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Bergen

Coordinates:60°23′22″N5°19′48″E/ 60.38944°N 5.33000°E/60.38944; 5.33000
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This article is about the city in Norway. For other uses, seeBergen (disambiguation).

Bergen
Cityandmunicipality
Flag of Bergen
Flag
Coat of arms of Bergen
Coat of arms
Bergen is located in Norway
Bergen
Bergen
Location of Bergen
Bergen is located in Vestland
Bergen
Bergen
Bergen (Vestland)
Bergen is located in Europe
Bergen
Bergen
Bergen (Europe)
Coordinates:60°23′22″N5°19′48″E/ 60.38944°N 5.33000°E/60.38944; 5.33000
CountryNorway
RegionWestern Norway
CountyVestland
DistrictMidhordland
MunicipalityBergen
Establishedbefore 1070
Government
•MayorMarit Warncke (H)
• Governing mayorChristine B. Meyer(H)
Area
•Cityandmunicipality464.71 km2(179.43 sq mi)
• Land444.99 km2(171.81 sq mi)
• Water19.72 km2(7.61 sq mi) 4.2%
• Urban
94.03 km2(36.31 sq mi)
• Metro
2,755 km2(1,064 sq mi)
Highest elevation
987 m (3,238 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
(1 January 2024)
•Cityandmunicipality291,940Increase
•Metro
469,238Increase
DemonymBergenser/Bergensar
GDP
[1]
• Total€32.086 billion (2020)
Postal code
5003–5268 (P.O.box 5802–5899)
Area code(+47) 5556
Websitewww.bergen.kommune.no
Municipality
Bergen kommune
Coat of arms of Bergen Municipality Municipality
Coat of arms
Vestland within Norway
Vestland within Norway
CountryNorway
CountyVestland
DistrictMidhordland
Established1 January 1838
•Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreBergen
Official language
[2]
•Norwegian formNeutral
ISO 3166 codeNO-4601[3]
Data from Statistics Norway

Bergen(Norwegian pronunciation:[ˈbæ̀rɡən]ⓘ), historicallyBjørgvin,is a city andmunicipalityinVestlandcounty on thewest coastofNorway.As of 2022,its population was roughly 289,330.[4]Bergen is thesecond-largestcity in Norway after national capitalOslo.The municipality covers 465 square kilometres (180 sq mi) and is located on the peninsula ofBergenshalvøyen.The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are onByfjorden,'the city fjord'. The city is surrounded by mountains, causing Bergen to be called the "city ofseven mountains".Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county. The city consists of eight boroughs:Arna,Bergenhus,Fana,Fyllingsdalen,Laksevåg,Ytrebygda,Årstad,andÅsane.

Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by KingOlav Kyrreand was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became abureau cityof theHanseatic League.Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade betweenNorthern Norwayand abroad, and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known asOslo). What remains of the quays,Bryggen,is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. TheBergen School of Meteorologywas developed at theGeophysical Institutestarting in 1917, theNorwegian School of Economicswas founded in 1936, and theUniversity of Bergenin 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its owncounty.In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.

The city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance.Bergen Portis Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen,[5]a number that has doubled in 10 years.[6]Almost half of the passengers are German or British.[6]The city's main football team isSK Brannand a unique tradition of the city is thebuekorps,which are traditional marching neighbourhood youth organisations. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known asBergensk.The city featuresBergen Airport, FleslandandBergen Light Rail,and is the terminus of theBergen Line.Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.

Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with significant precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C (36 °F) warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. In summer however, Bergen is several degrees cooler than Oslo due to the same maritime effects. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Bergen.
Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum).[7]

The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by kingOlav Kyrre,son ofHarald Hardrådein 1070AD,[8]four years after the Viking Age in England ended with theBattle of Stamford Bridge.Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.[9]

Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century.Bergenhus fortressdates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost toOsloduring the reign of KingHaakon V(1299–1319).

In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the fourKontoreof theHanseatic LeagueatBryggenin Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast,[10]which started around 1100. The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by KingHåkon Håkonsson(1217–1263).[11]Stockfishwas the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[11]By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway.[12]TheHanseaticmerchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, whereMiddle Low Germanwas used, enjoyingexclusive rightsto trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen.[13]The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents.[14]Today, Bergen's old quayside,Bryggen,is onUNESCO's list ofWorld Heritage Sites.[15]

A historicphotochromof Bergen near the end of the 19th century. Visible areBergen Cathedral(Domkirken) in the bottom left corner,Holy Cross Churchin the middle, the bay (Vågen) with its many boats and theBergenhus Fortressto the right of the opening of Vågen.

