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Beauty pageant

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"Beauty contest" and "Beauty queen" redirect here. For other uses, seeBeauty contest (disambiguation)andBeauty queen (disambiguation).

The winners of theInternational Pageant of Pulchritude 1930competition

Abeauty pageantis acompetitionin which the contestants are judged and ranked based on various physical and mental attributes. Per its name, beauty pageants traditionally focus on judging the contestants'physical attractiveness,sometimes solely so, but most modern beauty pageants have since expanded to also judge contestants based on "inner beauty" —their individual traits and characteristics, includingpersonality,intelligence,aptitude,moral character,andcharity.Though typically perceived as a female-oriented competition, male beauty pageants also exist, as dochild beauty pageantsfor youth.

The term "beauty pageant" refers originally to theBig Four beauty pageants:Miss Universe,Miss World,Miss International,andMiss Earth.[1][2][3]Hundreds and thousands of beauty contests are held annually,[4]but the Big Four are considered the most prestigious,[5]and are widely covered and broadcast bynews media.[6][7][8][9][10][11]The earliest formal beauty pageants were held in the 19th century, although similar informal events date back to at least thepost-classical period.Modern beauty pageants were first established in the early 20th century, with their popularity later boosted by the establishment of international pageants in the mid-20th century. Reforms of pageants in the 21st century marked a shift from primarily focusing on physical appearance to placing more weight on other characteristics.

Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions; for example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. The organizers of each pageant may determine the competition rules, including the age range of contestants. The rules may also require the contestants to be unmarried, and be virtuous, amateur, and available for promotions, besides other criteria. It may also set the clothing standards in which contestants will be judged, including such asformal wear,swimsuit,sportswear,ordesigner clothing.Possible awards of beauty contests include titles,tiaras,crowns,sashes,bouquets,scepters,savings bonds,scholarships,andprize money.[12]The winner of a beauty contest is generally called abeauty queenfor female pageants and abeauty kingfor male pageants. Pageant titles are often subdivided into "Miss", "Mrs." or "Ms.", and "Teen", to clearly identify the difference between pageant divisions. The rankings of the contestants are referred to asplacements.[13]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somersetwas crowned the 'Queen of Beauty' at the Eglinton Tournament of 1839.
Woman receiving an award for winning a beauty pageant, 1922
Celebration of the "Princess Dácil"contest at the Seventh Festival of Canarian Traditions in Cuba. In the center of the image, Mary Ann Álvarez Robbio, who was the winner of the contest in 2010.
Lone Star State selects beauties for 100 Year Pageant.[14]

European festivals dating back to theMiddle Agesprovide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, EnglishMay Daycelebrations always had the selection of aMay Queen.In the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of beauty and community ideals continued, as young, beautiful women participated in public celebrations.[15]

The first known beauty pageant was theBelle of the Anna-Ball,aHungariantraditional beauty pageant, first held inBalatonfüredin 1825. The contest is still being held there onAnna's Day(Anna napja) on 26 July.

A beauty pageant was held during theEglinton Tournamentof 1839, organized byArchibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton,as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won byGeorgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset,the wife ofEdward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset,and sister ofCaroline Norton,and she was proclaimed as the "Queen of Beauty".[16][unreliable source?]Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of 'beauty queen' was awarded to an 18-year-oldCreolecontestant at a pageant inSpa, Belgium.All participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel.[17]Such events were not regarded as respectable. In 1880,Rehoboth Beach, Delawareheld the first recorded beauty pageant in the United States, searching for "the most beautiful unmarried woman in our nation" and awarding her the title ofMiss United States.[18][19][20]

National and international pageants

[edit]

Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern "Miss America"contest held in 1921.[21]The oldest pageant still in operation today is theMiss Americapageant, which was organized in 1921 by a local businessman to entice tourists toAtlantic City, New Jersey.[22]The pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the "Inter-City Beauty" Contest, attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C., was crowned Miss America 1921, having won both the popularity and beauty contests, and was awarded $100.[23]

