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Beechcraft T-34 Mentor

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This article is about the propeller-driven aircraft. For other uses, seeT34 (disambiguation).

T-34 Mentor
A T-34B Mentor aircraft from Training Squadron 5 (VT-5) in 1976
Role Trainer aircraft
National origin United States
Manufacturer Beechcraft
First flight 2 December 1948
Introduction 1953
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Navy
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Republic of China Air Force
Produced 1953–1959
1975–1990
Number built 2,300+
Developed from Beechcraft Bonanza
Developed into Fuji KM-2

TheBeechcraft T-34 Mentoris an American propeller-driven, single-engined, militarytrainer aircraftderived from theBeechcraft Model 35 Bonanza.The earlier versions of the T-34, dating from around the late 1940s to the 1950s, werepiston-engined.These were eventually succeeded by the upgradedT-34C Turbo-Mentor,powered by aturbopropengine. The T-34 remains in service more than seven decades after it was first designed.

Design and development

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The T-34 was the brainchild ofWalter Beech,who developed it as theBeechcraft Model 45private venture at a time when there was no defense budget for a new trainer model. Beech hoped to sell it as an economical alternative to theNorth American T-6/SNJ Texan,then in use by all services of the U.S. military.

A YT-34 on display at the Castle Air Museum at the formerCastle AFBin Atwater, California
T-34s of the March Field Aero Club atMarch Air Reserve Base,California, in 2004

Three initial design concepts were developed for the Model 45, including one with the Bonanza's signatureV-tail,but the final design that emerged in 1948 incorporated conventional tail control surfaces for the benefit of the more conservative military[1](featuring a relatively large unswept vertical fin that would find its way onto theTravel Airtwin-engine civil aircraft almost ten years later). The Bonanza's fuselage with four-passenger cabin was replaced with a narrower fuselage incorporating a two-seater tandem cockpit andbubble canopy,[2]which provided greater visibility for the trainee pilot and flight instructor. Structurally, the Model 45 was much stronger than the Bonanza, being designed for +10gand −4.5g,while theContinental E-185engine of 185horsepower(hp) at takeoff (less than a third of the power of the T-6's engine) was the same as that fitted to contemporary Bonanzas.[2]

Following the prototype were threeModel A45Taircraft,[2]the first two with the same engine as the prototype and the third with aContinental E-225,[1]which would prove to be close to the production version. Production did not begin until 1953, when Beechcraft began deliveringT-34Asto theUnited States Air Force(USAF) and similarModel B45aircraft for export. Production of theT-34Bfor theUnited States Navy(USN) began in 1955, this version featuring a number of changes reflecting the different requirements of the two services. The T-34B had only differential braking for steering control on the ground instead of nosewheel steering, additional wingdihedraland, to cater for the different heights of pilots, adjustable rudder pedals instead of the moveable seats of the T-34A.[1]T-34A production was completed in 1956, with T-34Bs being built until October 1957 and licensed B45 versions built inCanada(125 manufactured byCanadian Car and Foundry),[2]Japan (173 built byFuji Heavy Industries),[2]andArgentina(75 byFMA) until 1958. Beechcraft delivered the last Model B45s in 1959.[1]Total production of the Continental-engined versions in the US and abroad was 1,904 aircraft.[2]

Model 73 Jet Mentor

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The Model 73Jet Mentor.

In 1955 Beechcraft developed a jet-engined derivative, again as a private venture, and again in the hope of winning a contract from the US military.[2]TheModel 73 Jet Mentorshared many components with the piston-engined aircraft; major visual differences were the redesigned cockpit which was relocated further forward in the fuselage and the air intakes for the jet engine in thewing roots,supplying air to a single 920 lbf (4.1 kN)Continental J69jet engine in the rear fuselage.[2][3]The first flight of the Model 73, registered N134B, was on 18 December 1955. The Model 73 was evaluated by the USAF, which ordered theCessna T-37,and the USN, which decided upon theTemco TT Pinto.After initial testing at the Naval Air Test Center atNAS Patuxent River,Maryland, the Navy tested the feasibility of using the TT Pinto as a jet-powered trainer for primary flight training in 1959, but discontinued use of the aircraft by December 1960 and discarded all examples, returning to the piston-poweredT-34B Mentorand North AmericanT-28 Trojanfor its primary flight training requirements. The Beechcraft Model 73 was not put into production[2]and the sole prototype is displayed at theKansas Aviation Museum.[4]

T-34C Turbo-Mentor

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A T-34C Turbo-Mentor, which can be distinguished from the B (piston) model by the extended nose and exhaust stacks on either side behind the prop to accommodate the turboprop engine

