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Battle of Shipka Pass

Coordinates:42°46′0.001″N25°19′0.001″E/ 42.76666694°N 25.31666694°E/42.76666694; 25.31666694
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Battle of Shipka Pass
Part of theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Defence of the Eagle's Nest,Alexey Popov, 1893
DateJuly 17–19, 1877 (1st stage)
August 21–26, 1877 (2nd stage)
September 13–17, 1877 (3rd stage)
January 5–9, 1878 (4th stage)
Location
Shipka Peakand surrounding areas,Ottoman Bulgaria
42°46′0.001″N25°19′0.001″E/ 42.76666694°N 25.31666694°E/42.76666694; 25.31666694
Result Russo-Bulgarianvictory[a]
Belligerents
Russian Empire
Principality of BulgariaBulgarian Legion
Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Russian EmpireNikolay Svyatopolk-Mirsky[1]
Russian EmpireIosif Gurko[2]
Russian EmpireFyodor Radetsky[1]Russian EmpireMikhail Dragomirov(WIA)[d]
(2nd Stage[3])
Ottoman EmpireRauf Pasha[2]
(1st to 3rd Stages)
Ottoman EmpireSüleyman Hüsnü
(2nd to 3rd Stages)
Ottoman EmpireVeysel Pasha[6]
(4th Stage)
Strength

I stage: 5,000[7]
II stage: 5,000 initial;[2]
~2,500 reinforcement 1st day;[2]
~4,000 reinforcement 3rd day[1]
III stage: 7,500–7,900
IV stage: 66,000[2]

Total: 70,000+

I stage: 4,000[7]
II stage: 30,000[7]
III stage: 20,000 plus reinforcements[7]
IV stage: 36,000+[7]

Total: 60,000+
Casualties and losses

I stage: 150[1]or 211[8]
II stage: 4,000[2]or 3,600[8]
III stage: unknown
IV stage: 5,500 total[7]or 1,122 killed and 4,362 wounded[9]

Total: 13,500 killed and wounded[1]

I stage: unknown
II stage: 10,000[7]
III stage: 3,000[7]
IV stage: 36,000 captured incl. 6,000 sick and wounded;[7]killed n.a.

Total: 60,000[1]
Battle of Shipka Pass is located in Bulgaria
Battle of Shipka Pass
Location within Bulgaria
Battle of Shipka Pass is located in European Russia
Battle of Shipka Pass
Battle of Shipka Pass (European Russia)

TheBattle of Shipka Passconsisted of four battles that were fought between theRussian Empire,aided byBulgarianvolunteers known asopalchentsi,and theOttoman Empirefor control over the vitalShipka Passduring theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878).The final battle is known as thebattle of Shipka-Sheynovoor simply thebattle of Sheynovo(Russian:Шипко-Шейновское сражение;Bulgarian:Шейновска битка).

In July 1877, four Russian corps crossed theDanube Riverand enteredBulgaria.Preceding the main Russian army,Iosif Gurkoled a detachment of 11,000 men to capture the vitalBalkan Mountainpasses. In just over two weeks, Gurko had captured three important mountain passes but the main army was held up the day after Shipka Pass fell in theSiege of Pleven.Thus the defense of the pass was left to the Russian vanguard as well asBulgarian volunteers.The Ottoman Army made two major attempts to retake the pass in 1877, but was unsuccessful, as the Russian and Bulgarian defenders were able to hold the pass against this overwhelming force, playing an important role in the war. The deciding moment of the Shipka campaign, and by extent the war, came in August 1877, when a group of 5,000Bulgarian volunteersand 2,500 Russian troops repulsed an attack against the peak by a 30,000-strong Ottoman army.

The pass itself crosses the main ridge of theBalkan Mountainsnear the village ofShipka.It is a part of the main road from North to South, leading fromZistovibyTirnovoandEski ZagratoAdrianople.

First battle

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At the beginning of the war, Shipka Pass was held by an Ottoman garrison of 4,000 soldiers and 12 guns. It was orderedNikolay Svyatopolk-MirskyandIosif Gurkoto attack the positions simultaneously. On 17th July, Mirsky and his 2,000 men of the 36th Orlovsky Infantry Regiment plus Cossacks and artillery was ready to act. However, while advancing from South, Gurko's men skirmished with some Ottoman troops so they approached the pass in delay.[1]

Mirsky attacked the same day but Turks repulsed this very first assault. Gurko arrived the next day with two infantry battalions and two companies of Cossacks and also attacked the pass. This second attack also failed. Despite beating back two Russian attacks, the Ottoman commanders at the Shipka Pass realized that they could not withstand the offensive. On the morning of 19th July, while pretending to consider the terms of surrender, the Ottoman garrison slipped away to the west in small groups, leaving behind a large cache of explosives, ammunition, and artillery. The strong position was finally occupied by the Russians.