In 1349, theBlack Deathwas brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen.[16]Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives.[17]In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by theVictual Brothers,[18]and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of theBattle of Vågen,when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.[19]

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities inScandinavia,and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,[20]being overtaken by the capital city ofOslo.From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, theKontor,or major trading post of the Hanseatic League, finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in theAtlantic slave trade.Bergen-based slave traderJørgen Thormøhlen,the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of theslave shipCornelia,which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood ofMøhlenpris,which is named after him.[21]Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789.[22]The Bergen stock exchange, theBergen børs,was established in 1813.

Modern history

[edit]

Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831.[23]It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistrikt). Therural municipalityofBergen landdistriktwas merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality ofÅrstadwas merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.[24]

During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegiancoastal artillery.TheNorwegian resistance movementgroups in Bergen wereSaborg,Milorg,"Theta-gruppen",Sivorg,Stein-organisasjonenand the Communist Party.[25]On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo shipVoorbodeanchored off theBergenhus Fortress,loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Alliedbombing raids,aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.

Bergen is also well known in Norway for theIsdal Woman(Norwegian:Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ( "Ice Valley" ) on 29 November 1970.[26]The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.[27][28]

The rural municipalities ofArna,Fana,Laksevåg,andÅsanewere merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date,[29]and Bergen is now amunicipality,in the county ofVestland.

Fires

[edit]

The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, theBaglerfaction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against theBirkebeinerfaction during the civil war. In 1248,HolmenandSverresborgburned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by theVictual Brothers,and in 1455,Hanseaticmerchants were responsible for burning downMunkeliv Abbey.In 1476,Bryggenburned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre andStrandsiden.In 1675, 105 buildings burned down inØvregaten.In 1686 another great fire hitStrandsiden,destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire atVågsbunnen.In 1756, yet another fire atStrandsidenburned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hitStrandsidenin 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildingsburned downin the city centre including theSwan pharmacy,the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts ofBryggenburned down.

Toponymy

[edit]

Bergen is pronounced in English/ˈbɜːrɡən/or/ˈbɛərɡən/and inNorwegian[ˈbæ̀rɡn̩]ⓘ(inthe local dialect[ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). TheOld Norseforms of the name wereBergvin[ˈberɡˌwin]andBjǫrgvin[ˈbjɔrɡˌwin](and inIcelandicandFaroesethe city is still calledBjörgvin). The first element isberg(n.) orbjǫrg(n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element isvin(f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains".[30]This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwrightLudvig Holbergwho felt so inspired by theseven hills of Rome,that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.

In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse formBjørgvinas the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of thediocesewas changed toBjørgvin bispedømme.[31]

Geography

[edit]
Bergen: Urban areas (Statistics Norway)

Bergen occupies most of the peninsula ofBergenshalvøyenin thedistrictofMidthordlandin mid-western Hordaland. The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres (180 square miles). Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay, although the urban area has several mountains. The city centre is surrounded by theSeven Mountains,although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these.Ulriken,Fløyen,LøvstakkenandDamsgårdsfjelletare always included as well as three ofLyderhorn,Sandviksfjellet,Blåmanen,RundemanenandKolbeinsvarden.[32]Gullfjelletis Bergen's highest mountain, at 987 metres (3,238 ft)above mean sea level.[33]Bergen is far enough north that during clear nights at the solstice, there is borderline civil daylight in spite of the sun having set.[34]

Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islandsAskøy,Holsnøy(the municipality ofMeland) andSotra(the municipalities ofFjellandSund). Bergen borders the municipalitiesAlverandOsterøyto the north,VaksdalandSamnangerto the east,Os(Bjørnafjorden) andAustevollto the south, andØygardenandAskøyto the west.

View of the city centre from Mt. Fløyen

Climate

[edit]
Bergen on a rainy day

Bergen has anoceanic climate(Köppen:Cfb), with mild summers and cool winters. Rainfall is plentiful in all seasons, along with intermittent snowfall during winter, which often melts quickly. The exceptionally plentiful precipitation that defines the city is caused byorographic lift,sometimes causing more than two months of consecutive rainy days.[35]The city is therefore considered the rainiest city in Europe, although it is not the wettest "place" on the continent.[36][37][38]

Bergen's weather is much warmer than the city's latitude (60.4° N) might suggest. Temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) are rare. Summer temperatures sometimes reach the upper 20s, although temperatures over 30°C were previously only seen a few days each decade. The growing season in Bergen is exceptionally long for its latitude, more than 200 days. Its mild winters and proximity to the Gulf Stream provide the city with aplant hardiness zoneof 8b and 9a depending on location; this zone is much more common below 50°N even in Europe, with cities as far south asBordeaux,ThessalonikiandIstanbulfalling into this category. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 4[39]and average date for first freeze in autumn is November 7[40]giving a frost-free season of 216 days.