After a production hiatus of almost 15 years, theT-34C Turbo-Mentorpowered by aPratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25 turboprop engine was developed in 1973.[2][5]The original T-34's modified Bonanza/Debonair-style wing was replaced with a variant of the largerBeech Baronwing, and the original Bonanza/Debonair-style landing gear was replaced with the landing gear from the even-largerBeech Duke.[6]

Development proceeded at the behest of the USN, which supplied two T-34Bs for conversion.[5]After re-engining with the PT6, the two aircraft were redesignated asYT-34Cs,the first of these flying with turboprop power for the first time on 21 September 1973.[5]Mentor production restarted in 1975 for deliveries ofT-34Csto the USN and of theT-34C-1armed version for export customers in 1977, this version featuring four underwinghardpoints.[1]The last Turbo-Mentor rolled off the production line in 1990.[2]

Since the late 1970s, T-34Cs have been used by the Naval Air Training Command to train numerousNaval AviatorsandNaval Flight Officersfor theU.S. Navy,U.S. Marine Corps,U.S. Coast Guard,and numerousNATOand Allied nations. With over 35 years of service, the T-34C has been completely replaced by theT-6 Texan II.[7][8]

Operational history

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U.S. Air Force and Civil Air Patrol

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The first flight of the Model 45 was on 2 December 1948, by Beechcraft test pilot Vern Carstens.[2]In 1950, the USAF ordered threeModel A45Ttest aircraft, which were given the military designation YT-34.[2]A long competition followed to determine a new trainer, and in 1953 the Air Force put the Model 45 into service as the T-34A Mentor, while the USN followed in May 1955 with the T-34B.[2]

After extensive testing, the USAF ordered the Mentor into production as the T-34A in early 1953. The first production T-34A was delivered toEdwards Air Force Base,California, in October 1953 for evaluation, and deliveries to theAir Training Command(ATC) began in 1954. The T-34A commenced service as USAF's initial primary flight trainer at "contract" pilot training air bases across the southern United States, replacing extant North AmericanAT-6 Texantrainers. Following training in the T-34A, USAF pilot trainees would advance to the North AmericanT-28A Trojanfor intermediate training.

The T-34A Mentor remained the standard USAF primary trainer until the introduction of the CessnaT-37 Tweetjet trainer in the late 1950s, replacing both the T-34A and T-28A. This also coincided with ATC's implementation of the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) syllabus at various air force bases in the United States under ATC claimancy and phaseout and closure of the contract pilot training air bases. As they were replaced by T-37s, many T-34As were turned over to USAF aero clubs at air force bases in the United States and USAF air bases overseas. In all, the USAF acquired 450 T-34As.[9]

As the U.S. Air Force replaced the last of their T-34As at the beginning of the 1960s, their role taken over by the propeller-drivenT-41 Mescaleroand theT-37 Tweetprimary jet trainer in UPT, those T-34As not allocated to USAF aero clubs or marked for foreign military sales or transfers were turned over to the USAF Auxiliary, theCivil Air Patrol,for use as search aircraft. However, the T-34A's low wing limited its utility in an aerial search and rescue role, and maintenance issues, particularly expensive wing spar repairs that became apparent in the late 1990s, resulted in the last of the former USAF T-34As being withdrawn from CAP service by 2003.[10]

U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps

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The U.S. Navy kept the T-34B operational as aNaval Air Training Commandinitial primary trainer at the formerNaval Air StationSaufley Field,Florida until the mid-1970s and as aNavy Recruiting Commandaircraft until the early 1990s when the last examples were retired as an economy move. Others continue to remain under U.S. Navy control as part of flying clubs at Naval Air Stations and Marine Corps Air Stations.

Beginning in 1975, the turbine-powered T-34C Turbomentor was introduced as the Navy's new primary flight trainer for StudentNaval Aviators,and began replacing the North AmericanT-28 Trojanwith training air wings atNAS Whiting Field,Florida andNAS Corpus Christi,Texas. In the mid-1980s, it also commenced service as a basic trainer for StudentNaval Flight OfficersatNAS Pensacola,Florida.[citation needed]

The T-34C is no longer used as a primary training aircraft forU.S. Navy,U.S. Marine CorpsandU.S. Coast GuardStudent Naval Aviators and variousNATO/Allied/Coalition student pilots training under U.S. Navy auspices. It has been replaced by theT-6 Texan II.Training Squadron TWENTY-EIGHTat NAS Corpus Christi's Training Air Wing FOUR recently retired the T-34C as a Naval Primary Training Aircraft according to Chief of Naval Aviation Training (CNATRA) PAO, joining Training Air Wing SIX atNAS Pensacola,Training Air Wing FIVE atNAS Whiting Fieldand Training Air Wing FOUR's Training Squadron TWENTY-SEVEN atNAS Corpus Christihad already transitioned to the T-6A and T-6B models.

