Battle of Zela (47 BC)

For the battle of theThird Mithridatic Warfought in 67 BC, seeBattle of Zela (67 BC).

Battle of Zela
Part of Caesar's Pontic Campaign
Caesar's campaigns from Rome to Zela.
Date August 2, 47 BC Location Zile,present dayTurkey Result Roman victory
Belligerents
Roman Republic	Pontus
Commanders and leaders
Julius Caesar	Pharnaces II of Pontus
Strength
c. 15,000	c. 20,000
Casualties and losses
unknown	unknown, most of the army

TheBattle of Zelawas fought in 47 BC betweenJulius CaesarandPharnaces IIof theKingdom of Pontus.The battle took place near Zela (modernZile), which is now a small hilltop town in theTokat provinceof northern Turkey. The battle ended the ambitions of king Pharnaces who wanted to expand his rule over Asia-Minor.

Prelude

After the defeat of the Ptolemaic forces at theBattle of the Nile,Caesar leftEgyptand travelled through Syria, Cilicia and Cappadocia to fight Pharnaces, son ofMithridates VI.

Pharnaces had defeated Caesar'sLegateGnaeus Domitius Calvinus,and his small Roman and allied army at theBattle of Nicopolis.He then committed atrocities against the Roman prisoners and against any Roman civilians he found in the region. When Pharnaces received word of Caesar's approach, he sent envoys to seek peace, which Caesar refused outright.

Pharnaces had made camp near the town of Zela on the site of agreat victorywon by his father. His camp was in a strong defensive position; on highground with a track linking his camp to the town to maintain his supply line. Caesar set up camp on the other side of the valley, but upon his scouts reporting Pharnaces' position he decided to move his camp to the highground opposite the Pontic camp. The Romans quickly marched onto the highground and started building a camp. Pharnaces reacted by drawing his army out of camp and put them into battle order. Caesar drew up one line of infantry to protect the workers, but kept the rest of his army constructing the new camp. The Pontic army suddenly marched against the Romans.

The armies

Caesar had a detachmentof the veteranVI Legion,theXXII Legion,the XXXVI Legionand several cohorts of survivors of the army of Domitius Calvinus. He also had a small contingent of cavalry. His army numbered c. 15,000 men.

Pharnaces had an army approximately 20,000 strong, mostly consisting of tribal and levied infantry, but also containing a core of professional soldiers;phalangites,legionaries, and cavalry. Pharnaces also had scythed chariots.

Order of battle

Pharnaces drew up his army with the scythed chariots in front of the first line which was made up of light infantry and cavalry, the second and third line held the rest of the infantry.

After Caesar had rushed his men into position he had the VI on the right, the XXXVI on the left and the Galatian legion in the centre.

The battle

Pharnaces' army marched down into the valley separating the two armies. Caesar was baffled by this move as it meant his opponents had to fight an uphill battle. Pharnaces' men climbed up from the valley and engaged Caesar's thin line of legionaries. Caesar recalled the rest of his men from constructing their camp and hastily drew them up for battle. Meanwhile, Pharnaces' scythed chariots broke through the thin defensive line, but were met by a hail of missiles (pila, the Roman throwing spear) from Caesar's battle line and were forced to retreat. Caesar launched a counter-attack and drove the Pontic army back down the hill, where it was completely routed. Caesar then stormed and took Pharnaces' camp, completing his victory.

Aftermath

It was a decisive point in Caesar'smilitary career- his five-hours campaign against Pharnaces was evidently so swift and complete that, according toPlutarch(writing about 150 years after the battle) he commemorated it with the now famous Latin words reportedly written to Amantius in Rome:Veni, vidi, vici( "I came, I saw, I conquered" ).Suetoniussays that the same three words were displayed prominently in the triumph for the victory at Zela.Pharnaces escaped from Zela, first fleeing to Sinope then back to hisBosporan Kingdom.He started to recruit another army, but was soon after defeated and killed by his son-in-lawAsander,one of his former governors who had revolted after the Battle of Nicopolis. Caesar madeMithridates of Pergamumthe new king of the Bosporian kingdom in recognition of his aid during the Egyptian campaign.