Extreme temperatures are also quite rare in the city. The highest temperature ever recorded was 33.4 °C (92.1 °F) on 26 July 2019,[41]beating the previous record from 2018 at 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) degrees, and the lowest was −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) in January 1987.[42]

The city is quite cloudy year round, although old sunshine hours data might have caused an underestimate of sunshine hours, due to the city's mountainside location.[43]A new sun recorder was established atBergen Airport, Flesland(a location with less terrain obscuring the sun) in December 2015, and this recorded an average of 1,596 hours of sun annually during 2016–2022.[44]

Climate data for Florida, Bergen (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1957-present, sun 2016-2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.3
(86.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		28.6
(83.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18
(64) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		22
(72) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13
(55) 		10.4
(50.7) 		27.2
(81.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		11.7
(53.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.4
(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.6
(42.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −6.1
(21.0) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−8.7
(16.3)
Record low °C (°F) −16.3
(2.7) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.7
(35.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−16.3
(2.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 256.3
(10.09) 		209.5
(8.25) 		201.7
(7.94) 		140.6
(5.54) 		108.5
(4.27) 		132.3
(5.21) 		157.5
(6.20) 		207.9
(8.19) 		248.1
(9.77) 		268.1
(10.56) 		275.1
(10.83) 		289.9
(11.41) 		2,495.5
(98.26)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 19.2 17.4 17.6 14.1 13.0 13.3 15.2 16.6 18.1 18.5 18.5 19.3 200.8
Averagerelative humidity(%) 79.1 77.7 74.1 69.4 68.7 72.5 75.6 76.8 77.9 78.5 79.2 80.7 75.9
Mean monthlysunshine hours 31.8 64.4 121.9 222.0 248.4 236.4 204.0 183.3 129.8 85.7 47.9 13.5 1,589.1
Percentpossible sunshine 15 25 33 51 47 42 37 38 34 27 21 7 31
Source: Seklima[45]
Climate data for Bergen Airport Flesland; average temperatures and precipitation 1981–2010; sunshine 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		31.2
(88.2) 		29.9
(85.8) 		33.4
(92.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		33.4
(92.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.3
(50.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.4
(34.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.3
(45.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.3
(39.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.3
(2.7) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−16.3
(2.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 225.5
(8.88) 		169.4
(6.67) 		188.8
(7.43) 		144.5
(5.69) 		110.8
(4.36) 		111.6
(4.39) 		157.0
(6.18) 		189.7
(7.47) 		272.7
(10.74) 		257.5
(10.14) 		296.1
(11.66) 		223.9
(8.81) 		2,347.6
(92.43)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 19.1 16.4 17.3 14.0 12.8 12.7 14.5 15.9 17.0 19.1 18.1 18.5 195.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 78 76 73 72 72 76 77 78 79 79 78 79 76
Mean monthlysunshine hours 19 56 94 147 186 189 167 144 86 60 27 12 1,187
Percentpossible sunshine 9 22 25 34 35 34 30 30 22 19 12 6 23
Source 1: NOAA (temperatures)[46]NOAA (humidity and sunshine)[47]
Source 2: Voodoo Skies for extremes[48]Naturen[49]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
15005,500—
176918,827+242.3%
185537,015+96.6%
190094,485+155.3%
1910104,224+10.3%
1920118,490+13.7%
1930129,118+9.0%
1940—
1950162,381—
1960185,822+14.4%
1970209,066+12.5%
1980207,674−0.7%
1990212,944+2.5%
2000229,496+7.8%
2010256,580+11.8%
2014271,949+6.0%
2016278,121+2.3%
2022289,330+4.0%
Source:Statistics Norway.[50][51]Note:The municipalities ofArna,Fana,LaksevågandÅsanewere merged with Bergen 1 January 1972.

As of the start of 2022,the municipality had a population of 286,930,[4]making the population density 599 people per km2.Urban areas outside the city limits, as defined byStatistics Norway,consist ofIndre Arna(6,536 residents on 1 January 2012),Fanahammeren(3,690),Ytre Arna(2,626),Hylkje(2,277) andEspeland(2,182).[52]

Minorities (first and second generation) in Bergen by country of origin, 1 January 2021[53]
Ancestry Number
Total 52,919
Poland 6,883
Lithuania 2,340
Somalia 2,026
Iraq 1,940
Syria 1,668
Germany 1,587
Eritrea 1,557
Vietnam 1,358
Romania 1,346
Philippines 1,280

As of 2007, people ofNorwegianorigin (those who have two parents born in Norway) make up 84.5% of Bergen's residents. In addition, 8.1% werefirstor second generation immigrants of Western background and 7.4% were first or second generation immigrants of non-Western background.[54]The population grew by 4,549 people in 2009, a growth rate of 1.8%. Ninety-six percent of the population lives in urban areas. As of 2002, the averagegross incomefor men above the age of 17 is 426,000Norwegian krone(NOK), the average gross income for women above the age of 17 is NOK238,000, with the total average gross income being NOK330,000.[54]In 2007, there were 104.6 men for every 100 women in the age group of 20–39.[54]22.8% of the population were under 17years of age, while 4.5% were 80 and above.