Second battle

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TheSecond Battle of Shipka Passtook place in August 1877. After taking the pass in July 1877, theRussianforces built up a defensive position there. The Ottoman Tuna Army was effectively cut in half by the Balkan Mountain range.[10]It was thought that if Pleven could be defended, the Russian Army would not move south without taking it.

General Gurko had been resting about the Shipka Pass with 5,000 men, including five battalions of Bulgarians.[2]They were placed on three positions at St. Nicholas (today: Peak Stoletov), Central Hill and the reserves in between these two points.

Süleyman Hüsnü Pashaat Hersek was then ordered to prepare his experienced army and rush to relieve Osman Pasha at Pleven. It was not possible to reach Pleven by land as the terrain was very difficult. Süleyman loaded his 25,000 troops on transport ships at the Montenegrin port of Bar and sailed them through the Adriatic, aroundMorea,and then through theAegean Seaand landed them atDedeağaç,on the coast ofThrace.The troops were then loaded on trains toFilibefrom which they marched towards the southern slopes of Shipka.[11] Some 15 battalions under Reouf Pasha joined Süleyman until his army reached about 30,000 Ottomans determined to retake the pass instead of simply bypassing it.[7]

On August 21, the Ottoman forces bombarded Russian positions and then made an attack against St. Nicholas. The attack was repulsed and the Ottoman forces dug in 100 yards (91 m) away. As the desperate fight raged, a regiment arrived from Selvi (nowSevlievo) to increase the defenders to 7,500.[2]The next day the Ottoman forces moved theirartilleryup the mountainside and bombarded the pass while the infantry moved around the Russian flank.

On August 23, the Ottoman forces attacked all Russian positions, with the main effort again at St. Nicholas where most of the defenders were Bulgarian volunteers. The Ottoman forces thought that the volunteer positions would be easy to capture, but this turned out to be a miscalculation. Instead, the first unit to begin to retreat were the Russians on Central Hill. However, they rallied when the 4th Rifle Brigade, commanded byFyodor Radetsky,arrived and all Ottoman attacks were repulsed.[1]

On the 26th, an Ottoman attack on St. Nicholas (a position referred to as "the Eagle's Nest" ) reached the Russian trenches but was repulsed again by a Bulgarianbayonetcharge. More Russian reinforcements arrived the same day and an attack was made against the Ottoman position but driven back to Central Hill. This ended the battle for all practical purposes. Suleiman entrenched himself in the position he then occupied, in a semi-circle round the southern end of the Russian position.[7]

In these attacks, the Russians lost close on 4,000 men,[2]while Süleyman losses approached 10,000 killed or wounded.[1]The Bulgarians and Russians had made a gallant stand. Near the end of the fighting, having run out of ammunition, they threw rocks and bodies of fallen comrades to repulse the Ottoman attacks.[12][13][14]

Cannons on Shipka pass

Third battle

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In September 1877, Suleiman Pasha made another attempt to retake the Shipka Pass from the Russians after the failed attempt in August. The Russian defenses had continually been improved since August but reinforcements were limited due to thesiege of Pleven.On September 13, Suleiman began to shell the Russians. The bombardment continued in earnest until the 17th when Suleiman launched a frontal assault against the St. Nicholas position. Capturing the first line of trenches, the Ottoman forces moved towards the peak. GeneralFyodor Radetzky,now commanding the defenses, brought in reinforcements and a Russian counterattack drove the Ottoman forces from all captured ground. Secondary Ottoman assaults to the north were repulsed as well.

Fourth battle

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TheFourth Battle of Shipka Passtook place January 5–9 1878. It was the final battle for Shipka Pass and a crushing Ottoman defeat.

The Shipka Monument

Background

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In December 1877, the fortress ofPlevensurrendered to the Russian Army, freeing a significant number of Russian troops. General Gourko now had as many as 65,000 soldiers to contend with the Ottomans. Gourko forced the Araba Konak Pass and tookSofia.From Sofia, he moved south through the Balkan Mountains to cut off Ottoman access to Shipka Pass.