Several other T-34Cs also remain in service with the Naval Air Test Center atNAS Patuxent River,Maryland and as aerial spotter aircraft withF/A-18Fleet Replacement Squadrons (FRS) and Strike Fighter Weapons and Tactics Schools atNAS Oceana,Virginia;NAS Lemoore,California; andMCAS Miramar,California; and theNaval Strike and Air Warfare Center(NSAWC) atNAS Fallon,Nevada.[citation needed]

U.S. Army

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Some time before 1990, theUnited States Armyreceived six ex-U.S. Navy T-34C, used as test platforms andchase planesatEdwards Air Force Base,California andFort Bragg,North Carolina.[11]

NASA

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NASAArmstrong Flight Research Center(formerly the Dryden Flight Research Center) atEdwards, Californiahas operated two T-34C aircraft. The first aircraft was previously flown at theGlenn Research CenterinCleveland, Ohio,where it was used for propulsion experiments involving turboprop engines. In 1996 this aircraft was moved Dryden as a chase aircraft. That aircraft was returned to the U.S. Navy in 2002. The second T-34C was obtained in early 2005 from the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) atNAS Patuxent River,where it was due to be retired. At Armstrong, the T-34C is primarily used for chasing remotely piloted unmanned air vehicles which fly slower than NASA's F/A-18 mission support aircraft can fly. As a NASA mission support chase plane, the back seat would be occupied by a photographer or flight test engineer during research missions. It is also used for required pilot proficiency flying.[12]

Non-U.S. military service

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As of 2007, Mentors were still used by several air forces and navies.

From 1978, the T-34C Turbo-Mentor was theArgentine Naval Aviationbasic trainer used by the 1st Naval Aviation Force (Training), alongside 15 T-34C-1 light attack aircraft forming the Fourth Naval Air Attack Squadron.[13]During the 1982Falklands War,four T-34C-1s were deployed toPort Stanleyon 25 April 1982, primarily to be employed in a reconnaissance role. The main encounter with British forces occurred on 1 May 1982 when three Turbo-Mentors attacked aRoyal NavyWestland Sea Kinghelicopter in the area of Berkeley Sound but were intercepted by Royal NavySea Harriersflown by Lt 'Soapy' Watson and Lt Cdr'Sharky' Wardof801 Naval Air Squadronflying fromHMS Invincible,[14][15]with one of the T-34Cs being damaged by cannon fire from Ward's aircraft. The four T-34C-1 Turbo-Mentors continued to operate, flying a few reconnaissance missions, but were redeployed toBorbon Stationwhere they were ultimately destroyed by the SASRaid on Pebble Islandon 15 May 1982.[16]Although all four hulks remained on the island for a considerable length of time, eventually, 0729/(1-A)411 was recovered on 10 June 1983 and stored for future display at theFleet Air Arm Museum.[17]

Civilian use

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Julie Clarkin the T-34 "Free Spirit" c. 2006

In 2004, due to a series of crashes involving in-flight structural failure during simulated combat flights, the entire US civilian fleet of T-34A/Bs was grounded by theFederal Aviation Administration.The grounding has since been eased to a slate of restrictions on the permitted flight envelope. Via a series of Airworthiness Directives (ADs) established by or Alternate Methods of Compliance (AMOCs) negotiated with the FAA, including installation of certain, approved structural modifications to the wing spar and other repairs, the T-34A and T-34B fleet in 2011 has been restored to full flight status by FAA at the Mentor's originally designed limitations, provided each individual example is compliant with those ADs and AMOCs.[citation needed]

The Mentor is the aircraft used by theLima Lima Flight Teamand Dragon Flight, both civilian demonstration teams.[citation needed]It was also used by aerobatic pilotJulie Clark,who flew her T-34 "Free Spirit" (registration N134JC) at air shows.[18]

In 2024,Apollo 8lunar module pilotBill Anderswas killed in a crash near the US-Canada border while flying a T-34.[19]