The immigrant population (those with two foreign-born parents) in Bergen, includes 42,169 individuals with backgrounds from more than 200 countries representing 15.5% of the city's population (2014). Of these, 50.2% have background from Europe, 28.9% from Asia, 13.1% from Africa, 5.5% from Latin America, 1.9% from North America, and 0.4% from Oceania. The immigrant population in Bergen in the period 1993–2008 increased by 119.7%, while the ethnic Norwegian population grew by 8.1% during the same period. The national average is 138.0% and 4.2%. The immigrant population has thus accounted for 43.6% of Bergen's population growth and 60.8% of Norway's population growth during the period 1993–2008, compared with 84.5% in Oslo.[55]

The immigrant population in Bergen has changed a lot since 1970. As of 1 January 1986, there were 2,870 people with a non-Western immigrant background in Bergen. In 2006, this figure had increased to 14,630, so the non-Western immigrant population in Bergen was five times higher than in 1986. This is a slightly slower growth than the national average, which has sextupled during the same period. Also in relation to the total population in Bergen, the proportion of non-Westerns increased significantly. In 1986, the proportion of the total population in the municipality of non-Western background was 3.6%. In January 2006, people with a non-Western immigrant background accounted for 6 percent of the population in Bergen. The share of Western immigrants has remained stable at around 2% in the period. The number ofPolesin Bergen rose from 697 in 2006 to 3,128 in 2010.[56]

As of 2022, immigrants of non-Western origin and their children enumerated 30,540, and made up an estimated 11% of Bergen's population. Immigrants of Western origin and their children enumerated 22,954, and made up an estimated 9% of Bergen's population.[57][58]

TheChurch of Norwayis the largest denomination in Bergen, with 201,006 (79.74%) registered adherents in 2012. Bergen is the seat of theDiocese of BjørgvinwithBergen Cathedralas its centrepiece, whileSt John's Churchis the city's most prominent. As of 2012, the state church is followed by 52,059 irreligious,[59]4,947 members of variousProtestantfree churches,3,873 actively registered Catholics,[60][61]2,707 registered Muslims, 816 registered Hindus, 255 registeredRussian Orthodoxand 147 registeredOriental Orthodox.

Cityscape

[edit]
Bergen
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Bryggen in Bergen, built after 1702
LocationBergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
CriteriaCultural: (iii)
Reference59
Inscription1979 (3rdSession)
Area1.196 ha (128,700 sq ft)
Websitewww.stiftelsenbryggen.no
Night view of Bergen from MountFloyen

The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord ofByfjorden.It is among a group of mountains known as theSeven Mountains,although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e.Årstad,innerLaksevågandSandviken), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated byapartment buildingsand modernterraced houses(e.g.Fyllingsdalen), others are dominated bysingle-family homes.[62]

View of the city centre withTorgallmenningen

The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant beingSt Mary's Churchfrom the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow.[63]In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition fromtarcovered houses, as well as the remaininglog houses,to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.[64]

St Mary's Church

The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west ofTorgallmenningenled to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, andNygård,MøhlenprisandSandvikenwere urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy.[65]Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles;historicism,classicismandArt Nouveau.[66]The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place inSolheimsvikenin Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area.[67]The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.

Kong Oscars gate

After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built inLandåsin the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquiredFyllingsdalenfromFanamunicipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g.Lambertseter), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings,mid-rises,and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example inLoddefjord.[68]

View from the Nordnes part of Bergen

At the same time asplanned cityexpansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place inÅsaneand Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detachedrow houses,[clarification needed]single family homes or small apartment buildings.[68]After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, futureBergen Light Railstations, and elsewhere.[69][70]

As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, thecity governmentambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namelyNordnes,Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.[68]

Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.[71]

Billboardsare banned in the city.[72]

Panorama of the reconstructed Hanseatic buildings ofBryggen,a World Heritage Site

Administration

[edit]
Further information:List of mayors of Bergen

The municipality is governed in the form ofparliamentarismsince 2000. Up until then, Bergen had been governed by the city council (formannskap).[73]The government now consists of seven government members called commissioners, and is appointed by the city council, the supreme authority of the city.

The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.

