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Amphicyonidae

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This article is about the extinct family of mammals. For the breeds of domestic dog, seeKarelian Bear DogandTahltan Bear Dog.For dog bears, seeHemicyoninae.

Amphicyonids
Temporal range:MiddleEocene– LateMiocene
Skeleton ofAmphicyon
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Superfamily: †Amphicyonoidea
Family: †Amphicyonidae
Haeckel,1866
Subfamilies

†Amphicyoninae
†Daphoeninae
†Haplocyoninae
†Temnocyoninae
†Thaumastocyoninae

Amphicyonidaeis anextinctfamilyofterrestrialcarnivoransbelonging to thesuborderCaniformia.They first appeared inNorth Americain the middleEocene(around 45 mya), spread toEuropeby the late Eocene (35 mya), and further spread toAsiaandAfricaby the earlyMiocene(23 mya). They had largely disappeared worldwide by the late Miocene (5 mya), with the latest recordedspeciesat the end of the Miocene in Africa. They were among the first carnivorans to evolve large body size. Amphicyonids are colloquially referred to as "bear-dogs".[1]

Taxonomy

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Restoration ofAmphicyon ingens

The family was erected by Haeckel in 1866 (also attributed to Trouessart 1885). Their exact position has long been disputed. Some early paleontologists defined them as members of the familyCanidae,but the modern consensus is that they form their own family. Some researchers have defined it as the sister clade to ursids (bears), based on morphological analysis of the ear region.[2][1]However, cladistic analysis and reclassification of several species of early carnivore as amphicyonids has strongly suggested that they may be basal caniforms, from lineages older than the origin of both bears and dogs.[3][4][5]

Description

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Amphicyonids ranged in size from as small as 5 kg (11 lb) and as large as 100 to 773 kg (220 to 1,704 lb)[6]and evolved from wolf-like to bear-like body forms.[7]

Early amphicyonids, such asDaphoenodon,possessed adigitigradeposture and locomotion (walking on their toes), while many of the later and larger species wereplantigradeor semiplantigrade.[8]The amphicyonids wereobligate carnivores,unlike the Canidae, which arehypercarnivoresormesocarnivores.[9]

There is often some confusion with the similar looking (and similarly named) "dog-bears", a more derived group of caniforms that is sometimes classified as a family (Hemicyonidae), but is more often considered a primitive subfamily of ursids (Hemicyoninae).

Evolution

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Dymaxion mapof Amphicyonidae

It has long been uncertain where amphicyonids originated. It was thought that they may have crossed from Europe to North America during theMioceneepoch, but recent research suggests a possible North American origin from themiacidsMiacis cognitusandM. australis(now renamed as thegeneraGustafsoniaandAngelarctocyon,respectively). As these are of North American origin, but appear to be early amphicyonids, it may be that the Amphicyonidae actually originates in North America.[3]

Other New World amphicyonids include the oldest known amphicyonid,Daphoenus(37–16 Mya).

Amphicyonids began to decline in the late Miocene, and disappeared by the end of the epoch. The exact reasons for this are unclear. The most recent known amphicyonid remains are teeth known from theDhok Pathanhorizon, northernPakistan,dating to 7.4-5.3 mya.[10]The species is classically namedArctamphicyon lydekkeri,which may actually be synonymous with a species ofAmphicyon.[11]

Fossils of juvenileAgnotherium,Ischyrocyon,andMagericyonall show an unusual type of tooth eruption in which there is a vulnerable stage at about two or three years of age where the subadult animal has no functionalmolarorcarnassialteeth, the only functional cheek teeth being several milk premolars.[12]This period was suggested to be "presumably short" but would have made it very difficult for the animal to process food.[13]This type of tooth replacement is not seen in similar carnivorans likeursidsorcanids,and may have been one factor in the extinction of the Amphicyonidae.

Classification

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Family Amphicyonidae

Not assigned to a subfamily SubfamilyAmphicyoninae SubfamilyHaplocyoninae
(Eurasia)[14][15] 		SubfamilyDaphoeninae
(North America) 		SubfamilyTemnocyoninae
(North America)[16] 		SubfamilyThaumastocyoninae[17]
  • Adilophontes
    • A. brachykolos
  • Brachyrhyncocyon
    • B. dodgei
    • B. intermedius
    • B. montanus
  • Daphoenictis
    • D. tedfordi
  • Daphoenodon
    • D. falkenbachi
    • D. notionastes
    • D. robustum
    • D. periculosus
    • D. skinneri
    • D. superbus
  • Daphoenus
    • D. felinus
    • D. hartshornianus
    • D. lambei
    • D. nebrascensis
    • D. socialis
    • D. transversus
    • D. vetus

References

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  2. ^Hunt Jr., Robert M. (2001)."Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora)".American Museum Novitates(3331): 1–20.doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)331<0001:SOAFNA>2.0.CO;2.ISSN0003-0082.S2CID198160461.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-04.Retrieved2023-07-06.
  3. ^abTomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016)."Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)".Royal Society Open Science.3(10): 160518.Bibcode:2016RSOS....360518T.doi:10.1098/rsos.160518.PMC5098994.PMID27853569.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-10-14.Retrieved2016-10-13.
  4. ^Hunt, Robert M. Jr. (2004)."Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America"(PDF).Cenozoic Carnivores and Global Climate.pp. 139–285.doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0139:C>2.0.CO;2.S2CID86236545.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 20, 2007.{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)
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  6. ^Sorkin, B. 2008: A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators.Lethaia,Vol. 41, pp. 333–347.
  7. ^Jacobs, Louis L. Jacobs; Scott, Kathleen Marie: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Terrestrial carnivores, Cambridge University Press, 1998
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