Bathing beauty contest, USA, 1920

In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield ofGalveston, Texasorganized a new event known as "Splash Day" on the island. The event featured a "Bathing Girl Revue" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions.[24][25][26][27]The event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known outside of Texas and, beginning in 1926, the world's first international contest was added, known as theInternational Pageant of Pulchritude.[26]This contest is said to have served as a model for modern pageants.[27][28][29]It featured contestants from England, Russia,Turkey,and many other nations and the title awarded at the time was known as "Miss Universe".[27][30]The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Belgium).[31][32]

The popularity of the Miss America pageant prompted other organizations to establish similar contests in the 1950s and beyond. Some were significant while others were trivial, such as the National Donut Queen contest. TheMiss Worldcontest started in 1951,Miss Universestarted in 1952, as didMiss USA.Miss Internationalstarted in 1960.Miss Asia Pacific International,which started in 1968, is the first and oldest beauty pageant in Asia.[33][34]TheMiss Black Americacontest started in 1968[35]in response to the exclusion of African American women from the Miss America pageant. The Miss Universe Organization started theMiss Teen USAin 1983 for the 14–19 age group.Miss Earthstarted in 2001, which channels the beauty pageant entertainment industry to actively promote the preservation of the environment.[36][37]These contests continue to this day.

Major beauty pageants

[edit]
Main article:List of beauty pageants

Major international contests for women include the yearlyMiss Worldcompetition (founded byEric Morleyin 1951),Miss Universe(founded in 1952),Miss International(founded in 1960), andMiss Earth(founded in 2001 with environmental awareness as its concern).[38][39][40]These four are considered the biggest and most well known pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women (all apply to single or unmarried women exceptMiss Universe). Most pageants give an age requirement to be eligible to compete; for example,Miss Universehas a maximum age requirement of 28 years old.[41][42]

Big Four International Beauty Pageants

[edit]
Main article:Big Four international beauty pageants
Founded Pageant Organizer Headquarters Bikini allowed Bikini regulation
1951 Miss World Miss World Organization London, England 1951–2014; 2023–present 1951:The first winner,Kiki Håkanssonfrom Sweden, was crowned in a bikini. Countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates,[43]andPope Pius XIIcondemned the crowning as sinful.[44][45]
1952:Swimsuits toned down to more modest designs.[22]
1996:Miss World contest was held inBangalore,India, but the swimsuit round was shifted toSeychellesbecause of intense protests.[46]
2013:The swimsuit round was dropped because of Islamist protests inBali,Indonesia, where the contest took place.[47]
2015:The Beach Fashion segment of the pageant was dropped.[48]
1952 Miss Universe JKN Legacy Inc.
JKN Global Group(50%)
Legacy Holding Group USA Inc. (50%)
1997–present 1952:Bikinis banned.
1997:Contestants allowed to wear bikinis.[22]
2021:Bikinis made optional. Contestants are allowed to wearburkinisduring swimsuit competition.[49][50]
1960 Miss International International Cultural Association Tokyo,Japan 1960–2022 1964:Bikinis made mandatory.

2023:The swimsuit parade to replaced by Lingerie parade.

2001 Miss Earth Carousel Productions Manila,Philippines 2003–present 2003:Vida SamadzaifromAfghanistanparticipating in a bikini caused an uproar in her home country.[51][52][53]2017:The "Beauty of Form and Figure" preliminary judging inMiss Earth 2017was introduced where the delegates walked in white two-piece bikinis while their faces were covered by a white veil to focus the judgment on the body figures in this portion.[54][55]

Big Four dethronements and resignations

[edit]

Dethronements and resignations are rare for the Big Four pageant winners, but when it does occur, it creates media attention.