Variants

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A U.S. Navy T-34B assigned to NASSaufley Fieldin the 1950s.
YT-34
Prototype, three built.
T-34A
US Air Force trainer. Replaced by theCessna T-37around 1960 (450 built).
T-34B
US Navy trainer. Used as a trainer until 1976, when VT-1 and VT-5 were decommissioned. It was replaced by the T-34C (423 built by Beechcraft). T-34Bs were flown by pilots assigned to theNavy Recruiting Commanduntil the mid-1990s.
YT-34C
Two T-34Bs were fitted with turboprop engines, and were used as T-34C prototypes.
T-34C Turbo-Mentor
Two-seat primary trainer, fitted with a turboprop engine.
T-34C-1
Equipped with hardpoints for training or light attack, able to carry 1,200 lb (540 kg) of weapons on four underwing pylons. The armament could include flares, incendiary bombs, rocket or gun pods and antitank missiles. Widely exported.
Turbine-Mentor 34C
A civil variant introduced -- not, it seems, in search of private buyers, but for governmental sales where a military type was undesireable. Six were sold to the Algerian national pilot training school in 1979.
Allison Turbine Mentor
Conversion of surplus T-34 Mentors to be powered byAllison Model 250turboprop engines.[20]
Model 73 Jet Mentor
Powered by a 920 lbf (4.09 kN)Continental J69-T-9turbojet engine.The sole aircraft first flew on 18 December 1955.[21]

Operators

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Military operators

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Military T-34 operators
A T-34A Mentor at the National Museum of the USAF
Republic of China (Taiwan) Air Force (RoCAF) T-34C
T-34C of the Ecuadorian Air Force
Beech T-34C Turbo Mentor operated byNASA
Indonesian Air Force T-34C
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Algeria[22]
Argentina
Bolivia
  • Bolivian Air Force– Received 11 T-34A and Bs from Uruguay in 2000.[24]RCAF Cpurses 5409 and 5411, RCAF Station, Penhold, Alberta
Canada
  • Royal Canadian Air Force- 25 T-34A built in Canada by Canadian Car and Foundry evaluated from 1954 to 1956 with RCAF Courses 5409 and 5411, RCAF Station Penhold, Alberta, until donated to other air forces.[citation needed]
Chile
Colombia
  • Colombian Air Force– Purchased 50 T-34s in 1954, with six more acquired in 1970 and 10 in 1977. The final T-34 was retired in December 2013.[27]
Ecuador
El Salvador[29]
France
Gabon[22]
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
Morocco
Peru
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Taiwan[22]
Turkey
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela

Civil operators

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Turkey
United States

Specifications (T-34C)

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3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft T-34A Mentor
3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft T-34A Mentor
3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft T-34C Mentor
3-view line drawing of the Beechcraft T-34C Mentor

Data fromJanes's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[38]

General characteristics

  • Crew:2
  • Length:28 ft8+1⁄2in (8.750 m)
  • Wingspan:33 ft3+7⁄8in (10.157 m)
  • Height:9 ft 7 in (2.92 m)
  • Wing area:179.6 sq ft (16.69 m2)
  • Empty weight:2,960 lb (1,343 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:4,300 lb (1,950 kg) (T-34C-1 weapons trainer 5,500 lb (2,500 kg))
  • Fuel capacity:130 US gal (110 imp gal; 490 L)
  • Powerplant:1 ×Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25turboprop,550 shp (410 kW)
  • Propellers:3-bladed Hartzell constant-speed

Performance

  • Cruise speed:214 kn (246 mph, 396 km/h) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m) (max cruise)
  • Stall speed:53 kn (61 mph, 98 km/h) (flaps down, power off)
  • Never exceed speed:280 kn (320 mph, 520 km/h)
  • Range:708 nmi (815 mi, 1,311 km) at 180 kn (210 mph; 330 km/h) and 20,000 ft (6,100 m)
  • Service ceiling:30,000 ft (9,100 m)
  • g limits:+6, -3
  • Rate of climb:1,480 ft/min (7.5 m/s)

Armament

  • Hardpoints:4 with a capacity of 600 lb (272 kg) inner, 300 lb (136 kg) outer, 1,200 lb (544 kg) total