Bergen bystyre 2023–2027[74]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 13
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 7
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 4
Conservative Party(Høyre) 18
Industry and Business Party(Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 3
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 1
Red Party(Rødt) 3
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 2
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 3
Bergen List(Bergenslisten)4
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2019–2023[75]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 13
People's Action No to More Road Tolls(Folkeaksjonen nei til mer bompenger) 11
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 3
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 7
Conservative Party(Høyre) 14
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 1
Red Party(Rødt) 3
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 4
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 6
Liberal Party(Venstre) 3
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2015–2019[76]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 28
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 6
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 4
Conservative Party(Høyre) 15
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
Red Party(Rødt) 2
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 6
Total number of members:73
Bergen bystyre 2011–2015[77]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 19
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 7
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1
Conservative Party(Høyre) 24
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
Red Party(Rødt) 2
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
Liberal Party(Venstre) 5
City Air List(Byluftlisten)1
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2007–2011[76]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 16
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 14
Conservative Party(Høyre) 18
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 1
Red Party(Rødt) 3
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 2
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 4
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 2003–2007[76]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 15
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 12
Conservative Party(Høyre) 18
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 3
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 4
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 8
Liberal Party(Venstre) 2
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 1999–2003[76]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 20
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 13
Conservative Party(Høyre) 14
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 1
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 4
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 2
Total number of members:67
Bergen bystyre 1995–1999[78]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 24
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 14
Conservative Party(Høyre) 19
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 1
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 4
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 3
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 6
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1991–1995[79]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 30
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 10
Conservative Party(Høyre) 16
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) 3
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 2
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 4
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 10
Liberal Party(Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1987–1991[80]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 29
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 17
Conservative Party(Høyre) 22
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Joint list of theLiberal Party(Venstre)and
Liberal People's Party(Liberale Folkepartiet)		 4
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1983–1987[81]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 30
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 9
Conservative Party(Høyre) 27
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 8
Liberal People's Party(Liberale Folkepartiet) 1
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 1
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1979–1983[82]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 26
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) 4
Conservative Party(Høyre) 35
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
New People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) 1
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) 1
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 1
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
Liberal Party(Venstre) 5
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1975–1979[83]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 29
Anders Lange's Party(Anders Langes parti) 2
Conservative Party(Høyre) 28
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 11
New People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) 5
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 2
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 5
Liberal Party(Venstre) 3
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1971–1975[84]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 33
Conservative Party(Høyre) 20
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 3
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) 3
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 4
Liberal Party(Venstre) 15
Total number of members:85
Bergen bystyre 1967–1971[85]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 36
Conservative Party(Høyre) 20
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 1
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 3
Liberal Party(Venstre) 12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1963–1967[86]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 37
Conservative Party(Høyre) 22
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 1
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
Liberal Party(Venstre) 11
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1959–1963[87]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 34
Conservative Party(Høyre) 20
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 4
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1955–1959[88]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 34
Conservative Party(Høyre) 18
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 6
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 12
Total number of members:77
Bergen bystyre 1951–1955[89]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 35
Conservative Party(Høyre) 15
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 6
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 13
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1947–1951[90]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 25
Conservative Party(Høyre) 14
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 13
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 16
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1945–1947[91]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 24
Conservative Party(Høyre) 11
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 21
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
Liberal Party(Venstre) 12
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1937–1941*[92]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 27
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 7
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) 5
Conservative Party(Høyre) 13
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 7
Liberal Party(Venstre) 17
Total number of members:76
Note:Due to theGerman occupation of NorwayduringWorld War II,no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
Bergen bystyre 1934–1937[93]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 27
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 8
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) 9
Conservative Party(Høyre) 10
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 9
Liberal Party(Venstre) 13
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1931–1934[94]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 21
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 4
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) 13
Conservative Party(Høyre) 13
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 11
Liberal Party(Venstre) 14
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1928–1931[95]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 21
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 6
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 16
Liberal Party(Venstre) 11
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) 22
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1925–1928[96]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 2
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 6
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) 22
Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 8
Liberal Party(Venstre) 9
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) 26
Homeowners' list(Huseiere liste)3
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1922–1925[97]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 28
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 6
Social Democratic Labour Party
(Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti)		 6
Liberal Party(Venstre) 5
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) 26
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) 5
Total number of members:76
Bergen bystyre 1919–1922[98]
Party name(in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) 24
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) 8
Free-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) 3
Conservative Party(Høyre) 28
Liberal Party(Venstre) 7
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) 6
Total number of members:76

Boroughs

[edit]
Boroughs of Bergen

Bergen is divided into eight boroughs,[99]as seen on the map to the right. Clockwise, starting with the northernmost, the boroughs areÅsane,Arna,Fana,Ytrebygda,Fyllingsdalen,Laksevåg,ÅrstadandBergenhus.The city centre is located inBergenhus.Parts of Fana, Ytrebygda, Åsane and Arna are not part of the Bergen urban area, explaining why the municipality has approximately 20,000 more inhabitants than the urban area.[100]

Local borough administrations have varied since Bergen's expansion in 1972. From 1974, each borough had a politically chosen administration. From 1989, Bergen was divided into 12 health and social districts, each locally administered. From 2000 to 2004, the former organizational form with eight politically chosen local administrations was again in use and from 2008 through to 2010, a similar form existed where the local administrations had less power than previously.[101]