The Miss World pageant has had 3 cases of dethronement or resignation instances:

In its early years, there were two instances where the reigning Miss Universe opted to resign from her position:Armi Kuusela,Miss Universe 1952from Finland, who held the distinction of being the first Miss Universe winner to give up her crown in less than a year to marry Filipino businessman Virgilio Hilario whileAmparo Muñoz,Miss Universe 1974of Spain refused to travel to Japan and instead resigned after six months of her reign.[69][70][71]However, since the pageant had no concrete rule on resignation at that time, they were allowed to keep their titles.[72]

In Miss Earth, the 2002 winner,Dzejla Glavovicof Bosnia and Herzegovina was dethroned of her crown six months into her reign, after she failed to show up at several environmental events.[73][74]According to Carousel Productions, organizer of the Miss Earth contest, Glavovic was dethroned because of "her inability to fulfill the duties and responsibilities as the Miss Earth titleholder, in accordance with the rules and regulations set forth in the Miss Earth contract that she signed."[75][76]She was succeeded by first runner-upWinfred Omwakweof Kenya asMiss Earth 2002.[77]

In Miss International,Ikumi Yoshimatsu,Miss International 2012was the first titleholder of the pageant from Japan to be dethroned shortly before the end of her reign.[78][79][80]She was ordered by the International Culture Association (Miss International organizer) to skip the succession ceremony and "play sick and shut up" out of fear of scandal.[81]The Miss International organizer cited the reason for her dethronement was due to her involvement in a contract dispute with a talent agency in which she claimed that she was pressured to sign by Burning Productions, a film production company which is rumored to be linked with the Japanese underworld, but she refused and went ahead by starting her own company.[82]Yoshimatsu filed criminal charges against one of Japan's most powerful talent agency executives, Genichi Taniguchi of Burning Productions, for allegedly stalking, intimidating, and harassing her.[83]

Diversity

[edit]

Diversity of contestants and winners have both increased since the inception of beauty pageants. In 1945,Bess Myerson,an American politician, model and, television actress became the first Jewish person to win the Miss America title in the Atlantic city and to this day remains the only Jewish person to have received the crown. Her success in winning the title was hugely symbolic and personal to Jewish people at that time because it in the direct aftermath of the Holocaust.[84]In 1959, Japanese modelAkiko Kojimabecame the first woman of color to win theMiss Universetitle. Her success marked the beginning of a shift away from white women as the global female beauty ideal.[85]The continued success of Asian women in American and international beauty pageants has signaled that white women are no longer considered the beauty ideal.[86]In 1983,Vanessa Williams,an American singer, actress and fashion designer gained recognition as being the first African American woman to receive the Miss America title.[87]In 1991,Lupita Jones,a Mexican actress and television producer, became the first Mexican person to win Miss Universe.[88]

Besides the international beauty pageants, numerous minor competitions exist throughout the world displaying the different perceptions of beauty. Some examples of criteria to select beauty queens that are unique to certain culture. The Miss India USA pageant usesIndian historyand traditional craft skills as its specialties,[89][90]while the Miss Howard University competition takes advantage of the principles of "black beauty".[91]The winner is often viewed as a model for the "ideal" community member.[92]Through the competitions, the contestants can learn how to present themselves in public and how to cultivate certain traits such as confidence or poise.[93]In some cases, the competitors are selected to act as a representative on behalf of the community. In the African American community of Howard University, the selected Miss Howard University served as advocates for the Civil Rights Movement in the decades following the 1960s.[91]Additionally, the Miss Landmine competition situated inAngolaallow victims to serve as advocates on behalf of other victims of mining accidents.[94]

Researchers suggest that the emergence of beauty pageants in countries outside the United States is linked to an economic boom geared towards a more consumeristic lifestyle. For example, in India, from 1996 to 2000, the personal care industry grew by 25% while the number of women applying for the Miss India competition increased from 1000 people in 1993 to 6500 people in 2001.[95]Additionally, after China hosted about 6 international beauty pageants in 2004, the beauty industry increased in influence in the area. At the same time, the number of regional beauty pageants in the country increased.[96]

Criticism

[edit]
The panel of judges for the 1973 Miss Amsterdam pageant

Critics of beauty pageants argue that such contests reinforce the idea that girls and women should be valued primarily for their physical appearance, and that this puts tremendous pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards by spending time and money on fashion, cosmetics,hair styling,and evencosmetic surgery.They say that this pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women todietto the point of harming themselves.[97][98]

