.RetrievedAugust 3,2016.(subscription required)
- ^"U.S. military launches operation against al Qaeda in Iraq".CNN.June 19, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on June 18, 2007.RetrievedJune 19,2007.
- ^"Baqubah Climate".Climate data.RetrievedOctober 26,2023.
- ^Al-Hashimi, Mohammad Ali; Saleh, Salah A.H.; Muhsen, Amjad Nasser (2008)."The Evaluation of Public Services in Baqubah City By Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques".Journal of Planner and Development.6(18): 72–85.RetrievedApril 15,2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Collela, Robert S. (2012).Battle for Baqubah: Killing Our Way Out(revised ed.). Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.ISBN9781469791067.OCLC785874729.A 2007 OEF campaign account by a first sergeant of B Company 1-12 Cavalry (Bonecrushers), 1st Cavalry Division, out of Fort Hood, Texas.
- Le Strange, Guy (1905).The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.OCLC458169031.
- Adams, Robert M. (1965).Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains.Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.OCLC899942882.