Apartment buildings in Fyllingsdalen in 2008
Bergen seen fromEidsvågneset
Borough Population[102] % Area (km2) % Density
(/km2)
Arna 14,020 4.9 102.44 22.0 123
Bergenhus1 43,218 14.8 26.58 5.7 4.415
Fana 44,600 14.8 159.70 34.3 239
Fyllingsdalen 30,614 11.1 18.84 4.0 1.530
Laksevåg 40,646 14.8 32.72 7.0 1.173
Ytrebygda 31,676 9.9 39.61 8.5 649
Årstad2 42,673 14.5 14.78 3.2 4.440
Åsane 44,233 15.2 71.01 15.2 556
Not stated 260
Total 291,940 100 465.68 100 559

(Pertaining to the table above: The acreage figures include fresh water and uninhabited mountain areas, except:
11 The borough Bergenhus is 8.73 km2(3.37 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.
22 The borough Årstad is 8.47 km2(3.27 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.)

Former borough: Sentrum
Sentrum (literally, "Centre" ) was a borough (withthe same name as a present-day neighbourhood). The borough was numbered01,and its perimeter was fromStore Lungegårdsvannand Strømmen alongPuddefjordenaroundNordnesand over to Skuteviken, upMt. Fløyeneast of Langelivannet, on to Skansemyren and over Forskjønnelsen to Store Lungegårdsvann, south of the railroad tracks.[103]

The population of the (now defunct) borough, numbered in 1994 more than 18,000 people.[103]

Education

[edit]
The male choir of theUniversity of Bergenin 2018

There are 64 elementary schools,[104]18 lower secondary schools[105]and 20 upper secondary schools[106]in Bergen, as well as 11 combined elementary and lower secondary schools.[107]Bergen Cathedral Schoolis the oldest school in Bergen and was founded byPope Adrian IVin 1153.[108]

The "Bergen School of Meteorology"was developed at theGeophysical Institutebeginning in 1917, theNorwegian School of Economicswas founded in 1936, and theUniversity of Bergenin 1946.[109]

The University of Bergen has 16,000 students and 3,000 staff, making it the third-largest educational institution in Norway.[110]Research in Bergen dates back to activity atBergen Museumin 1825, although the university was not founded until 1946. The university has a broad range of courses and research in academic fields and three national centres of excellence, inclimate research,petroleum researchandmedieval studies.[111]The main campus is located in the city centre. The university co-operates withHaukeland University Hospitalwithin medical research. The Chr. Michelsen Institute is an independent research foundation established in 1930 focusing on human rights and development issues.[112]

TheWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences,which has its main campus inKronstad,has 16,000 students and 1800 staff.[113]It focuses on professional education, such as teaching, healthcare and engineering. The college was created through amalgamation in 1994; campuses are spread around town but will be co-located atKronstad.TheNorwegian School of Economicsis located in outerSandvikenand is the leadingbusiness schoolin Norway,[114]having produced threeEconomy Nobel Prizelaureates.[115]The school has more than 3,000 students and approximately 400 staff.[116]Other tertiary education institutions include theBergen School of Architecture,theBergen National Academy of the Arts,located in the city centre with 300 students,[117]and theNorwegian Naval Academylocated in Laksevåg. TheNorwegian Institute of Marine Researchhas been located in Bergen since 1900. It provides research and advice relating to ecosystems and aquaculture. It has a staff of 700 people.[118]

Economy

[edit]
Strandgatenis a shopping street in Bergen
The stock exchange, Bergen Børs (est. 1813) erected its new building in 1861–1862; the building was sold in 1967

In August 2004,Timemagazine named the city one of Europe's 14 "secret capitals"[119]where Bergen's capital reign is acknowledged within maritime businesses and activities such asaquacultureandmarine research,with theInstitute of Marine Research(IMR) (the second-largestoceanographyresearch centre in Europe) as a leading institution. Some of the world's largest aquaculture companies, such asMowiandLerøyare headquartered in the city. Shipowners based in Bergen control a significant portion of the Norwegian merchant fleet, including shipowners such asWilson,OdfjellandGearbulk.The city has a large presence of financial institutions. BanksSbankenandSparebanken Vestare headquartered in the city. The Norwegian branches of insurance companiesTryg,DNB LivsforsikringandNordea Livare headquartered in Bergen, along with a significant presence of marine insurance companies, includingNorwegian Hull Club.A number of banks maintain large corporate banking divisions in connection with shipping and aquaculture in the city.