The London Feminist Network argues that rather than being empowering, beauty pageants do the opposite: denying women's full humanity by subjecting them toobjectification,denying their full humanity by maintaining that their primary purpose is to be attractive.[99]Beginning in 1981, the International Year of the Disabled Person, campaigners in Australia targeted beauty pageants in order to, in the words of activist Leslie Hall, "challenge the notion of beauty" and "reject the charity ethic." High profile demonstrations led to some charities abandoning their use of such contests for fundraising and also saw some remove offensive language from their organisational titles.[100]

Another criticism is in the way beauty pageant is quantifiably scored as highlighted by the "Myth of the Perfect 10".[101]Beauty becomes a numerical coefficient in ranking contestants, and this type of scoring still remains followed as a system even in nationwide beauty pageants such asMiss America.[102]

Researchers suggest that these events strengthen skills, such as interpersonal communications, self-assurance, and public speaking, which prove to be useful in future career paths.[103]

Swimsuit competition

[edit]
Main article:Swimsuit competition

The requirement for contestants to wear a swimsuit was a controversial aspect of the various competitions. The controversy was heightened with the increasing popularity of the bikini after its introduction in 1946. The bikini was banned for the Miss America contest in 1947 because ofRoman Catholicprotesters.[104]When theMiss Worldcontest started in 1951, there was an outcry when the winner was crowned in a bikini.Pope Pius XIIcondemned the crowning as sinful,[44][45]and countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates.[43]The bikini was banned for future and other contests. It was not until the late 1990s that they became permitted again,[22]but still generated controversy when finals were held in countries where bikinis (or swimsuits in general) were socially disapproved.[22][47]For example, in 2003,Vida SamadzaifromAfghanistancaused an uproar in her native country when she participated in theMiss Earth 2003contest in a red bikini.[105][106]She was condemned by theAfghan Supreme Court,saying such a display of the female body goes againstIslamic lawandAfghan culture.[107][108]In 2013, the swimsuit round of the Miss World contest was dropped because of Islamist protests inBali(Indonesia), where the contest took place.[47]In 2014, the Miss World contest eliminated the swimsuit competition from its pageant.[109]In 2018, Miss America eliminated the swimsuit competition after 97 years.[110]

In 2017,Carousel Productionswas criticized for objectifying women during theMiss Earth 2017competition where delegates wore swimsuits during the event with their faces concealed by a veil in theBeauty of Figure and Form,a segment first introduced in theMiss Philippines Earth 2017pageant.[111][112][113][114]It was one of the three preliminary judging segments of the pageant that includePoise and Beauty of FaceandEnvironmental and Intelligence Competition.[115][111]The organizers defended the "beauty of figure and form" segment and released a statement that the said round was intended to promote strict impartiality during pre-judging by focusing on the contestants' curves, execution and not beautiful face.[116][112]

Scandals

[edit]

There have been numerous scandals in the beauty pageant industry and they continue to emerge as beauty pageants become more known to the public. In December 2017,HuffPostpublished emails written by then-Miss America CEO Sam Haskell that disparaged former pageant contestants, making vulgar references to their weight and personal lives. Due to the release of these emails to the public, Haskell and several other board members resigned from their positions.[117]

Laura Zúñiga,former Miss Hispanic America, was detained with her boyfriend and six other people, and charged with racketeering, drug trafficking, weapons violations, and money laundering. When apprehended, they had multiple handguns and roughly $53,000 in cash.[118]

At theMiss Teen USA 2007pageant,Caitlin Uptongained international notoriety for her convoluted and nonsensical response to a question posed to her during the August 2007 national pageant.[119][120]During the pageant, judgeAimee Teegardenasked: "Recent polls have shown a fifth of Americans can't locate the U.S. on a world map. Why do you think this is?". Upton responded:

I personally believe that U.S. Americans are unable to do so because, uh, some, uh, people out there in our nation don't have maps and, uh, I believe that our education like such as in South Africa and, uh, the Iraq, everywhere like such as, and, I believe that they should, our education over here in the U.S. should help the U.S., uh, or, uh, should help South Africa and should help the Iraq and the Asian countries, so we will be able to build up our future. For our children.[121][122]

As a guest onNBC'sThe Today Show,Upton toldAnn CurryandMatt Lauerthat she was overwhelmed when asked the question and did not comprehend it correctly.[123][118]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toBeauty pageants.

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[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]
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