The battle

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GeneralFyodor Radetzky,commanding the garrison, made preparations to attack from the pass on January 5 while Gourko brought up two columns under GeneralsMikhail SkobelevandNikolai Mirskiito cut off the Ottoman retreat. On January 8, Radezky's attack began but Skobelev was held up by unexpectedly heavy resistance and Mirskii attacked unsupported, making little progress. On January 9, Mirskii faced an Ottoman counter-attack, but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat the Ottoman forces. Completely surrounded, the remaining Ottoman forces underVeissel Pashasurrendered the same day.

Aftermath

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The defensive victory at theShipka Passhad strategic importance for the progress of the war. Had the Ottomans been able to take the pass, they would have been in a position to threaten the supply lines of the Russian and Romanian forces inNorthern Bulgaria,and organize an operation to relieve the major fortress atPlevenwhich was under siege at that time. The war would have then been fought effectively only in northern Bulgaria from that point on, which would have led to a stalemate, which would have created a major advantage for theOttoman Empirein peace negotiations.

TheBulgarian volunteersplayed a decisive role in defending the Shipka Pass, thus denying theOttomansa major breakthrough and a chance to turn the tide of the war. This strategic defensive victory illustrated their important role in the war and was dramatized by the Bulgarian poet and writerIvan Vazovin his odeThe Volunteers at Shipka.

The victory at Shipka Pass ensuredthe fall of the Pleven fortresson December 10 1877, and set the stage for the invasion ofThrace.It allowed Russian forces under Gourko to crush Suleiman Pasha's army at theBattle of Philippopolisseveral days later and threatenConstantinople.

With this victory and the conquest ofPlevenat the end of 1877, the path towardsSofiawas opened, and with it the path to victory in the war and a chance for Russia to gain an upper hand in the "Great Game"by establishing a sphere of influence in the Eastern Balkans.

Suleiman Pasha was later court-martialed due to the colossal failure at Shipka, even though the pass was already lost when he had arrived. His failure to seek alternatives, wasting of men and material that would have been essential later in the campaign, and his failure to secure his remaining troops were too blatant to forgive. He was initially sentenced to death but then commuted by SultanAbdulhamid IIand sent to exile inBaghdad.

Today the Shipka Pass is in theBulgarka Nature Parkand is home toa monumentcommemorating the warriors who died in the battle.

Notes

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  1. ^All the stages
  2. ^He was a member of the Southern Detachment of Radetsky's troops and led Russo-Bulgarian units.[3]
  3. ^He was also under Radetsky's overall command.[2][4]
  4. ^He approached Stoletov as reinforcements[3]and was wounded the same day (thus out of action).[5][3]
  1. ^Svyatopolk-Mirsky, in conjunction with Skobelev, also acted under Radetsky.[2][4]

References

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  1. ^abcdefghiMark Simner. Shipka Pass. Pressreader.https:// pressreader /uk/history-of-war/20200416/281681141993811Archived2023-06-07 at theWayback MachineAccessed 7 June 2023
  2. ^abcdefghijkCrowe, John Henry Verinder (1911)."Russo-Turkish Wars".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–935.
  3. ^abcd"ШИПКИ ОБОРОНА 1877 • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version".old.bigenc.ru.2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-21.Retrieved2023-09-22.
  4. ^ab"ШИПКИ ОБОРОНА 1877 • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version".old.bigenc.ru.2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-21.Retrieved2023-09-22– See Battle of Shipka-Sheynovo{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  5. ^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Dragomirov, Michael Ivanovich".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 466.
  6. ^Kutlu, Rus Kaynaklara Göre 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Harbi, p.158-167
  7. ^abcdefghijkCrowe, John Henry Verinder (1911)."Shipka Pass".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 981–982.
  8. ^abFrancis Vinton Greene,Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878.D. Appleton and Company. 1879. p. 213 and 356.
  9. ^Francis Vinton Greene,Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878.D. Appleton and Company. 1879. p. 356.
  10. ^The Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878 Yazar: F. V. Greene.
  11. ^"Şıpka Geçidi (1877 Osmanlı – Rus Harbi)".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-08-07.Retrieved2022-08-07.
  12. ^Gladys, Henrietta (1933).Where East is West: life in Bulgaria.Houghton Mifflin.ASINB002PX9OLG.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2024.Retrieved15 November2012.
  13. ^"Bulgarian British Review".99–138. Council of the Bulgarian-British Association. 1937.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2024.Retrieved15 November2012.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  14. ^"Reminiscence from Days of Liberation*".Novinite.3 March 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 16 June 2012.Retrieved20 December2011.

See also

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