Bergen is the main base for theRoyal Norwegian Navy(atHaakonsvern) and itsinternational airportFleslandis the main heliport for the NorwegianNorth Sea oiland gas industry, from where thousands of offshore workers commute to their work places onboard oil and gas rigs and platforms.[120]

Tourism is an important income source for the city. The hotels in the city may be full at times,[121][122]due to the increasing number of tourists and conferences. Bergen is recognized as the unofficial capital of the region known asWestern Norway,and recognized and marketed as the gateway city to the world-famousfjordsof Norway, and for that reason, it has become Norway's largest – and one of Europe's largest –cruise shipports of call.[123]

Further information:Elprice
Office buildings in Bergen

Transport

[edit]
Bergen Airport, Flesland
Bybanen

Bergen Airport, Flesland,is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the city centre, atFlesland.[124]In 2013, theAvinor-operated airport served 6 million passengers. The airport serves as ahubforScandinavian Airlines,Norwegian Air ShuttleandWiderøe;there are direct flights to 20 domestic and 53 international destinations.[125]Bergen Port,operated byBergen Port Authority,is the largestseaportin Norway.[126] In 2011, the port saw 264 cruise calls with 350,248 visitors,[127]In 2009, the port handled 56million tonnes of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest cargo port in Europe.[128]There are plans to move the port out of the city centre, but no location has been chosen.[129]Fjord Lineoperates acruiseferryservice toHirtshals,Denmark. Bergen is the southern terminus ofHurtigruten,the Coastal Express, which operates with daily services along the coast toKirkenes.[124]Passengercatamaransrun from Bergen south toLeirvikandSunnhordland,and north toSognefjordandNordfjord.[130]

Bergen Railway Station

The city centre is surrounded by anelectronic toll collectionring using theAutopasssystem.[131]The main motorways consist ofE39,which runs north–south through the municipality,E16,which runs eastwards, andNational Road 555,which runs westwards. There are four major bridges connecting Bergen to neighbouring municipalities: theNordhordland Bridge,[132]theAskøy Bridge,[133]theSotra Bridge[134]and theOsterøy Bridge.Bergen connects to the island ofBjorøyvia the subseaBjorøy Tunnel.[135]

Bergen Stationis the terminus of theBergen Line,which runs 496 kilometres (308 mi) toOslo.[136]Vyoperates express trains to Oslo and theBergen Commuter RailtoVoss.Between Bergen andArna Station,the train runs about every 30minutes through theUlriken Tunnel;there is no corresponding road tunnel, forcing road vehicles to travel via Åsane orNesttun.[137]

Fløybanenis afunicularwhich runs up MountFløyen

Bergen is one of the smallest cities in Europe to have bothtramandtrolleybuselectric urban transport systems simultaneously. Public transport in Hordaland is managed bySkyss,which operates an extensive city bus network in Bergen and to many neighbouring municipalities,[138]including one route which operates as a trolleybus.The trolleybus system in Bergenis the only one still in operation in Norway and one of two trolleybus systems inScandinavia.[139]

The modern tramBergen Light Rail (Bybanen)opened between the city centre andNesttunin 2010,[140]extended toRådal(Lagunen Storsenter) in 2013 and to the Bergen airport Flesland in 2017.[141]Extensions to other boroughs may occur later.[142]Fløibanenis afunicularwhich runs from the city centre to MountFløyenandUlriksbanenis anaerial tramwaywhich runs to MountUlriken.

Culture and sports

[edit]
The MathismarkensBuekorps
View of theWest Norway Museum of Decorative Art,Bergen

Bergens Tidende(BT) andBergensavisen(BA) are the largest newspapers, withcirculationsof 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006,[143]BTis a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland, whileBAfocuses on metropolitan Bergen. Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian nationalDagen,with a circulation of 8.936,[143]andTradeWinds,an international shipping newspaper. Local newspapers areFanapostenfor Fana,Sydvestenfor Laksevåg and Fyllingsdalen andBygdanyttfor Arna and the neighbouring municipalityOsterøy.[143]TV 2,Norway's largest private television company, is based in Bergen.

The 1,500-seatGrieg Hallis the city's main cultural venue,[144]and home of theBergen Philharmonic Orchestra,founded in 1765,[145]and theBergen Woodwind Quintet.The city also featuresCarte Blanche,the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance. The annualBergen International Festivalis the main cultural festival, which is supplemented by theBergen International Film Festival.Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen areEdvard GriegandOle Bull.Grieg's home,Troldhaugen,has been converted to a museum. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Bergen produced a series of successful pop, rock andblack metalartists,[146]collectively known as theBergen Wave.[147][148]

Den Nationale Sceneis Bergen's main theatre. Founded in 1850, it hadHenrik Ibsenas one of its first in-house playwrights and art directors. Bergen'scontemporary artscene is centred onBIT Teatergarasjen,Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory (USF) and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts (BEK). Bergen was aEuropean Capital of Culturein 2000.[149]Buekorpsis a unique feature of Bergen culture, consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons andsnare drums.[150][151]The city's Hanseatic heritage is documented in theHanseatic Museumlocated at Bryggen.[152]

Brann Stadionin 2007

SK Brannis Bergen's premierfootballteam; founded in 1908, they have played in the top flight for Norwegian men's football,Eliteserien,for 67 out of 80 seasons since its establishment in1937,the second most of any club. The team were the football champions in1961–1962,1963,and2007,[153]and reached the quarter-finals of theCup Winners' Cupin1996–1997.They have also won theNorwegian Football Cupseven times, most recently in the2022 season.Brann play their home games at the 16,750-seatBrann Stadion.[154]Åsaneis the city's second-best team, playing in theFirst DivisionatÅsane Arena.Now-defunctFyllingenplayed in the top flight in1990,1991and1993.BrannandÅsanealso play in the women's top flight,Toppserien,along withArna-Bjørnar.Brann have won the league twice (once asIL Sandviken), and theNorwegian Women's Cuponce.