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeMorris, Frank."A Short History of the Beechcraft Mentor."Archived6 October 2007 at theWayback Machinephilfarq.Retrieved: 13 November 2007.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnPhillips, Edward H.Beechcraft – Pursuit of Perfection, A History of Beechcraft Airplanes.Eagan, Minnesota: Flying Books, 1992.ISBN0-911139-11-7.
  3. ^Bridgman 1956, pp. 230–231.
  4. ^"Beech Jet Mentor".Kansas Aviation Museum.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2016.Retrieved15 October2016.
  5. ^abcTaylor, M. J. H., ed.Jane's American Fighting Aircraft of the 20th Century.Lombard, IL: Mallard Press, 1991.ISBN0-7924-5627-0.
  6. ^Davisson, Budd:"Flying the Charlie Model Mentor, When it was Brand New,"(aircraft review and pilot report), August 1975,Air Progress,retrieved January 11, 2023 from Airbum
  7. ^"The US Navy".Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2005.Retrieved23 December2005.
  8. ^"The US Navy -- Fact File: T-6A Texan II turboprop trainer".Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2012.Retrieved3 March2012.
  9. ^"Factsheets: Beech T-34A Mentor."National Museum of the US Air Force.Retrieved: 22 February 2015.
  10. ^"The National Museum of the Civil Air Patrol - Photo Gallery - CAP".Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2012.Retrieved13 May2008.
  11. ^abHarding 1990, pp. 27–28.
  12. ^"T-34C Mission Support Aircraft"Archived4 December 2014 at theWayback MachineNASA.Retrieved: 29 April 2015.
  13. ^Villarino, Horacio.Exocet(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Siete Dias, First edition 1983.ISBN950-10-0116-4.
  14. ^"Beechcraft T-34A & C Mentor."Archived15 May 2008 at theWayback Machinebritains-smallwars.Retrieved: 30 August 2010.
  15. ^Morgan 2006, p. 78. Quote: "This changed around midday when Lieutenant Soapy Watson and Lieutenant CommanderSharkey Wardwere vectored onto three Mentor light attack aircraft about to attack a Sea King in the area of Berkeley Sound. "
  16. ^Freedman, Sir Lawrence.The Official History of the Falklands Campaign.Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2005.ISBN0-7146-5207-5.
  17. ^"Beech T-34C."Archived18 September 2010 at theWayback Machineaviation museum.eu.Retrieved: 30 August 2010.
  18. ^Lips, Jesse (12 January 2002)."Julie Clark's Flying Adventures as Captain and Aerobatics Superstar – Airport Journals".airportjournals.Retrieved8 June2024.
  19. ^Matza, Max (8 June 2024)."Bill Anders: Nasa 'Earthrise' astronaut dies at 90 in plane crash".bbc.Retrieved8 June2024.
  20. ^Taylor 1988, p. 325.
  21. ^Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1958).Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59.London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd. p. 256.
  22. ^abcdefghiTaylor 1988, p. 329.
  23. ^Pelletier 1995, p. 100
  24. ^International Air Power ReviewSummer 2001, p. 31.
  25. ^WheelerFlight International4 October 1980, p. 1329.
  26. ^WheelerFlight International4 October 1980, p. 1330.
  27. ^Rivas, Salvador. "Columbia Retires the Mentor".Air International,Vol. 86, No. 2. February 2014. p. 9.
  28. ^WheelerFlight International4 October 1980, pp. 1331–1332.
  29. ^abcdPelletier 1995, p. 103
  30. ^Япония // журнал «Зарубежное военное обозрение», № 1, 1976. стр.128
  31. ^Pelletier 1995, p. 102
  32. ^Pelletier 1995, pp. 102–103
  33. ^Air InternationalJune 1972, p. 302.
  34. ^Pelletier 1995, pp. 101,104
  35. ^ab"World Air Forces 2021".flightglobal.Archivedfrom the original on 10 January 2021.Retrieved7 March2021.
  36. ^Pelletier 1995, p. 104
  37. ^Weaver, Reginald; Byrd, Michael (13 August 2023)."The North Carolina Forest Service Demonstrates Aerial Firefighting Operation To Squadrons".Civil Air PatrolNorth Carolina Wing.Retrieved8 June2024.
  38. ^Taylor 1988, pp. 329–330.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Arabian Fledgling...the Royal Saudi Air Force".Air Enthusiast,June 1972, Vol. 2, No. 6. pp. 300–308.
  • Bridgman, Leonard.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1956–57.New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956.
  • Drendel Lou.T-34 Mentor in Action.Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1990.ISBN0-89747-249-7.
  • "Fuerza Aérea Boliviana".International Air Power Review.Volume 1, Summer 2001. pp. 28–31.ISSN1473-9917.
  • Harding, Stephen.U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947.Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1990.ISBN1-85310-102-8.
  • Morgan, David.Hostile Skies: My Falklands Air War.London: Phoenix Publishing, 2006.ISBN978-0-7538-2199-2.
  • Pelletier, A. J.Beech Aircraft and their Predecessors.Annapolis, Maryland, US: Naval Institute Press, 1995.ISBN1-55750-062-2.
  • "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation".Air Enthusiast Quarterly(2): 154–162. n.d.ISSN0143-5450.
  • Taylor, John W.R.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89.Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988.ISBN0-7106-0867-5.
  • Wheeler, Barry C."World's Air Forces 1980".Flight International,Vol. 118, No. 3726. 4 October 1980. pp. 1323–1378.ISSN0015-3710.
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