Bergen IKis the premier men's ice hockey team, playing atBergenshallenin theFirst Division.Tertnesplay in theWomen's Premier Handball League,and Fyllingen in the Men's Premier Handball League. In athletics, the city is dominated byIL Norna-Salhus,IL GularandFIK BFG Fana,formerly also Norrøna IL andTIF Viking.TheBergen Stormare an American football team that plays matches atVarden Kunstgressand plays in the second division of the Norwegian league.

Bergenskis the native dialect of Bergen. It was strongly influenced byLow German-speaking merchants from the mid-14th to mid-18th centuries. During theDano-Norwegian periodfrom 1536 to 1814, Bergen was more influenced byDanishthan other areas of Norway. The Danish influence removed the femalegrammatical genderin the 16th century, making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders. The Rs areuvular trills,as in French, which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century, overtaking thealveolar trillin the time span of two to three generations. Owing to an improvedliteracy rate,Bergensk was influenced byriksmåland bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspiredvocabularydisappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.[155]

The1986 editionof theEurovision Song Contesttook place in Bergen. Bergen was the host city for the2017 UCI Road World Championships.The city is also a member of theUNESCO Creative Cities Networkin the category of gastronomy since 2015.[156]

Picture of Bryggen from the opposite pier during night time. On the upper right side (hidden by fog) the Fløibanen up to Mt. Fløyen.

Music

[edit]
Auroraperforming inLondon,2016

Bergen has been the home of several notable alternative bands, collectively referred to as theBergen Wave.These bands includeRöyksoppandKings of Convenienceon the small, Bergen-based record label Tellé Records, as well as related side-projects, such asThe Whitest Boy AliveandKommode,on independent labels. Other internationally well-received artists also originating from Bergen includeAurora,Sondre Lerche,Kygo,Boy PabloandAlan Walker.Bergen is also known as the "black metalcapital of Norway ", due to its role in theearly Norwegian black metal sceneand the amount of acts to come from the city in the early 1990s. Also the singer Einar Selvik of the band Wardruna was born in Bergen and became famous thanks to the TV seriesVikings.[157]

Bergen is also the birthplace of composerEdvard Grieg.

Street art

[edit]

Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway.[158]Famed artistBanksyvisited the city in 2000[159]and inspired many to start creating street art. Soon after, the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway:Dolk.[160][161]His art can still be seen in several places in the city, and in 2009 the city council choose to preserveDolk's work "Spray" with protective glass.[162]In 2011, Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway andScandinavia".[163]

The Madam Felle (1831–1908) monument in Sandviken, is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin, who in the mid-19th century managed, against the will of the council, to maintain a counter of beer. A well-known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen. The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen, supported by an anonymous donor. Madam Felle, civil name Oline Fell, was remembered after her death in a popular song, possibly originally a folksong,[164]"Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle?" byLothar LindtnerandRolf Berntzenon an album in 1977.

Media

[edit]

Newspapers

[edit]

Neighbourhoods

[edit]

The traditional neighbourhoods of Bergen includeBryggen,Eidemarken, Engen, Fjellet,Kalfaret,Ladegården,Løvstakksiden,[165]Marken,Minde,Møhlenpris,Nordnes,Nygård,Nøstet,Sandviken,Sentrum, Skansen, Skuteviken, Strandsiden, Stølen,Sydnes,Verftet,Vågsbunnen, Wergeland,[166]and Ytre Sandviken.

Grunnkretser

[edit]

The various addresses in Bergen, each belong to one of the variousgrunnkrets.

International relations

[edit]

Each year Bergen sells theChristmas Treeseen inNewcastle's Haymarketas a sign of the ongoing friendship between the sister cities.[167]The Nordic friendship cities of Bergen,Gothenburg,TurkuandAarhusarrange inter-Nordic camps each year by registering tenth grade school classes from each of the other cities to school camps, for a profit. Bergen received atotem poleas a gift of friendship from the city ofSeattleon the city's 900th anniversary in 1970. It is now placed in theNordnes Parkand gazes out over the sea towards the friendship city far to the west.

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Bergen istwinnedwith:[168]

Notable people from Bergen

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Bibliography

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See also:Bibliography of the history of Bergen
[edit]
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Bergen".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergen&oldid=1234140707"